Agricultural Geography PDF
Agricultural Geography PDF
Agricultural Geography PDF
CONTENTS
1.
AGRICULTURE
2.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
3.
NON-FOOD CROPS
4.
SOIL
5.
SOIL DEGRADATION
6.
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
7.
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
1.
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES include all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.
The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land
SERICULTURE commercial rearing of silk worms. it may supplement the income of the farmer.
6.
7.
Agriculture The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also called farming
PISCICULTURE breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds
8.
9.
TYPES OF FARMING
1.
2.
3.
4.
labour.
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding.
5.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION is known by different names in different parts of the WORLD JHUMMING NORTHEAST INDIA MILPA-MEXICO ROCA- BRAZIL. LADANG- MALAYSIA
6.
7.
Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND NORTHEAST INDIA.
NOMADIC HERDING is practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of sahara, central asia and some parts of india, like
8.
9.
Major areas
Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can be grown.
Mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.
Practised IN EUROPE, EASTERN USA, ARGENTINA, SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH
AFRICA.
Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton
are grown.
Found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some
examples.
Rice:
China leads in the production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt
Wheat
requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
Grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter.
Juwan, bare and rage are grown in India. Other countries are Nigeria, China and Niger.
Do you know? Maize is also known as corn. Various colourful varieties of maize are found across the world.
Maize:
Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine.
Well-drained fertile soils. Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India, and Mexico.
Cotton:
COTTON REQUIRES HIGH TEMPERATURE, LIGHT RAINFALL, TWO HUNDRED AND TEN FROST-FREE
DAYS AND BRIGHT SUNSHINE FOR ITS GROWTH
China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton
Jute:
Coffee:
Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well drained loamy soil.
Tea:
Requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
Labour in large number is required to pick the leaves. Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the
world.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Primitive Subsistence Farming
1.
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland
2.
3.
Pamlou in Manipur
DIPA IN BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHATTISHGARH, AND IN ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS.
4.
5.
Conuco in Venzuela
6.
7.
8.
Ray in Vietnam
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Kuruwa in Jharkhand
JHUMMING IN THE NORTH-EASTERN REGION
2.
Labour-intensive farming
Commercial Farming
1.
Use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seed
2.
Chemical fertilisers,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc... Are important plantation crops
12.
13.
14.
15.
A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and
2.
Important Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard
3.
Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important for the
production of wheat and other Rabi crops.
4.
Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these
crops
5.
Success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an
important factor
KHARIF CROPS
Harvested in September-October
Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
Rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Zaid season
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Major Crops
Rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton and jute, etc.
Rice
1.
2.
3.
Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm
4.
Grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
Wheat
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Millets
1.
Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India
2.
3.
4.
Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage
5.
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production.
6.
Rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.
7.
Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
8.
9.
Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana
10.
Grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils
11.
12.
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.
Maize:
1.
2.
A kharif crop
3.
4.
5.
6.
Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Pulses
1.
India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
2.
Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
3.
4.
5.
All these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air
6.
7.
Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka
8.
Sugarcane
1.
2.
It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21C to 27C
3.
4.
Grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
5.
6.
The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Punjab and Haryana
Oil Seeds
1.
2.
Different oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country
3.
Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, and coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds,
linseed and sunflower
4.
5.
Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country
6.
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra
7.
8.
9.
Tea:
1.
2.
The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well- drained so
3.
Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil
4.
5.
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year
6.
7.
States are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
8.
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-producing states in the country.
9.
Coffee
1.
FOUR PER CENT OF THE WORLDS COFFEE PRODUCTION
2.
3.
4.
5.
Horticulture Crops
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pineapples of Meghalaya
8.
9.
Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
10.
11.
Non-Food Crops
Rubber:
1.
It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas
2.
Moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25C.
3.
4.
Mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicabar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya
India ranks fifth among the worlds natural rubber producers
Fibre Crops
1.
Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India
2.
3.
Obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry
REARING OF SILK WORMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SILK FIBRE IS KNOWN AS SERICULTURE
Cotton:
1.
2.
Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry
3.
4.
Grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. It requires high temperature, light rainfall
5.
6.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
Jute:
1.
Golden fibre.
2.
Grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
3.
4.
West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states
5.
It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.
6.
7.
It is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon
3.
In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated,
4.
5.
Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative
societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
6.
7.
8.
Agricultural:
1.
Vinobha Bhave undertook padyatrato spread Gandhijis message covered almost the entire country
2.
