CIE 140-2000 Road Lighting Calculations
CIE 140-2000 Road Lighting Calculations
CIE 140-2000 Road Lighting Calculations
ROAD LIGHTING
CALCULATIONS
628.931
628.971
628.971.6
ROAD LIGHTING
CALCULATIONS
CIE 140 - 2000
Rev. No.
Date
Revision Notes
July 2006
December 2006
UDC:
628.931
628.971
628.971.6
CIE 140-2000
This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-15 of Division 4
Lighting and Signalling for Transport and has been approved by the Board of Administration
of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage for study and application. The document
reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting
described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It
should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory.
The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent
amendments.
Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 4-15 de la Division 4
Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports et a t approuv par le Bureau
d'Administration de la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, pour tude et application. Le
document traite des connaissances courantes et de l'exprience dans le domaine spcifique
indiqu de la lumire et de l'clairage, et il est tabli pour l'usage des membres de la CIE et
autres groupements intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non
obligatoire. Pour connatre d'ventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes
rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS.
Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE Technischen Komitee 4-15 der Division 4
Beleuchtung und Signale fr den Verkehr ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission
Internationale de l'Eclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen
Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es
ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte
jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die
neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere
nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden.
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every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press,
these may not be comprehensive.
Toute mention d'organisme ou de produit n'implique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le
soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu' la mise sous presse, ce travail ne
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Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die
CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der
Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind.
CIE 2000
II
CIE 140-2000
The following members of CIE TC 4-15 Road Lighting Calculations took part in the
preparation of this report. The committee comes under CIE Division 4, "Lighting and
Signalling for Transport".
MEMBERS:
W. Adrian
S. Almsi
J. B. Arens
A. Augdal
G. Birnbaum
J.-M. Dijon
P. V. Hautala
J. Koster
J. Lecocq
K. Narisada
S. Onaygil
W. Riemenschneider
G. Rossi
A. J. V. Sers
R. H. Simons (Chairman)
E. irola
K. Srensen
R. E. Stark
A. Stockmar
R. Yates
A. de Visser
Canada
Hungary
United States of America
Norway
Israel
Belgium
Finland
Netherlands
France
Japan
Turkey
Switzerland
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
Croatia
Denmark
United States of America
Germany
South Africa
Netherlands
ADVISERS
P. Blaser
P. Gandon-Lger
N. Pollard
Switzerland
France
United Kingdom
Contents
SUMMARY
RESUME
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
1. INTRODUCTION
6
8
9
11
12
13
III
CIE 140-2000
6.2 Mathematical conventions for luminaire axes
13
14
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
9. ANCILLARY DATA
25
10. REFERENCES
25
26
A.2. General matrix for turning movements about the axes of the coordinate system
26
26
26
27
27
27
28
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IV
28
CIE 140-2000
ROAD LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to update and to replace CIE 30.2-1982, Calculation and
measurement of illuminance and luminance in road lighting. It gives the methods which
CIE 115-1995 and CIE 136-2000 require for their recommendations.
It includes the calculation of luminance, illuminance, and their associated measures
of uniformity, as well as disability glare. The conventions adopted for luminance and
illuminance grids are also included.
METHODES DE CALCUL POUR L'ECLAIRAGE ROUTIER
RESUME
Ce rapport est destin mettre jour et remplacer la publication CIE 30.2-1982, Calcul et
mesure d'clairement et de luminance en clairage routier (en englais). Il fournit les
mthodes requises par les publications CIE 115-1995 et CIE 136-2000 et dans leurs
recommandations.
Il comporte le calcul de luminance et d'clairement et leurs critres d'uniformit
associs ainsi que le calcul d'blouissement d'incapacit. Il comporte galement les
conventions retenues pour les maillages de luminance et d'clairement.
BERECHNUNGSMETHODEN FR STRASSENBELEUCHTUNG
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Dieser Bericht ersetzt CIE-Publikation 30.2-1982 "Calculation and measurement of
illuminance and luminance in road lighting". Es werden die Methoden beschrieben, die fr die
in CIE 115-1995 und CIE 136-2000 gegebenen Empfehlungen bentigt werden.
Im vorliegenden Bericht werden Verfahren angegeben sowohl zur Berechnung von
Leuchtdichten, Beleuchtungsstrken und den daraus abgeleiteten Gleichmigkeiten als
auch zur Ermittlung der Kennzahlen der physiologischen Blendung. Darber hinaus werden
die Festlegungen fr die Leuchtdichte- und Beleuchtungsstrkeraster beschrieben.
CIE 140-2000
VI
CIE 140-2000
1. INTRODUCTION
This report is a revision of CIE 30.2-1982 Calculation and measurement of luminance and
illuminance in road lighting. It gives the methods of calculating the lighting quantities, which
CIE 115 -1995 and CIE 136-2000 require for their recommendations.
