Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
This article is about the European country. For other expelled after the war and thus the country lost its sizeuses, see Czech Republic (disambiguation).
able minority and its bilingual character. The Communist
Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following
the 1948 coup d'tat, Czechoslovakia became a
i
The Czech Republic ( /tk rpblk/ CHEK-r-PUBsingle-party
communist state under Soviet inuence. In
[10]
2
Crown, and the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas.
When the country regained its independence after the
dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the
new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reect the
union of the Czech and Slovak nations within the one
country.
HISTORY
2.2 Bohemia
Great Moravia (pictured 9th century) was the rst West
The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th cenSlavic state in Central Europe.[29]
tury, when it was unied by the Pemyslid dynasty. In
Historical aliations
10th century Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia conquered
Moravia, Silesia and expanded farther to the east. The
Samos Empire 631658
Kingdom of Bohemia was, as the only kingdom in the
Great Moravia 830s900s
Holy Roman Empire, a signicant regional power during
Duchy of Bohemia 880s1198
the Middle Ages. It was part of the Empire from 1002
Kingdom of Bohemia 11981918
till 1806, with the exception of the years 14401526. In
2.2
Bohemia
HISTORY
2.3 Czechoslovakia
Main article: History of Czechoslovakia
The Defenestration of Prague sparked the Thirty Years War
The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th century, has often been called colloquially the Dark Age.
The population of the Czech lands declined by a third
through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due
to the war, disease and famine.[36] The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism.[37]
The owering of Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of
this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded
Moravia in 1663.[38] In 16791680 the Czech lands faced
a devastating plague and an uprising of serfs.[39]
The reigns of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and co-regent from
2.3
Czechoslovakia
5
Adolf Hitler took advantage of this opportunity and, using Konrad Henlein's separatist Sudeten German Party,
gained the largely German speaking Sudetenland (and
its substantial Maginot Line-like border fortications)
through the 1938 Munich Agreement (signed by Nazi
Germany, France, Britain and Italy). Czechoslovakia was
not invited to the conference and felt betrayed by the
United Kingdom and France, so Czechs and Slovaks call
the Munich Agreement the Munich Betrayal because the
military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved
useless.
Third Reich
Poland
2
Slovakia
Hungary
Despite the mobilization of 1.2 million-strong Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Czech military alliance, Poland
annexed the Zaolzie area around esk Tn; Hungary
gained parts of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus as a
result of the First Vienna Award in November 1938. The
remainders of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus gained
greater autonomy, with the state renamed to CzechoSlovakia. After Nazi Germany threatened to annex part
of Slovakia, allowing the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary and Poland, Slovakia chose to maintain its national and territorial integrity, seceding from
Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, and allying itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitlers coalition.[46]
6
Prague.
HISTORY
icant change came in 1948 with coup d'tat by the Communist Party. The Communist Peoples Militias secured
control of key locations in Prague, and a single party government was formed.
3.1
Foreign relations
7
parliament for a ve-year term, with no more than two
consecutive terms. Since 2013 the presidential election
is direct. [53] Milo Zeman was the rst directly elected
Czech President.
The Government of the Czech Republic's exercise of executive power derives from the Constitution. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy
ministers and other ministers. The Government is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies.[54]
Vclav Havel, the main gure of the Velvet Revolution and later
1st Czech president honoring wounded in protests.
3.2
Military
4.1
Climate
Geography
Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests,
See also: Geography of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48 Western European broadleaf forests and Carpathian
montane conifer forests.
There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The
oldest is Krkonoe National Park (Biosphere Reserve),
umava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyj National Park, Bohemian Switzerland.
The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly the core countries of the Lands of the Bohemian
Crown) correspond almost prefectly with the river basins
of the Elbe (Czech: Labe) and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the Oder river
basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory).
Satellite image of the Czech Republic
Climate
10
5 ECONOMY
the lowlands of the South Moravian Region, the average 4.2 Environment
temperature is as high as 10 C (50 F). The countrys
capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, al- See also: Protected areas of the Czech Republic
though this is inuenced by urban factors.
