Artigo I - Análise de Fluência em Uma Ligação Flangeada
Artigo I - Análise de Fluência em Uma Ligação Flangeada
Artigo I - Análise de Fluência em Uma Ligação Flangeada
Abstract
In the petrochemical and nuclear industries, the difculty in assessing the effect of creep on the tightening load of bolted anged
connections is recognized. Under high temperatures, the leak tightness of bolted joints is compromised due to the loss of the bolt load as
a result of creep of not only the gasket and bolt materials but also the ange material. Apart from acknowledgment of this effect, there
exists no established design calculation procedure that accounts for creep. This is because the relaxation of the bolt load and the
corresponding loss of the gasket contact stress are not easy to assess analytically. The main objective of the work is the development of a
simple analytical solution to the creep-relaxation problem encountered in bolted ange connections of the oat type. Particular emphasis
is put towards relaxation caused by the ange and bolt material creep.
The validation of the methodology is carefully checked against the more complex 3D numerical FE method using different size anges.
Based on the creep constants of the different joint elements (bolt, ange and gasket), the implemented analytical method is shown to
predict the bolt and gasket load relaxation with reasonable accuracy. In some ange cases, up to 70% of bolt load relaxation is found
with both methods depending on the ange creep material and size.
r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bolted anged joints; Analytical modelling; Bolt load relaxation; Flange creep; Finite element analysis
1. Introduction
Bolted anged joints are the most popular means of
connecting piping systems and pressure vessels containing
uid or gas under pressure. Although this type of
connection is practical in terms of disassembly, it is a
source of potential leakage failure especially when operating under high pressures and temperatures. Some anged
joint assemblies may begin to leak at some time following a
successful hydrostatic test. One reason for this is that the
gasket experiences a drop in its initial compressive stress
due to gasket creep. Furthermore, above a temperature of
650 1F, ange and bolt creep become important contributing factors to the relaxation of the joint. Although it is
widely acknowledged that creep relaxation of bolted joints
increases with elevated temperature, [1,2] show that even at
room temperature relaxation can also be signicant with
certain types of gaskets such as PTFE-based gaskets.
Corresponding author.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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186
Nomenclature
KfP
Dn
n
e
y
yfM
yfP
sy
as
at
A
Ag
Ab
Ap
bs
bt
C
d
Ef
Eg
Eb
Fb
Fg
G
hG
lb
m
M
Mf
n
N
P
Q
r
ri
ro
tf
tg
u
y
w
hP
Kb
Kg
KfM
Superscript
c
f
i
T
refers
refers
refers
refers
to
to
to
to
creep
nal state
initial state
steady state temperature
to
to
to
to
bolt
an element of the joint
ange
gasket
Subscript
b
e
f
g
refers
refers
refers
refers
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187
PAp
Dn
3
X
wie
e1
3
X
wfe ,
(1)
e1
(2)
Fg
,
Kg
Mf
P
2hG
.
wf 2hG
K fP
K fM
wb
KfM ,KfP
Mf
wb
wg
Fg
Fb
Initial Free
state
Initial pretightening
with rigid flange
and end closure
( virtual)
Initial pretightening
with all elements
flexible
Operating state
with all elements
flexible
i
c
CYLINDER
f
c
i
FLANGE
Hi
wfi
wi
BOLT
wi2
f
tf
GASKET
wg
Kb
Kg
Fb
;
Kb
lo
lo
whi
wi
lo
Hf
whf
w1f
REFERENCE EDGE
END CLOSURE
w2f
wff
wf
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188
wcg
wcb
wcf .
(4)
It is to be noted that the axial displacement corresponding to the gasket is obtained at the gasket load
reaction location and that of the bolt and ange is
considered at the bolt circle. Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4)
into Eq. (2) gives
f
F fb F g
Mf
P
2hG f 2hG
wc
K fP
Kb Kg
K fM
F ig
(6)
F fb F fg PAp .
(7)
F ig hG
12Q tf M
(8)
hG F fg
PAp hP
wg
Fg
wcg .