It includes the calculation of luminance and illuminance, and introduces the up-todate conventions for the location of calculation grid points and observer position. A listing of
the computer program for carrying out the calculations, which appeared in previous editions of
the report, is not given as it has proven impossible to provide a service for the maintenance of
such a program. Instead test data will be given in a separately issued part of the report to
enable programs to be verified.
The calculation of illuminance is described in greater detail than in the previous
reports, as illuminance, in its many forms, is now a requirement for pedestrian lighting.
The laboratory measurement of the reflection properties of the road surfaces, which
was fully dealt with in previous editions of the report, has been omitted as it will be the subject
of a separate report, as will be field measurements.
2. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
first axis (of a luminaire when measured in the (C,) coordinate system): The vertical
axis through the photometric centre of a luminaire when it is at its tilt during measurement.
NOTE 1: The poles of the (C,) coordinate system lie in this axis. See Fig. 1.
NOTE 2: This axis is tilted when the luminaire is tilted from its tilt during measurement.
NOTE 3: See CIE 121 - 1996 for more information on the first axis of a luminaire.
vertical photometric angle (of a light path): The angle between the light path and the first
axis of the luminaire. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: . (See Figs. 1. and 6.)
photometric azimuth (of a light path): The angle between the vertical half-plane passing
through the light path and the zero reference half-plane through the first axis of a luminaire,
when the luminaire is at its tilt during measurement. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: C. (See
Fig. 1.)
angle of deviation (with respect to luminance coefficient): The complementary angle
between the vertical plane through the luminaire and point of observation and the vertical
plane through the observer and the point of observation. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: . (See
Fig. 6.)
angle of incidence: The angle that a light path makes with the normal to the plane of
incidence. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: . (See Fig. 6.)
angle of observation: The angle that the viewing direction makes with the horizontal. Unit:
degrees of arc. Symbol: . (See Fig. 6.)
luminance coefficient (at a surface element, in a given direction, under specified
conditions of illumination): Quotient of the luminance of the surface element in the given
direction by the illuminance on the medium. Unit: sr-1. Symbol: q.
NOTE:
q=
L
E
where:
q is the luminance coefficient in reciprocal steradians;
L is the luminance in candelas per square metre;
E is the illuminance in lux.
reduced luminance coefficient (for a point on a surface): The reduced luminance
coefficient is the luminance coefficient multiplied by the cube of the cosine of the angle of
incidence of the light on the point. Unit: sr-1. Symbol: r
1
CIE 140-2000
NOTE 1: This can be expressed by the equation:
r = q (cos )
where:
q is the luminance coefficient in reciprocal steradians;
is the angle of incidence in degrees of arc (Fig. 6.).
NOTE 2: The angle of observation, in Fig. 6. affects the value of r. By convention this angle
is fixed at 1 for road lighting calculations. r is reasonably constant for values of
between and 1, the angles over which luminance calculations for the road
surface are generally required.
tilt during measurement (of a luminaire): The angle between a defined datum axis on the
luminaire and the horizontal when the luminaire is mounted for photometric measurement.
Symbol: m (See Fig. 10.)
NOTE: The defined datum axis may be any feature of the luminaire, but generally for a sidemounted luminaire it lies in the mouth of the luminaire canopy, in line with the spigot
axis. Another commonly used feature is the spigot entry axis.
tilt in application (of a luminaire): The angle between a defined datum axis on the luminaire
and the horizontal when the luminaire is mounted for field use. Symbol: f (See Fig. 10.)
NOTE 1: The defined datum axis may be any feature of the luminaire but generally for a sidemounted luminaire it lies in the mouth of the luminaire canopy, in line with the spigot
axis. Another commonly used feature is the spigot entry axis.
NOTE 2: This is the actual tilt of the luminaire when it is mounted for field use and should not
be confused with tilt normal in application or designed attitude in CIE 121-1996.
orientation (of a luminaire): When the first axis of the luminaire is vertical, it is the angle that
a chosen reference direction, which is longitudinal for a straight road, makes with the C=0,
=90 measurement direction of the luminaire. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: v. (See Fig. 9.
which illustrates the sign conventions.)
rotation (of a luminaire): The angle the first axis of the luminaire makes with the nadir of the
luminaire, when the tilt during measurement is zero. Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: (See
Fig. 9. which illustrates the sign conventions.)
longitudinal direction: The direction parallel to the axis of the road.
transverse direction: The direction at right angles to the axis of the road.
NOTE: On a curved road the transverse direction is that of the radius of curvature at the point
of interest on the road.
installation azimuth (with respect to a given point on the road surface and a given
luminaire at its tilt during measurement): When the luminaire is at its tilt during
measurement, it is the angle a chosen reference direction, which is longitudinal for a straight
road, makes with the vertical plane through the given point and the first axis of the luminaire.
Unit: degrees of arc. Symbol: . (See Fig. 6.)
NOTE: The reference direction for a straight road is by convention the longitudinal direction.
3. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The symbols and abbreviations used in this report are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Symbols and abbreviations
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Name or description
age of observer
years
degrees of arc
CIE 140-2000
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Name or description
dF
DF
Eav
lx
Ee
lx/klm
Eh
horizontal illuminance
lx
Esc
semicylindrical illuminance
lx
cd or cd/klm
j,m
k, K
local constants
luminance
cd m-2
LV
veiling luminance
cd m-2
MF
maintenance factor
luminance coefficient
sr-1
sr-1
SR
surround ratio
TI
threshold increment
UL
U0
WF
WL
Wr
degrees of arc
CIE 140-2000
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Name or description
SC
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
degrees of arc
lm
y ( x ) = yi
where;
i =1
x - xj
j=1, j i i
j
n
x - x
(1)
required;
signifies the summation of the terms;
signifies the product of the terms.
CIE 140-2000
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOMETRIC DATA
5.1 Luminous intensity data for luminaires
For calculations made according to this report, a luminous intensity table (I-table) prepared in
accordance with CIE 121-1996 is required. The calculations will be facilitated if the I-table and
associated data are in the form recommended in CIE 102-1993. The coordinate system used
for road lighting luminaires is generally the (C,), shown in Fig. 1. although the (B,)
coordinate system is used in some countries and is commonly used for floodlights. The
formulae quoted in this document are related to the (C,) coordinate system. Luminous
intensity is expressed in candelas per kilolumen (cd/klm) from all the light sources in the
luminaire.
I(C,)
b)
c)
luminaires with no symmetry about the C = 0-180 plane: the intervals should at
most be 5, starting at 0, when the luminaire is in its measurement angle of
elevation and ending at 355;
luminaires with nominal symmetry about the C = 90-270 plane: the intervals
should at most be 5, starting at 270, when the luminaire is at its tilt during
measurement, and ending at 90;
luminaires with nominally the same light distribution in all C planes: only one
representative set of measurements in elevation is needed.
5
CIE 140-2000
NOTE: Up to the present time, I-tables have usually been measured according to the angular
spacings recommended in CIE Publication 30.2-1982. These spacings are wider than
those recommended above, and for these I-tables linear interpolation, as described in
Section 5.2.1. will not be satisfactory. Quadratic interpolation or an equivalent
mathematical procedure is recommended.
5.2 Interpolation of luminous intensity data
Interpolation will be required in an I-table when a luminous intensity is required in a direction
which lies between the directions in which measurements are taken as shown in Fig. 2. where
the luminous intensity I(C,) is required. it is necessary to interpolate between the four values
of intensity lying closest to the direction C in azimuth and in elevation.
I(Cm+1, j+1)
I(C, j)
I(Cm, j+1)
j+1
I(Cm+1, j)
I(Cm, j)
Light
source
Cm+1
Cm
Cm+1
j+1
CIE 140-2000
For linear interpolation Equ. (1), with n equal to 2 becomes:
x - x1
x - x2
+ y 2
y (x ) = y1
x2 - x1
x1 - x2
This equation can be applied to either C or first. When it is first applied to C, C is substituted
for x:
x=C
x1 = C m
x 2 = Cm+1
From this substitution two constants (K1 and K2) can be defined, and conveniently evaluated
by a computer subroutine:
K1 =
C Cm+1
Cm Cm+1
K2 =
C Cm
Cm+1 Cm
) (
[(
[(
) (
)]
Similarly,
) (
) (
)]
[(
) (
I (C, ) = I C, j + k I C, j+1 I C, j
)]
where:
k=
j
j+1 j
If this procedure is reversed by first carrying out interpolation in the cones followed
by interpolation in the C planes the same result will be obtained.
Where linear interpolation is used with the larger angular intervals recommended in
the previous edition of this report (CIE 30.2-1982) there will be some loss in accuracy and
quadratic interpolation is recommended.
When interpolation is carried out in the region of C=0 see Section 5.2.3.
CIE 140-2000
5.2.2 Quadratic interpolation
Quadratic interpolation requires three values in the I-table for each interpolated value. Fig. 4.
indicates the procedure. If a value of I is required at (C, ), interpolation is first carried out
down three adjacent columns of the I-table enclosing the point. This enables three values of I
to be found at . Interpolation is then carried out across the table to find the required value at
(C, ). If preferred this procedure may be reversed, that is interpolation can be carried out
across and then down the I-table without affecting the result.
Cm
Cm+1
Cm+2
j+2
j+1
The two tabular angles adjacent to the angle for interpolation are selected for
insertion in the interpolation equations and the average calculated.
If the angle for interpolation is smaller than this average then the third tabular
angle is the next lower tabular angle (as shown for C in Fig. 4.); if the angle for
interpolation is greater than this average then the third tabular angle is the next
higher tabular angle (as shown for in Fig. 4.).
(x1 x 2 )(x1 x 3 )
(x 2 x1 )(x 2 x 3 )
(x 3 x1 )(x 3 x 2 )
where:
C is the angle at which I is to be found by interpolation;
m, m+1, m+2 are integers indicating the number of the columns in the I-table;
Cm, Cm+1, and Cm+2 are values of C for the corresponding column numbers.