Land to be distributed among 80 land-less villagers. This act was known as Bhoodan .
3.
Villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.
4.
This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.
2.
Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001
3.
4.
5.
6.
Horticulture development
7.
Food Security
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking food grains
6.
7.
The FCI procures food grains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price (MSP)
8.
9.
Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers and water has led to waterlogging, salinity and depletion of essential
micronutrients in the soil
10.
The high MSP, subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the cropping pattern
11.
Wheat and paddy crops are being grown more for the MSP they get
12.
13.
14.
Each district and block can be made self-sufficient in food grain production if government provides proper agricultural
infrastructure
15.
16.
Food crop with a better growth potential in that particular area must be encouraged.
17.
18.
There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil- seeds and industrial
crops
19.
Led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals and pulses
Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able
to compete with the developed countries
2.
3.
Proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers
4.
It has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity
5.
6.
Genetic engineering is recognised as a powerful supplement in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds
SOIL
1.
Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earths surface.
2.
The major factors affecting the formation of soil are relief, parent material, climate, vegetation and other life-forms and time
3.
Components of the soil are mineral particles, humus, water and air.
4.
Horizon A is the topmost zone, where organic materials have got incorporated with the mineral matter, nutrients and
water.
5.
Horizon B is a transition zone between the horizon A and horizon C, and contains matter derived from below as well as
from above. It has some organic matter in it.
6.
Horizon C is composed of the loose parent material. This layer is the first stage in the soil formation process and
eventually forms the above two layers
7.
8.
Underneath these three horizons is the rock which is also known as the parent rock or the bedrock
Classification of Soils:
1.
In ancient times, soils used to be classified into two main groups Urvara and Usara
2.
3.
In the 16th century A.D., soils were classified on the basis of their inherent characteristics and external features such as
texture, colour, slope of land and moisture content in the soil
4.
In the 16th century A.D., soils were classified on the basis of their inherent characteristics and external features such as
texture, colour, slope of land and moisture content in the soil
5.
6.
Established in 1956, The National Bureau of Soil Survey and the Land Use Planning an Institute under the control of the
The ICAR has classified the Indian soils on the basis of their nature and character as per the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy
1.
Inceptisols
2.
Entisols
3.
Alfisols
1.
Alfisols
2.
Vertisols
3.
Ultisols
4.
Mollisols
ICAR CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF GENESIS, COLOUR, COMPOSITION AND LOCATION,
1.
Alluvial soils
2.
Black soils
Laterite soils
2.
Arid soils
3.
Saline soils
4.
Peaty soils
5.
Forest soils
Alluvial Soils:
1.
2.
3.
Depositional soils
4.
5.
6.
Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys
7.
8.
9.
Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two different types of alluvial soils have developed
Khadarand Bhangar
1.
Khadar is the new alluvium and is deposited by floods annually, which enriches the soil by depositing fine silts
2.
Bhangar represents a system of older alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains
3.
4.
More loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahamaputra valley
5.
More loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahamaputra valley
6.
Colour of the alluvial soils varies from the light grey to ash grey
7.
Shades depend on the depth of the deposition, the texture of the materials, time taken for attaining maturity
8.
Black Soil
1.
Includes parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Tamil Nadu.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The black soil retains the moisture for a very long time
10.
Helps the crops, especially, the rain fed ones, to sustain even during the dry season
11.
Chemically, the black soils are rich in lime and also contain potash
12.
13.
Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern part of the Deccan Plateau
2.
Along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghat, long stretch of area is occupied by red loamy soil
3.
Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Orissa and Chhattisgarh and in the southern parts of the middle Ganga plain
4.
Develops a reddish colour due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks
5.
6.
7.
Laternite Soil
1.
2.
3.
4.
With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind
5.
Humus content of the soil is removed fast by bacteria that thrives well in high temperature.
6.
7.
8.
Application of manures and fertilisers are required for making the soils fertile for cultivation
9.
Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for tree crops like cashewnut
10.
Laterite soils are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction
11.
12.
Commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam
Arid Soils
1.
2.
3.
The salt content is so high that common salt is obtained by evaporating the saline water
4.
Due to the dry climate, high temperature and accelerated evaporation, they lack moisture and humus
5.
6.
Content is normal
7.
Lower horizons of the soil are occupied by kankar layers because of the increasing calcium content downwards
8.
The Kankar layer formation in the bottom horizons restricts the infiltration of water,
9.