The coldest month is usually January, followed by Febru- Czech Republic ranks as fth most environmentally conary and December. During these months, there is usu- scious country in the world in Environmental Perforally snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major mance Index.[69]
cities and lowlands. During March, April and May, the
temperature usually increases rapidly, especially during
April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary
widely during the day. Spring is also characterized by
high water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with
occasional ooding.
The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are
about 20 C (68 F) 30 C (86 F) higher than during
winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms.
Map of Protected areas of the Czech Republic: National
Parks (grey) and Protected Landscape Areas (green).
Autumn generally begins in September, which is still relatively warm and dry. During October, temperatures
usually fall below 15 C (59 F) or 10 C (50 F) and Eurasian lynx was reintroduced and protected after
deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of extensive hunting in the past.
November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.
The coldest temperature ever measured was in
Litvnovice near esk Budjovice in 1929, at 42.2 5 Economy
C (44.0 F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 C
(104.7 F) in Dobichovice in 2012.[67]
Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic
Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is The Czech Republic possesses a developed,[70] highrelatively constant throughout the year (in Prague, the av- income[71] economy with a per capita GDP rate that is
erage number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 84% of the European Union average.[72] One of the most
mm of rain varies from 12 in September and October to stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the
16 in November) but concentrated heavy rainfall (days Czech Republic saw growth of over 6% annually in the
with more than 10 mm per day) are more frequent in the three years before the outbreak of the recent global ecomonths of May to August (average around two such days nomic crisis. Growth has been led by exports to the European Union, especially Germany, and foreign investment,
per month).[68]
5.1
Energy
11
Constitution.[76] The ocial currency is the Czech crown,
and it had been oating until 7. 11. 2013, when the
central bank temporarily pegged the exchange rate at 27
crowns per euro in order to ght deation.[77] When it
joined EU, the Czech Republic obligated itself to adopt
the euro, but the date of adoption has not been determined.
The Programme for International Student Assessment,
coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th best in the world, higher than
the OECD average.[78] The Czech Republic is ranked
24th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom.
Unemployment rate is at 4.9%, giving the Czech Republic the second lowest unemployment rate in the European
[81]
The country has been a member of the Schengen Area Union after Germany.
since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls,
completely opening its borders with all of its neighbours
(Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia) on 21 Decem- 5.1 Energy
ber 2007.[74] The Czech Republic became a member of
Main article: Energy in the Czech Republic
the World Trade Organisation on 1 January 1995.
Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by
Czech Republic would become the 49th largest economy about 10 TWh per year, which are exported. Nuclear
in the world by 2050 with a GDP of US$ $342 billion.[75] power presently provides about 30 percent of the total
Monetary policy is conducted by the Czech Na- power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 pertional Bank, whose independence is guaranteed by the cent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced
12
5 ECONOMY
Monov (near Ostrava), Pardubice, Prague and Kunovice
(near Uhersk Hradit).
Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the
by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.
percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent from renew- The road network in the Czech Republic is 55,653 km
able sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech (34,581.17 mi) long.[84] There are 738,4 km of motorpower resource is Temeln Nuclear Power Station, an- ways and 439,1 km of expressways.[85] The speed limit is
other nuclear power plant is in Dukovany.
50 km/h within towns, 90 km/h outside of towns and 130
The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on
highly polluting low-grade brown coal as a source of energy. Natural gas is procured from Russian Gazprom,
roughly three-fourths of domestic consumption and from
Norwegian companies, which make up most of the remaining one-fourth. Russian gas is imported via Ukraine
(Druzhba pipeline), Norwegian gas is transported through
Germany. Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003
2005) is almost double electricity consumption. South
Moravia has small oil and gas deposits.
km/h on expressways.
5.3 Communications
Main article: Internet in the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed.[86] The
Czech Republic has the most Wi-Fi subscribers in the
European Union.[87][88] By the beginning of 2008, there
were over 800 mostly local WISPs,[89][90] with about
5.2 Transportation infrastructure
350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either
GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being ofMain article: Transport in the Czech Republic
fered by all three mobile phone operators (T-Mobile,
Vclav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international Telefnica O2, Vodafone) and internet provider U:fon.