Kg
(13)
wb
Fb
wcb .
Kb
(14)
Mf
P
2hG
wcf ,
K fP
K fM
(15)
where, wcb , wcg and wcf are, respectively, the axial displacement of the bolt, gasket and ange ring due to creep.
3. Creep models and analysis
1 f
2Q tf
M .
(9)
Ab E b
Kb
,
lb
(12)
M if
P
Mf
and K fM
.
yfp
yfM
i
F ib F g
Mi
2hG f
Kb Kg
K fM
K fP
of the unloading
levels across the
method. Ref. [17]
The bolt rigidity is
c Asm tn .
(16)
(17)
(18)
19
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For the time hardening model, this equation is represented by the displacement creep rate as follows:
w_ cg at as ln s bs t1 .
(20)
ln sbs
(21)
189
(27)
tf =2
(28)
yy u sy
c .
r
r Ef
29
12Dt nA1=n
t3f lnro =ri
Z ro Z tf =2
m=n
sy n1=n
y dy dr.
c
ri
31
tf =2
(32)
Dwb Dwg hG Dy ,
Kb
K fM
K fP
33
(25)
E f yy
r2i P
r2o
2
1 2 E f c .
r
r
ro r2i
dt
dt
12
Z ro Z tf =2
dc
y dy dr.
Ef
dt
ri
tf =2
26
G.
K e K b K g K fM
(34)
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300
250
CMS gasket
CAF gasket
200
150
100
50
0
0
Fig. 3. 3D FE Model.
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
Gasket displacement, mm
0.5
0.6
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40
Bolt-up: 172 MPa
Pressure: 5.5 MPa
Tangential stress, MPa
191
20
Neutral axis
-20
5000 hr
10000 hr
Dotted lines: FE model (Ansys)
Solid lines: Analytical model
-40
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
80
Bolt-up: 214 MPa
No pressure
40
Tangential stress, MPa
Neutral axis
0
Total creep time
-40
0 hr
500 hr
5000 hr
-80
10000 hr
Dotted lines: FE model (Ansys)
Solid lines: Analytical model
60
-120
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0.1 0.2
Flange thickness ratio
0.3
0.4
0.5
20
Neutral axis
-20
500 hr
5000 hr
10000 hr
-40
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
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192
120
200
80
Tangential stress, MPa
40
-40
500 hr
5000 hr
180
160
Bolt creep
Flange creep
140
10000 hr
-80
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
120
0
0.5
2000
4000
6000
Time, hours
8000
10000
240
Bolt-up: 214 MPa
Pressure: 0 MPa
Bolt-up: 276 MPa
Pressure: 0.76 MPa
250
Bolt stress relaxation, MPa
300
200
150
Bolt creep
Flange creep
Flange & creep
100
50
200
160
Bolt creep
Flange creep
Flange & bolt creep
120
0
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Time, Hours
8000
10000
2000
6000
4000
Time, hours
8000
10000
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140
300
Bolt-up: 276 MPa
Pressure: 0.69 MPa
120
250
100
Gasket stress, MPa
193
200
150
80
60
40
Bolt creep
Flange creep
Flange & bolt creep
20
100
0
2000
4000
6000
Time, hours
8000
10000
0.2
0.4
0.6
Gasket width ratio
0.8
250
Table 1
Percentage of bolt relaxation due to creep
Bolt creep
Flange creep
Total creep
Anal.
FEA
Anal.
FEA
Anal.
FEA
42.5
10
19.3
44.2
38
13.2
19.2
42
50
2
64.5
18.5
51.7
8.8
70.2
31
55.2
14.4
66
43.2
56.5
15.2
73
44.5
200
150
100
50
Dotted lines : FE model (Ansys)
Solid lines : Analytical model
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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194
240
PTFE gasket
200
24 HE flange
Bolt-up: 206 MPa
No pressure
160
120
80
Analytical model
40
FE model(Ansys)
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Time, second
8000
10000
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ange connections.
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