8
CIE 140-2000
From this substitution three constants can be defined, which can be conveniently evaluated
by a subroutine program:
From these three equations it follows that K 1 + K 2 + K 3 = 1 . A set of three equations can then
be written allowing evaluation in a calculation loop in a computer program with the variation of j:
( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
I (C, j+1 ) = K 1 I (Cm , j+1 ) + K 2 I (Cm+1, j+1 ) + K 3 I (Cm+ 2 , j+1 )
I (C, j+ 2 ) = K 1 I (Cm , j+ 2 ) + K 2 I (Cm+1, j+ 2 ) + K 3 I (Cm+ 2 , j+ 2 )
I C, j = K 1 I Cm , j + K 2 I Cm+1, j + K 3 I Cm+ 2 , j
For interpolation of the angles further application of Equ. (1), gives three new constants:
( j+1 )( j+2 )
( j j+1 )( j j+2 )
( j )( j+2 )
k2 =
( j+1 j )( j+1 j+2 )
( j )( j+1 )
k3 =
( j+2 j )( j+2 j+1 )
k1 =
I (C, ) = k1 I C, j + k 2 I C, j+1 + k 3 I C, j+ 2
CIE 140-2000
Table 2. Example r-table of reduced luminance coefficients (x 104 r)
tan
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
1,25
1,50
1,75
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
7,50
8,00
8,50
9,00
9,50
10,00
10,50
11,00
11,50
12,00
0
329
362
379
380
372
375
354
333
318
268
227
194
168
141
126
107
94
86
78
70
63
60
56
53
52
45
43
44
42
2
329
358
368
375
375
373
352
327
310
262
217
168
136
111
90
79
65
56
50
41
37
37
32
28
27
23
22
22
20
5
329
371
375
378
372
352
336
302
266
205
147
106
76
54
43
32
26
21
17
14
11
10
9
9
7
7
7
7
7
10
329
364
373
365
354
318
271
222
180
119
74
47
34
21
17
12
10
8
7
7
5
5
5
4
5
4
3
3
4
15
329
371
367
351
315
265
213
166
121
72
42
30
19
14
10
8
7
7
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
20
329
369
359
334
277
221
170
129
90
50
29
22
14
11
8
7
6
6
5
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
25
329
362
350
315
243
189
140
104
75
41
25
17
13
9
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
30
329
357
340
295
221
166
121
90
62
36
23
14
11
8
7
7
6
5
5
(degrees)
35 40 45
329 329 329
351 349 348
328 317 306
275 256 239
205 192 181
150 136 125
109 97 87
75 68 63
54 50 48
33 29 26
21 19 18
13 12 12
10 10 10
8
8
8
6
6
7
6
5
5
60
329
340
280
218
152
107
76
53
40
25
16
11
8
7
6
75
329
328
266
198
134
91
67
51
40
23
16
10
8
7
7
90
329
312
249
178
130
93
65
49
38
24
17
11
9
8
6
105
329
299
237
175
125
91
66
49
38
25
18
12
10
8
6
120
329
294
237
176
124
91
66
47
38
24
17
13
9
8
7
135
329
298
231
176
125
88
67
52
41
26
19
15
11
8
8
150
329
288
231
169
129
94
68
51
41
27
21
14
12
10
8
165
329
292
227
175
128
97
71
53
43
29
21
15
11
10
8
180
329
281
235
176
128
97
71
54
45
28
23
14
13
11
9
The plan area covered by the data in the table is indicated in Fig. 5. in terms of the
mounting height of the luminaire, and in relation to the position of the luminaire and the
direction of the observer.
Luminaire
4H
To observer
4H
12H
4H
8H
0
Fig. 5. Plan area covered by r tables.
4H
The reduced luminance coefficient varies according to the following angles, which are
indicated in Fig. 6:
a) the angle of incidence at the point P.
10
CIE 140-2000
b) the angle between the line of sight of the observer and the surface of the
carriageway. This is fixed at 1.
c) the complementary angle between the vertical plane through the luminaire, at Q,
and point of observation, P, and the vertical plane through the observer and P.
It will be noticed in Fig. 6. that , the vertical photometric angle, is equal to , the angle
of incidence. This is only true when the luminaire is used at its tilt in measurement and the
rotation is zero.
The reflection characteristics of the road surface may vary with the angle of view with
respect to the axis of the road, that is the surface may not be optically isotropic. The resulting
variation in the reduced luminance coefficient is usually small and can be disregarded.
U
Luminaire at
tilt during
measurement
Q
H
Light path
T
C
Observer
The two tabular values adjacent to the value for interpolation are selected. The
third tabular value is the next greatest, as shown in Fig. 7.