Government-owned esk Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop
unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also SDSL. This and later privatisation of
esk Telecom helped drive down prices.
airport in the country. In 2010, it handled 11.6 million passengers, which makes it the fth busiest airport
in Central and Eastern Europe. In total, the Czech Republic has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which
provide international air services in Brno, Karlovy Vary,
On 1 July 2006, esk Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain owned) Telefnica group and
adopted new name Telefnica O2 Czech Republic. As
of June 2014, VDSL and ADSL2+ are oered in many
variants, with download speeds of up to 40 Mbit/s and
upload speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining
popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from
2 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.
5.5
Tourism
13
Gregor Mendel (18221884), often called the "father of genetics", is famed for his research concerning the inheritance of genetic traits.[91]
Jakub Husnk (18371916), improved the process
of photolithography.
Karel Kl (18411926), painter and photographer,
inventor of the photogravure.
Frantiek Kik (18471941), electrical engineer,
inventor of the arc lamp.
Jan Jansk (18731921), serologist and neurologist,
discovered the ABO blood groups.
Bedich Hrozn (18791952), deciphered the
Hittite language.[91]
Josef apek (18871945) and Karel apek (1890
1938), brothers who originated the word robot.
Frantiek Burian and Arnold Jirsek, founded the
rst plastic surgery in 1927.[93]
Jaroslav Heyrovsk (18901967), inventor of
polarography, electroanalytical chemistry and
recipient of the Nobel Prize.[91]
brings new inventions and impulses in this area. Important inventions include the modern contact lens, the separation of modern blood types, and the production of
Semtex plastic explosive. In March 1978, Czechoslovakian Vladimr Remek was the rst person outside of
the Soviet Union and the United States to go into space.
John Amos Comenius (15921670), teacher, educator and the founder of modern education.[91]
14
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
esk rj, umava and the Krkonoe Mountains attract
visitors seeking outdoor pursuits.
The country is also known for its various museums.
Puppetry and marionette exhibitions are very popular,
with a number of puppet festivals throughout the country.
Aquapalace Praha in estlice near Prague, is the biggest
water park in central Europe.[104]
making up 5.5% of GNP and 9% of overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people
over 1% of the population.[99] The countrys reputation has suered with guidebooks and tourists reporting
overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems
mainly in Prague.[100][101] Since 2005, Pragues mayor,
Pavel Bm, has worked to improve this reputation by
cracking down on petty crime[101] and, aside from these
problems, Prague is a safe city.[102] Also, the Czech Republic as a whole generally has a low crime rate.[103] For
tourists, the Czech Republic is considered a safe destination to visit. The low crime rate makes most cities and
towns very safe to walk around.
The Czech Republic has a number of beer festivals, including: Czech Beer Festival (the biggest Czech beer festival, it is usually 17 days long and held every year in May
in Prague), Pilsner Fest (every year in August in Plze),
The "Olomouck pivn festival" (in Olomouc) or festival "Slavnosti piva v eskch Budjovicch" (in esk
Budjovice).
6 Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic
According to preliminary results of the 2011 census,
the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czechs (63.7%), followed by Moravians (4.9%),
Slovaks (1.4%), Poles (0.4%), Germans (0.2%) and
Silesians (0.1%). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, a substantial number of people left this
eld blank (26.0%).[108] According to some estimates,
there are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech
Republic.[109][110]
There were 437,581 foreigners residing in the country in September 2013, according to the Czech
Statistical Oce,[111] with the largest groups being
Ukrainian (106,714), Slovak (89,273), Vietnamese
(61,102), Russian (32,828), Polish (19,378), German
(18,099), Bulgarian (8,837), American (6,695), Romanian (6,425), Moldovan (5,860), Chinese (5,427), British
(5,413), Mongolian (5,308), Kazakh (4,850), Belarusian
(4,562).[111]
7.1
Art
15
Art
At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the city with
the third largest Czech population,[121] after Prague and
Vienna.[122] According to the 2010 US census, there are
1,533,826 Americans of full or partial Czech descent.[123]
6.1
Religion
6.2
Education
Culture
The Czech Republic is known worldwide for its individually made, mouth blown and decorated art glass and
crystal. One of the best Czech painters and decorative
artists was Alphonse Mucha (18601939) mainly known
for art nouveau posters and his cycle of 20 large canvases
named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs
and other Slavs. As of 2012, the Slav Epic can be seen
in Veletrn Palace of National Gallery in Prague, which
16
7 CULTURE
manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Repub- The Renaissance style penetrated the Bohemian Crown in
lic.