10.
11.
Soils are poor and contain little humus and organic matter
Saline Soil
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Occur in arid and semi-arid regions, and in waterlogged and swampy areas
7.
8.
9.
Saline soils are more widespread in western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast and in Sunderban areas of West Bengal
10.
Rann of Kuchchh, the Southwest Monsoon brings salt particles and deposits there as a crust
11.
12.
Areas of intensive cultivation with excessive use of irrigation, especially in areas of green revolution, the fertile alluvial
soils are becoming saline
13.
Excessive irrigation with dry climatic conditions promotes capillary action, which results in the deposition of salt on the top
layer of the soil.
14.
Punjab and Haryana, farmers are advised to add gypsum to solve the problem of salinity in the soil
Peaty Soil
1.
2.
3.
4.
Occurs widely in the northern part of Bihar, southern part of Uttaranchal and the coastal areas of West Bengal, Orissa and
Tamil Nadu
Forest Soil
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SOIL DEGRADATION
Soil Degradation
1.
Decline in soil fertility, when the nutritional status declines and depth of the soil goes down due to erosion and misuse
2.
Soil degradation is the main factor leading to the depleting soil resource base in India
3.
In the soil. Peaty Soils they are found in the areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity,
4.
Where there is a good growth of vegetation. Thus, large quantity of dead organic matter accumulates in these areas, and this
gives a rich humus and organic content to the soil.
5.
Organic matter in these soils may go even up to 40-50 per cent. These soils are normally heavy and black in colour. At
many places, they are alkaline also.
6.
It occurs widely in the northern part of Bihar, southern part of Uttaranchal and the coastal areas of West Bengal, Orissa and
Tamil Nadu.
7.
Forest Soils As the name suggests, forest soils are formed in the forest areas where sufficient rainfall is available. The soils
vary in structure and texture depending on the mountain environment where they are formed.
8.
They are loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse-grained in the upper slopes. In the snow-bound areas of the Himalayas,
they experience denudation, and are acidic with low humus content.
9.
The soils found in the lower valleys are fertile. It is evident from the foregoing discussions that soils, their texture, quality
and nature are vital for the germination and growth of plant and vegetation including crops.
10.
Soils are living systems. Like any other organism, they too develop and decay, get degraded, respond to proper treatment if
administered in time.
11.
These have serious repercussions on other components of the system of which they themselves are important parts.
In a broad sense, soil degradation can be defined as the decline in soil fertility,
2.
When the nutritional status declines and depth of the soil goes down due to erosion and misuse.
3.
Soil degradation is the main factor leading to the depleting soil resource base in India. The degree of soil degradation varies
from place to place according to the topography, wind velocity and amount of the rainfall. Destruction of the soil cover is
described as soil erosion.
4.
The soil forming processes and the erosional processes of running water and wind go on simultaneously
5.
6.
Sometimes, such a balance is disturbed by natural or human factors, leading to a greater rate of removal of soil
Wind erosion
1.
2.
In regions with heavy rainfall and steep slopes, erosion by running water is more significant
3.
Sheet erosion takes place on level lands after a heavy shower and the soil removal is not easily noticeable.
4.
Harmful since it removes the finer and more fertile top soil.
Gully erosion
1.
Gully erosion is common on steep slopes. Gullies deepen with rainfall, cut the agricultural lands into small fragments and
make them unfit for cultivation
2.
A region with a large number of deep gullies or ravines is called a badland topography
Ravines
1.
2.
The country is losing about 8,000 hectares of land to ravines every year
Others
1.
Eroded materials are carried down to rivers and they lower down their carrying capacity, and cause frequent floods and
3.
4.
They also add humus to the soil by shedding leaves and twigs
5.
Their effect on soil erosion are more in hilly parts of the country
6.
A fairly large area of arable land in the irrigated zones of India is becoming saline because of over irrigation
7.
The salt lodged in the lower profiles of the soil comes up to the surface and destroys its fertility
8.
This problem is common in all the command areas of the river valley projects, which were the first beneficiaries of the
Green Revolution
9.
About half of the total land of India is under some degree of degradation.
The first step in any rational solution is to check open cultivable lands on slopes from farming
2.
3.
4.
Should be regulated and controlled by educating villagers about the consequences. Contour bonding, Contour terracing
5.
6.
7.
8.
In arid and semi-arid areas, protect cultivable lands from encroachment by sand dunes through developing shelter belts of
trees and agro-forestry.