CIE 140-2000
The ensuing mathematical procedure is similar to that described for the I-table
(Section 5.2.2.). As for that procedure the order of interpolation may be reversed without
affecting the results.
m+1
m+2
tan j+2
tan j+1
tan
tan j
6. CALCULATION OF I(C,)
To determine the luminous intensity directed from a luminaire to a point it is necessary to find
the vertical photometric angle () and photometric azimuth (C) of the light path to the point. To
do this account has to be taken of the orientation, the tilt in application, and rotation of the
luminaire. For this purpose mathematical sign conventions for measuring distances on the
road and for turning the luminaire about axes have to be established.
y
(xl,yl)
(xp,yp)
Calculation point
Luminaire
Edge of carriegeway
Fig.8. (x,y) coordinate system for locating luminaire in plan.
12
CIE 140-2000
6.1 Mathematical conventions for distances measured on the road
A (x,y) rectangular coordinate system is used (Fig. 8.). The abscissa is aligned with the
reference direction which, for a straight road, lies in the longitudinal direction. Then:
x = xp xl
y = yp yl
(2)
where:
(xp, yp) are the coordinates of the calculation point;
(xl, yl) are the coordinates of the luminaire.
Fig. 9. Axes for turning the luminaire in relation to (x,y,z) coordinate system.
= f m
(3)
where:
is the tilt for calculation, in degrees of arc;
f is the tilt in application, in degrees of arc;
m is the tilt during measurement, in degrees of arc.
13
CIE 140-2000
f is tilt in application
m is tilt during measurement
f
is tilt for calculation
Horizontal
Fig. 10. Tilt during measurement, tilt in application, tilt for calculation.
y
x
(4)
y
90
x
(5)
C (degrees)
y
x
Range of C (degrees)
>0
>0
tan 1
<0
>0
180 + tan 1
y
x
90 C 180
<0
<0
180 + tan 1
y
x
180 C 270
>0
<0
360 + tan 1
y
x
270 C 360
0 C 90
14
CIE 140-2000
Table 4. Values of C to be used in I-table
Calculated value of C (degrees)
0 C 90
90 < C 180
180 - C
540 - C
360
= tan 1
where 0 < 90.
x2 + y 2
degrees
H
(6)
H = - x ( sin sin cos + cos sin ) - y( sin sin - cos sin cos ) + H cos cos
where:
x and y are the longitudinal and transverse distances between the calculation point and
the nadir of the luminaire as indicated in Fig. 8.
H is the height of the luminaire above the calculation point;
v, , and are the orientation, tilt in application, and rotation;
x, y, and H are distances on the coordinate system which has been turned through ,
v, and . They correspond to x, y, and H in the unturned coordinate system and for
calculation purposes may be regarded simply as intermediate variables (see
Fig. A.1.).
2) Calculation of C
Evaluation of tan 1
y'
will give:
x'
y'
90
x'
The angular quadrant in which this lies is determined from Table 5.
90 tan 1
C (degrees)
y'
y'
x'
Range of C (degrees)
>0
>0
tan 1
<0
>0
180 + tan 1
y'
x'
90 C 180
<0
<0
180 + tan 1
y'
x'
180 C 270
>0
<0
360 + tan1
y'
x'
270 C 360
0 C 90
15
CIE 140-2000
The values C to be used in an I-table are given in Table 4.
3) Calculation of
= tan 1
x' 2 + y ' 2
degrees
H'
H'
>0
0
<0
= tan 1
Range of (degrees)
x' 2 + y ' 2
H'
0 < 90
90
90
= tan 1
x' 2 + y ' 2
+ 180
H'
90 > 180
L=
I (C, ) r MF 10 4
H
(7)
where:
L is the maintained luminance in cd/m2;
indicates the summation of the contributions from all the luminaires;
I(C,) s the luminous intensity in the direction (C,), indicated in Fig. 1. in cd/klm;
r s the reduced luminance coefficient for a light ray incident with angular coordinates
(, ),
s the initial luminous flux in klm of the sources in each luminaire;
MF is the product of the lamp flux maintenance factor and the luminaire maintenance
factor; [1]
H s the mounting height in m of the luminaires above the surface of the road.
I(C,) is determined from the luminaire I-table after corrections have been made for the
orientation, tilt, and rotation of the luminaire as indicated in Section 6. and linear
interpolation, if necessary, applied. Likewise, r for the appropriate value of and
tan is determined after the use of quadratic interpolation, if necessary.
7.1.2 Field of calculation for luminance
The field of calculation should be typical of the area of the road which is of interest to the
driver.
In the longitudinal direction on a straight road, the field of calculation should lie
between two luminaires in the same row (Fig. 11.), the first luminaire being located 60 ahead
of the observer.
In the transverse direction, it should cover the whole carriageway width on roads
without a central reservation, and the width of one carriageway on roads with a central
reservation.
16
CIE 140-2000
However, this is limited by the applicability of the r-table. As stated in Section 5.3. the
r-table is measured for an observer viewing the road at an angle of observation of 1 (Fig. 6.).