the late 15th century when the older Gothic style started
to be slowly mixed with Renaissance elements (architects
Other notable Czech artists include:
Matj Rejsek, Benedikt Rejt). An outstanding example
of the pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the
Max vabinsk (18731962) painter, illustrator, Royal Summer Palace, which was situated in a newly esabstract art
tablished garden of Prague Castle. Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving
Emil Filla (18821953) painter, cubism
a massive inux of Italian architects, can be found in spacious chateaux with elegant arcade courtyards and geo Josef apek (18871945) painter, cubism
metrically arranged gardens.[131] Emphasis was placed on
comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment
Bohumil Kubita (18841918) painter, cubism
purposes also appeared.[132]
Vclav pla (18851945) painter, cubism
Frantiek Kupka (18711954) painter, abstract art
Jan Zrzav (18901977) painter, graphic artist, illustrator
Karel Teige (19001951) painter, illustrator,
surrealism
Toyen (19021980) painter, illustrator, surrealism
Ji Anderle (1936) graphic artist
7.2
Architecture
Main articles: Czech Gothic architecture, Czech Renaissance architecture and Czech Baroque architecture
St. Nicholas Church in Prague, a magnicent exemplar of the
Bohemian Baroque
Royal Summer Palace in Prague considered the purest Renaissance architecture outside Italy[130]
In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia. Very outstanding are the architectural projects of the Czech nobleman and imperial
generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein from the 1620s.
His architects Andrea Spezza and Giovanni Pieroni reected the most recent Italian production and were very
innovative at the same time. Czech Baroque architecture is considered to be a unique part of the European
cultural heritage thanks to its extensiveness and extraordinariness. In the rst third of the 18th century the Bohemian lands were one of the leading artistic centers of
the Baroque style. In Bohemia there was completed the
development of the Radical Baroque style created in Italy
by Francesco Borromini and Guarino Guarini in a very
original way.[133] Leading architects of the Bohemian
Baroque were Jean-Baptiste Mathey, Frantiek Maxmilin Kaka, Christoph Dientzenhofer, and his son Kilian
Ignaz Dientzenhofer.
In the 18th century Bohemia produced an architectural
peculiarity the Baroque Gothic style, a synthesis of the
Gothic and Baroque styles. This was not a simple return
to Gothic details, but rather an original Baroque transformation. The main representative and originator of this
style was Jan Blaej Santini-Aichel, who used this style
in renovating medieval monastic buildings.[131]
7.3
Literature
17
7.3 Literature
Main article: Czech literature
Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs,
Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the worlds architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to
transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into architecture. During the rst years of the independent
Czechoslovakia (after 1918), a specically Czech architectural style, called Rondo-Cubism, came into existence. Together with the pre-war Czech Cubist architecture it is unparalleled elsewhere in the world. The rst
Czechoslovak president T. G. Masaryk invited the prominent Slovene architect Joe Plenik to Prague, where he
modernized the Castle and built some other buildings.
Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its
sober, progressive forms, took over as the main architectural style in the newly established Czechoslovak Republic. In the city of Brno, one of the most impressive functionalist works has been preserved Villa Tugendhat, designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[131]
The most signicant Czech architects of this era were
Adolf Loos and Josef Gor.
After the World War II and the Communist coup in 1948
the art in Czechoslovakia came under the strong Soviet
inuence. Hotel International in Prague is a brilliant example of the so-called Socialist realism, the Stalinistic
art style of the 1950s. Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic
movement known as the Brussels style (called after the
Franz Kafka
Brussels Worlds Fair Expo 58) became popular in the
time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the mostly in the Czech language, although other languages
1960s.
like Old Church Slavonic, Latin or German have been
Even today, the Czech Republic is not shying away from also used, such as by author Franz Kafka, whowhile
18
7 CULTURE
bilingual in Czech and German[134][135] wrote his works to strive for political freedom, establishing a condent,
in German, during the era of Austrian rule.
politically aware nation.