9.
Lands not suitable for cultivation should be converted into pastures for grazing.
10.
Central Soil Conservation Board, set up by the Government of India, has prepared a number of plans for soil conservation
in different parts of the country
11.
Land use maps should be prepared and lands should be put to right uses
Primary Activities
People engaged in primary activities are called red collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.
Economic Activities-Human Activities which generate income
HUNTING AND GATHERING
GATHERING IS PRACTISED
1.
High latitude zones which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile
2.
Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of
Southeast Asia
3.
The name of the part of the chewing gum after the flavour is gone? It is called Chicle it is made from the milky juice of
zapota tree.
Pastoralism:
1.
Domestication of animals
2.
People living in different climatic conditions selected and domesticated animals found in those regions
Nomadic Herding
1.
Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food,
clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
2.
They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and
water.
3.
4.
5.
While in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared
6.
In the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals.
7.
8.
The core region extends from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the Arabian peninsula into Mongolia and
Central China.
9.
10.
Transhumance
1.
The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to
plain areas during winters
2.
In mountain regions, such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from plains to the mountains in
summers and to the plains from the high altitude pastures in winters.
2.
Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches.
3.
These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing.
4.
When the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals are moved to another parcel.
5.
6.
7.
Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world
markets. Rearing of animals in ran
8.
New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important countries where commercial
livestock rearing is practised
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
In which the farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped in two categories
1.
2.
2.
One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhumbecomes less and less due to loss of fertility in
different parcels.
It is also known as Milpa in Central America and Mexico Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia
2.
3.
4.
5.
Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.
6.
Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land.
7.
Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour
8.
9.
The yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low
10.
11.
Wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and North Japan
12.
13.
Plantation Agriculture
1.
2.
Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples
Features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cheap labour
7.
Background
1.
2.
The British set up large tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka
3.
Rubber plantations in Malaysia and sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies.
4.
5.
6.
Some coffee fazendas (large plantations) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans
Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the midlatitudes
2.
3.
Other crops like corn, barley, oats and rye are also grown.
4.
The size of the farm is very large, therefore entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are mechanised
5.
There is low yield per acre but high yield per person.
Eurasian steppes
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mixed Farming
1.
Found in the highly developed parts of the world, e.g. North-western Europe, Eastern North America, parts of Eurasia and
the temperate latitudes of Southern continents
2.
Mixed farms are moderate in size and usually the crops associated with it are
3.
4.
5.
Crop rotation and intercropping play an important role in maintaining soil fertility
6.
7.
Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry provide the main income along with crops
8.
9.
Building, extensive use of chemical fertilisers and green manures and also by the skill and expertise of the farmers
Dairy Farming
1.
Dairy is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals.
2.
3.
Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the cost of dairy farming.
4.
Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services.
5.
There is no off season during the year as in the case of crop raising
6.
It is practised mainly near urban and industrial centres which provide neighbourhood market for fresh milk and dairy
products.
7.
The development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes have increased the
duration of storage of various dairy products.
2.
Second is Canada
3.
The third belt includes South Eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania
Mediterranean Agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
Southern California
5.
Central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south and south western parts of Australia.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters
when there is great demand in European and North American markets.
Market gardening and horticulture specialise in the cultivation of high value crops
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
It is both labour and capital intensive and lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilisers, insecticides,
greenhouses and artificial heating in colder regions.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Mediterranean regions
12.
The Netherlands specialises in growing flowers and horticultural crops especially tulips, which are flown to all major cities
of Europe
Truck Farming
1.
2.
This requires heavy capital investment in terms of building, machinery for various operations,
3.
4.
One of the important features of poultry farming and cattle rearing is breed selection and scientific breeding.
Cooperative Farming
1.
2.
Sell the products at the most favourable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper rates.
Cooperative Movement
1.
2.
3.
In Denmark, the movement has been so successful that practically every farmer is a member of a co- operative.
Collective Farming
1.
2.
Collective farming or the model of Kolkhozwas introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve upon the inefficiency of
the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self- sufficiency.
3.
The farmers pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour.
4.
Yearly targets are set by the government and the produce is also sold to the state at fixed prices.
5.
Produce in excess of the fixed amount is distributed among the members or sold in the market.
6.
The farmers have to pay taxes on the farm produces, hired machinery
7.
This type of farming was introduced in former Soviet Union under the socialist regime which was adopted by the socialist
countries
8.