For a conventionally used eye height of 1,5 m this would result in the observation point lying
86 ahead of the observer. It has been found that the r-table is applicable over a range of
viewing angles lying between 0,5 and 1,5 (see definition of reduced luminance coefficient),
which results in the r-table being applicable to points lying between 57 m and 172 m
approximately (conventionally taken as 60 m and 170 m) ahead of the observer.
Edge of
relevant area
Line on which
observer is
positioned
Field of calculation
Width of relevant area Wr
60m
Observation
direction
Edge of
relevant area
First luminaire in
field of calculation
Last luminaire in
field of calculation
d=WL/3
WL
Observation
direction
Centre-line of lane
Edges of lane
D=S/N
D/2
First luminaire in
calculation field
d/2
Field of calculation
Last luminaire in
calculation field
17
CIE 140-2000
(a) In the longitudinal direction
The spacing (D) in the longitudinal direction is determined from the equation:
D=
S
N
(8)
where:
D is the spacing between points in the longitudinal direction (m);
S is the spacing between luminaires in the same row (m);
N is the number of calculation points in the longitudinal direction chosen such that:
for S 30 m, N = 10
for S > 30 m, N is the smallest integer giving D 3 m.
The first transverse row of calculation points is spaced at a distance D/2 beyond the
first luminaire (remote from the observer).
(b) In the transverse direction
The spacing (d) in the transverse direction is determined from the equation:
d = WL
3
(9)
where:
d is the spacing between points in the transverse direction (m);
WL is the lane width (m).
The outermost calculation points are spaced d/2 from the edges of the lane.
Where there is a hard shoulder and luminance information is required, the number
and spacing of the calculation points should be the same as for a driving lane.
7.1.4 Position of observer
The angle of observation from the horizontal is fixed at 1, as stated in Section 5.3.
In the transverse direction the observer is placed in the centre of each lane in turn.
Average luminance (Lav) [see Section 8.1.] and overall uniformity of luminance (U0) [see
Section 8.2.] are calculated for the entire carriageway for each position of the observer.
Longitudinal uniformity of luminance (UL) [see Section 8.3.] is calculated for each centre-line.
The operative values of Lav, U0, and UL are the lowest in each case. Fig. 13. gives examples
of the observer position in relation to the field of calculation.
NOTE: For luminance calculations in some countries and for tunnel lighting calculations
generally, the direction of observation is always in a line parallel to the run on the
road. This means that the observer has to be aligned with each longitudinal line of
calculation points. The results from these calculations should be labelled Moving
observer for luminance calculations.
18
CIE 140-2000
19
CIE 140-2000
12H
5H
5H
5H
Observation
direction
Calculation point
Boundary of field of
calculation
Boundary of area for
location of luminaires
Fig. 14. Luminaires which may contribute to luminance at calculation point.
7.2 Illuminance
In this report the calculation of two forms of illuminance is considered. These are:
Planar illuminance on a horizontal plane, usually the road surface or footway, referred
to as horizontal illuminance.
Semicylindrical illuminance, 1,5 m above the surface of interest. The semicylindrical
illuminance varies with the direction of interest. For a street this is taken to be in a
designated longitudinal direction. In Fig. 15. the shaded vertical plane is orientated in
the longitudinal direction.
7.2.1 Horizontal illuminance
The horizontal illuminance at a point should be calculated from the following formula or a
mathematically equivalent formula:
Eh =
I (C, ) cos 3 MF
H2
(10)
where:
Eh is the maintained horizontal illuminance at the point in lux;
indicates summation of the contributions from all the luminaires,
I(C,) is the intensity in cd/klm in the direction of the point;
is the angle of incidence of the light at the point;
is the vertical photometric angle;
H is the mounting height in m of the luminaire;
is the initial luminous flux in klm of the lamp or lamps in the luminaire;
MF is the product of the lamp flux maintenance factor and the luminaire maintenance
factor.
7.2.2 Semicylindrical illuminance
The semicylindrical illuminance at a point should be calculated from the following formula or a
mathematically equivalent formula:
20
CIE 140-2000
E sc =
(11)
(H 1,5 )
where:
Esc is the maintained semicylindrical illuminance at the point in lux;
indicates summation of the contributions from all the luminaires;
I(C,) is the intensity in cd/klm in the direction of the calculation point;
SC is the angle between the vertical plane containing the intensity vector and the
vertical plane at right-angles to the flat surface of the semicylinder, as shown in
Fig. 15;
is the vertical photometric angle;
is the angle of incidence of the light to the normal to the horizontal plane, at the point;
H is the mounting height in m of the luminaire;
is the initial luminous flux in klm of the lamp or lamps in the luminaire;
MF is the product of the lamp flux maintenance factor and the luminaire maintenance
factor.
Luminaire
Vertical plane
at right-angles
to flat surface of
semicylinder
Flat surface of
semicylinder
I(C,)
Calculation
point
sc
21
CIE 140-2000
7.2.3 Carriageway
7.2.3.1 Field of calculation
The field of calculation should be typical of the area of the road which is of interest to the
driver and pedestrian, and may include the footways, cycleways, and verges. As shown in
Fig. 16. it should be bounded by the edges of the carriageway and by transverse lines
through two consecutive luminaires.