Inuential Czech authors who wrote in Latin include Cosmas of Prague ( 1125), Peter of Zittau (
1339), John Hus ( 1415), Bohuslav Hasitejnsk z
Lobkovic (14611510), Jan Dubravius (14861553),
Tade Hjek (15251600), Johannes Vodnianus Campanus (15721622), and Bohuslav Balbn (16211688).
In the late 13th century the royal court in Prague was one
of the centers of German Minnesang. The most famous
Czech medieval German-language work is the Ploughman of Bohemia (Der Ackermann aus Bhmen), written
around 1401 by Johannes von Tepl. The heyday of Czech
German-language literature can be seen in the rst half of
the 20th century, which is represented by the well-known
names of Franz Kafka, Max Brod, Franz Werfel, Rainer
Maria Rilke, Egon Erwin Kisch, and others.
7.4 Media
Since the Czech Republic is a democratic republic, journalists and media are free to write about everything, except supporting nazism, racism and violating the Czech
law. The country was ranked as the 13th most free press
in the World Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders in 2014.[136]
7.5 Music
Main articles: Music of the Czech Lands and Moravian
traditional music
Music in the Czech lands has its roots in more than 1,000year-old sacred music. The rst surviving references
Lord, Have Mercy on Us come from the end of the 10th
century and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia,
Moravia and Silesia and in the long-term high-culture
classical music tradition. Since the early eras of articial
music, Czech musicians and composers have often been
inuenced by genuine folk music (such as polka which
originated in Bohemia). Notable Czech composers include Antonn Dvok, Bedich Smetana, Gustav Mahler
(he was born and grew up in the Czech lands), Adam
Michna, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Josef Mysliveek, Leo
Janek, Josef Suk, Bohuslav Martin, Erwin Schulho
and Petr Eben.
7.9
Cuisine
19
international acclaim, including Hidden & Dangerous,
Operation Flashpoint, Vietcong and Maa. Today, the
most globally successful Czech games include ARMA,
DayZ, Space Engineers, Machinarium, Shadowgun and
BLACKHOLE. The Czech Game of the Year Awards are
held annually at the Anilm festival in Tebo.
7.9 Cuisine
Main article: Czech cuisine
Czech cuisine is marked by a strong emphasis on meat
Antonn Dvok
7.7
Film
7.8
Video games
20
7 CULTURE
7.10 Sports
Main article: Sport in the Czech Republic
21
the Czech mountains. The word tourist in the Czech
language also means a trekker or hiker. For beginners,
thanks to the more than 100 years long tradition, there is
a unique system of waymarking, one of the best in Europe. There is a network of around 40,000 km of perfectly marked short and long distance trails crossing the
whole country and all the Czech mountains not only in
the umava Mountains, but also in the Vysoina, Krun
hory, Jizersk hory, Beskydy, Jesenky, Orlick hory and
Giant Mountains Krkonoe.
See also
List of Czech Republic-related topics
Outline of the Czech Republic
References
Notes
[1] Czech language. Czech Republic Ocial website.
Ministry of Foreign Aairs of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
[2] Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and
on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech
Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list
of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of
the Government of the Czech Republic, Belorussian and
Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see esko m nov ociln
nrodnostn meniny. Vietnamce a Blorusy). Article 25
of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic
Freedoms ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The
Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural
Language) ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic
who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which
traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an
administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no
employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is
bound to obtain a translator at the agencys own expense.
According to Act No. 273/2001 (Concerning the Rights
of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use
language of a national minority in dealing with authorities
and in front of the courts of law) the same also applies to
members of national minorities in the courts of law.
[3] The Slovak language may be considered an ocial language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances,
as dened by several laws e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992.
Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: Napklad Sprvn
d (zkon . 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: V zen se
jedn a psemnosti se vyhotovuj v eskm jazyce. astnci zen mohou jednat a psemnosti mohou bt pedkldny i v jazyce slovenskm ... (16, odstavec 1).
Zkon o sprv dan a poplatk (337/1992 Sb.) "edn
jazyk: Ped sprvcem dan se jedn v jazyce eskm
nebo slovenskm. Veker psemn podn se pedkldaj v etin nebo sloventin ... ( 3, odstavec 1). http:
//portal.gov.cz
[4] Czech Republic Population 2014. World Population
Review. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
[5] Population. Czech Statistical Oce. 30 September
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[6] Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic nal results. Czech Statistical Oce. Retrieved on 19 December
2012.
[7] Czech Republic. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
[8] Gini coecient of equivalised disposable income
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2014.
[11] Mlsna, Petr; lehofer, F.; Urban, D. (2010). The Path of
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[12] umlivski, Denko (2012). 800 let Zlat buly sicilsk"
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[14] Edit/Review Countries. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.
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[15] Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. Accessed on
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[16] http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/
text.pdf
[17] Quality of Life Index by Country 2014 Mid Year. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
[18] Social Progress Index
[19] 2011 Human Development Report (PDF). Retrieved 13
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[21] Oxford English Dictionary. Askoxford.com. Retrieved
4 March 2011.
22
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[66] R. Tolasz, Climate Atlas of the Czech Republic, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, 2007. ISBN 80-2441626-3, graphs 1.5 and 1.6
[67] Czech absolute record temperature registered near
Prague. esk noviny. TK. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
[68] R. Tolasz, Climate Atlas of the Czech Republic, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, 2007. ISBN 80-2441626-3, graph 2.9.
[69] Country Rankings. Yale. 25 January 2014. Retrieved
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[103] Czech Republic Country Specic Information. Re- [126] Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Eutrieved 13 September 2014.
rope, Issue 269, p. 90
[104] Aquapalace Praha bude nejvtm aquaparkem ve stedn [127] Population by denomination and sex: as measured by
1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses (PDF) (in
Evrop". Konstrukce.cz. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Czech and English). Czech Statistical Oce. Retrieved
[105] 2011 census (in Czech). Czech Statistical Oce. Re9 March 2010.
trieved 1 June 2013.
[128] Eurobarometer on Biotechnology 2010 page 381
[106] Nazen vldy . 212/1997, kterm se vyhlauje zvazn
(PDF). Retrieved 1 February 2013.
st zemnho plnu velkho zemnho celku Olomouck
[129] Eurobarometer on Biotechnology 2010 page 381
aglomerace
(PDF).
[107] zemn
pln
velkho
zemnho
celku
ESKOBUDJOVICK SDELN AGLOMERACE, [130] Prague : City Guidebook (1st ed.). Prague: Kartograe.
2000. p. 40. ISBN 80-7011-597-1.
[108] Prvn pedbn vsledky Stn lidu, dom a byt 2011:
Obyvatelstvo podle nrodnosti podle kraj. (PDF) . Re- [131] History of Czech Architecture. eu2009.cz. Czech Presidency of the European Union. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
trieved on 12 August 2012.
[109] The History and Origin of the Roma. Romove.radio.cz. [132] The History of Architecture. www.czech.cz. Retrieved
18 August 2015.
Retrieved 25 April 2010.
[110] Green, Peter S. (5 August 2001). British Immigration [133] Kotalk, Ji (2002). Architektura barokn (in Czech) (Deset stolet architektury ed.). Praha: Sprva Praskho
Aides Accused of Bias by Gypsies. New York Times. Rehradu a DaDa. p. 13. ISBN 80-86161-38-2.
trieved 25 April 2010.
[111] Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship, Czech [134] Hawes 2008, p. 29.
Statistical Oce, 30 September 2013
[135] Sayer 1996, pp. 164210.
[112] The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia. Ushmm.org. [136] Biggest rises and falls in the 2014 World Press Freedom
Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Index. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 17 July
2015.
[113] The Virtual Jewish Library. Retrieved 13 September
2014.
[137] Nejseriznj zpravodajstv hledejte na webu ct24.cz.
Czech Television. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
[114] "PM Fischer visits Israel". Radio Prague. 22 July 2009.
[138] "echy nejvce zajm bulvr. Nejtenj v zemi je denk
[115] The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Blesk. Czech News Agency. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
[116] Population change year 2014. czso.cz.
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Hochman, Ji. Historical dictionary of the Czech
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External links
Travel
Czech Tourism ocial travel site of the Czech Republic
Czech tourist club ocial webpage
26
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Original artist: Unknown. Transfer; United States. Oce of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944.
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