S
D=S/N
Luminaire
d=Wr/3 d/2
D/2
Luminaire
Field of calculation
S
N
where:
D is the spacing between points in the longitudinal direction (m);
S is the spacing between luminaires (m);
N is the number of calculation points in the longitudinal direction with the following
values:
for S 30 m, N = 10
for S > 30 m, the smallest integer giving D 3 m.
The first row of calculation points is spaced at a distance D/2 beyond the first luminaire
(m).
(b) In the transverse direction
d = Wr
3
where:
d is the spacing between points in the transverse direction (m);
Wr is the width of the carriageway or relevant area (m).
22
CIE 140-2000
The spacing of points from the edges of the relevant area is D/2 in the longitudinal
direction, and d/2 in the transverse direction, as indicated in Fig. 16.
7.2.3.3 Number of luminaires included in calculation
Luminaires which are situated within five times the mounting height from the calculation point
should be included in the calculation.
7.2.4 Footways and cyclepaths
The calculation points should be evenly spaced in the field of calculation (Fig. 16.) and their
number should be chosen as follows:
(a) Longitudinal direction
If the footways or cyclepaths are of the same lighting class as the carriageway, they
may be considered together with the carriageway for determining the spacing of the
calculation points in the longitudinal direction, otherwise Section 7.2.3.2. (a) applies.
(b) Transverse direction
dF =
WF
n
where:
dF is the spacing between points in the transverse direction in metres;
WF is the width of the footway or cyclepath in metres;
n is the number of points in the transverse direction with the following values:
for WF 1,0 m, n = 1
for WF > 1,0 m, n is the smallest integer giving dF 1 m.
The points adjacent to the edge of the carriageway should be spaced from the edge
of the carriageway at one half the spacing between points.
For the number of luminaires included in the calculation, Section 7.2.3.3. applies.
7.2.5 Areas of irregular shape
These may include conflict areas [2], residential roads, and areas where pedestrian activity
predominates.
The calculation points should cover the relevant area and be on a square grid with a
spacing between points no greater than 5 m. A spacing of about 1 m should be considered for
areas of particular interest or importance.
The orientation or orientations for semicylindrical illuminance should be in the main
directions of pedestrian movement.
7.2.5.1 Number of luminaires included in calculation
This should be the same as the number used for carriageway calculations.
8. CALCULATION OF QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Quality characteristics relating to luminance should be obtained from the calculated grids of
luminance without further interpolation.
For initial average illuminance or initial average luminance, MF is 1,0 and initial
values of the luminous flux of the lamp or lamps in the luminaires should be taken. For
average luminance or average illuminance after a stated period, the MF for the luminaire after
the stated period in the environmental conditions of the installation should be taken together
with the luminous flux in kilolumens of the light source or sources in the luminaire after the
stated period.
23
CIE 140-2000
8.1 Average luminance Lav
The average luminance is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the luminances obtained at
the calculation points.
8.2 Overall uniformity U0
The overall uniformity is calculated as the ratio of the lowest to the average luminance.
8.3 Longitudinal uniformity UL
The longitudinal uniformity is calculated as the ratio of the lowest to the highest luminance in
the longitudinal direction along the centre-line of each lane, including the hard shoulder in the
case of motorways. The number of points in the longitudinal direction (N) and the spacing
between them should be the same as those used for the calculation of average luminance.
The observer's position should be in line with the row of calculation points.
8.4 Threshold Increment TI
The threshold increment (TI) is calculated for the installation in its initial state, when it will
have its highest value. It is calculated from the formula [3]:
TI =
k Ee
L0,80
av
(%)
(12)
where:
k is a constant which varies according to the age of the observer. It is conventionally
taken as 650, which is applicable for an observer of 23 years. Its value for other ages
can be derived from the formula:
4
A
k = 641 1+
(13)
66,4
A is the age of the observer in years;
Ee is the total illuminance (in lux per 1000 initial lamp lumens) produced by new
luminaires on a plane normal to the line of sight and at the height of the observer's
eye; the observer's eye, height 1,5 m above road level, is positioned transversely
Wr/4 from the carriageway edge indicated in Section 7.1.4. and longitudinally at a
distance in metres of 2,75(H 1,5), where H is the mounting height (in m), in front of
the field of calculation. The line of sight is 1 below the horizontal and in a vertical
plane in the longitudinal direction passing through the observer's eye.
Lav is the average initial luminance of the road surface;
is the angle in degrees of arc between the line of sight and the centre of each
luminaire.
This equation is valid for 0,05<Lav<5 cd m-2 and 1,5<<60 (CIE 31-1976).
Ee is summed for the first luminaire in the direction of observation and luminaires
beyond, up to a distance of 500 m.
The calculation is commenced with the observer in the initial position stated above
and repeated with the observer moved forwards in increments which are the same in number
and distance as are used for the longitudinal spacing of luminance points. The maximum
value of TI found is the operative value.
8.5 Surround ratio SR
The surround ratio is the average horizontal illuminance on two longitudinal strips each
adjacent to the two edges of the carriageway and lying off the carriageway divided by the
average horizontal illuminance on two longitudinal strips each adjacent to the two edges of
the carriageway but lying on the carriageway. The width of all four strips shall be equal to 5 m,
or half the width of the carriageway, or the width of the unobstructed strip lying off the
carriageway, whichever is the least. For dual carriageways, both carriageways together are
treated as a single carriageway unless they are separated by more than 10 m.
24
CIE 140-2000
The average illuminance on the strips on and adjacent to the carriageway should be
determined by the same procedure, or mathematically equivalent procedure, as used for
determining the average illuminance of the footpath.
8.6 Average illuminance of the carriageway (Eav)
The average illuminance is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the illuminances obtained at
the calculation points in Section 7.2.3.2. (a).
For conflict, pedestrian, and other irregularly shaped areas the procedure in Section
7.2.5. is followed.
8.7 Minimum illuminance on the carriageway
The minimum illuminance is taken as the lowest value (in lux) of the illuminances in the field
of calculation.
For conflict, pedestrian, and other irregularly shaped areas the procedure in Section
7.2.5. is followed.
8.8 Average illuminance of the footpath
The average illuminance is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the illuminances obtained at
the calculation points in Section 7.2.3.2. (b).
8.9 Minimum illuminance on the footpath
The minimum illuminance is taken as the lowest value (in lux) of the illuminances in the field
of calculation.
8.10 Uniformity of illuminance
The uniformity of horizontal and semicylindrical illuminance is calculated as the ratio of the
minimum illuminance to the average illuminance.
9. ANCILLARY DATA
When photometric performance data are prepared for an installation, the following ancillary
data should be declared:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
Item c) is not required when the calculations are solely those of illuminance.
10. REFERENCES
1 CIE 17.4-1987 International Lighting Vocabulary.
2 CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic.
3 Adrian W., Bhainji A. Fundamentals of disability glare. A formula to describe straylight in the
eye as a function of the glare angle and age. Proc. 1st Symp. on Glare. pp. 185-193. (1991).
25
CIE 140-2000
APPENDIX A: DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR TURNING THE LUMINAIRE ABOUT
THE THREE AXES OF THE COORDINATE SYSTEM
A.1. Method
A rectangular coordinate system is adopted in which the position of a point P, is specified in
(x, y, z) coordinates on X, Y, Z axes.
Matrices are used to express the turning1 of the coordinate system about each of the
three axes. These are composed, in the correct order, to give a new coordinate system X', Y',
Z' in which the combined effect of the three turning movements is expressed in terms of
coordinates (x, y, z).
The first axis of the luminaire lies in the Z axis, the second axis of the luminaire lies in
the X axis, and the third axis of the luminaire lies in the Y axis (see Fig. 9. and Fig. A.1.). The
origin of the coordinate system lies at the photometric centre of the luminaire.
A.2. General matrix for turning movements about the axes of the coordinate system
Consider a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system with axes U, V, and W. Let the
coordinates of a point P in this system be (u, v, w). If the system is turned anti-clockwise
through an angle about the W axis, the coordinates (u,v,w) of a stationary point P in the
turned system can be found from the expression:
cos
[u v w ]= [u v w ] sin
- sin
cos
0
0 = [u cos + v sin
- u sin + vc os
] (A1)
-1
T W = sin
- sin
cos
0
(A2)
where the negative power of T signifies that the matrix is the inverse of the matrix for turning
the point P through the angle about the origin, and the suffix W refers to the axis of turning.
A.3. Turning movement about the Z axes
cos
-1
T Z = sin
- sin
cos
0
(A3)
-1
X=
0
cos
sin
- sin
cos
(A4)
The more usual term for turning in texts describing the application of matrices is rotation. In
this document rotation is used in the specialized sense for describing the turning of a
luminaire about the Y axis.
26
CIE 140-2000
-1
0
T Y=
- sin
sin
cos
0
1
0
(A5)
Luminaire
O
X
Turned luminaire
Z'
Y'
X'
'
I
I'
H'
C
C'
P(x,y,-z)
P(x',y',-z')
[x
z ]= [x
(A6)
where:
[ T Z-1 . T X-1 . T Y-1] =
(A7)
cos cos - sin sin sin
- cos sin
- sin cos
cos cos
sin
cos cos
27
CIE 140-2000
Now from Fig. A.1. H' = -z', and H = -z, so
x = x ( cos cos - sin sin sin ) + y ( sin cos + cos sin sin ) + H cos sin
y = - x sin cos + y cos cos - H sin
H = - x ( cos sin + sin sin cos ) - y ( sin sin - cos sin cos ) + H cos cos
28
der
Beleuchtungsstrke-
und