FortiOS 5.2 Handbook

FortiOS Handbook - Firewall
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Monday, June 15, 2015

FortiOS Handbook - Firewall
01-520-1248222-20140707
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Change log
Introduction
How this guide is organized
FortiGate Firewall Components
How does a FortiGate protect your network?
Firewall concepts
What is a firewall?
Network layer or packet filter firewalls
Application layer firewalls
Proxy servers
Security profiles
IPv6
The origins of NAT
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Benefits of NAT
NAT in transparent mode
Central NAT table
IPv6 in FortiOS
Dual stack routing configuration
IPv6 tunneling
Tunneling IPv6 through IPsec VPN
NAT
NAT64 and NAT46
NAT66
How packets are handled by FortiOS
FortiGate modes
NAT/Route mode
Transparent mode
Quality of Service
Traffic policing
Traffic shaping
Queuing
Interfaces and zones
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Firewall objects
Addresses
Interfaces
IPv4 addresses
Subnet addresses
IP range addresses
FQDN addresses
Geography based addresses
URL pattern addresses
Address groups
UUID support
Virtual IPs
Dynamic VIP according to DNS translation
Creating a virtual IP
Virtual IP groups
Creating a virtual IP group
IP pools
Creating a dynamic IP pool
Fixed port
Match-VIP
Services and TCP ports

Categories
Protocol types
Service groups
Example scenario: Supporting audio/visual conferencing
VIP
Creating an address for the subnet
Configuring the services
Creating the service group
Creating the IPS security profile
Policies
Firewall schedules
Schedule groups
Schedule expiration
Security policies
Firewall policies
Firewall policy parameters
What is not expressly allowed is denied
Policy order
Policy identification
UUID support
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Security profiles
AntiVirus
Web filtering
Application control
Intrusion protection (IPS)
Email filtering
Data Leak Prevention (DLP)
VoIP
ICAP
EndPoint control
Proxy option components
The use of different proxy profiles and profile options
SSL/SSH inspection
Inspection exemption
Creating or editing an SSL/SSH inspection profile
Viewing firewall policies
How Any policy can remove the section view
Security policy configuration extensions
Identity-based policies
Identity-based policy positioning
VPN policies
IPsec policies
Interface policies
DoS protection
One-arm IDS
IPv6 IPS
Traffic destined to the FortiGate unit
Dropped, flooded, broadcast, multicast and L2 packets
GUI and CLI
Local-In policies
Security policy 0
Deny policies
Accept policies
Fixed port
Endpoint security
Traffic logging
Quality of service
Queuing
Policy Monitor
Upper pane
Lower pane
Network defense
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Monitoring
Blocking external probes
Address sweeps
Port scans
Probes using IP traffic options
Evasion techniques
Defending against DoS attacks
The three-way handshake
SYN flood
SYN spoofing
DDoS SYN flood
Configuring the SYN threshold to prevent SYN floods
SYN proxy
Other flood types
DoS policies
GUI and CLI - what you may not know

Mouse tricks
Changing the default column setting on the policy page
Example
Naming rules and restrictions
Character restrictions
Numeric values
Numeric values
Selecting options from a list
Enabling or disabling options
To enable or disable optionally displayed features
Building firewall objects and policies

Example: IPv4 firewall addresses
Scenario: Mail server
Scenario: First floor network
Scenario: Marketing department
Verification
Verification
Example: FQDN address
Verification
Changing the TTL of a FQDN address
Example: Geography-based address
Example: IPv4 address group
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Example: Multicast address
Example: Service category
Example: TCP/UDP/SCTP service
Example: ICMP service
Example: ICMPv6 service
Example: Service group
Example: Virtual IP address
VIP group
Example: IP pool
Example: Central NAT table
Example: Firewall schedule - recurring
Example: Firewall schedule - one-time
Example: Schedule group
Example: Proxy option
Oversized files
Example: DoS policy
Multicast forwarding
Sparse mode
Dense mode
Multicast IP addresses
PIM Support
Multicast forwarding and FortiGate units
Multicast forwarding and RIPv2
Configuring FortiGate multicast forwarding
Adding multicast security policies
Enabling multicast forwarding
Multicast routing examples
Example FortiGate PIM-SM configuration using a static RP
FortiGate PIM-SM debugging examples
Example multicast destination NAT (DNAT) configuration
Example PIM configuration that uses BSR to find the RP
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Change log
Date
Change Description
2014-06-12
Added content regarding VIP and polices in policy order exception, Deny policies and
VIP objects.
2014-12-30
Resolved bug 0257589 (wild card values in FQDN address objects)
2014-12-22
Resolved bug 0256490 (srcaddr and dstaddr objects in multicast policies)
2014-12-19
Cross reference links removed
2014-07-07
Initial release.
FortiView for FortiOS 5.2
Introduction
Welcome and thank you for selecting Fortinet products for your network protection. This document is intended to
provide the concepts and techniques that will be needed to configure the FortiGate firewall on your FortiGate
unit.
Before you start administrating your FortiGate device, certain assumptions have been made in the writing of this
manual:
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You have administrative access to the Web-based GUI or to the Command Line Interface.
The FortiGate unit is integrated into your network.
The operation mode (NAT or Transparent) has been configured.
Network interfaces have been configured.
DNS settings have been configured.
The system time settings have been configured.
Firmware is up to date.
FortiGuard Service licenses are current and the device is able to connect to the FortiGuard servers.
If you are using FortiCloud, it is properly configured.
How this guide is organized

"Firewall concepts" explains the ideas behind the components, techniques and processes that are involved in
setting up and running a firewall in general, and the FortiGate firewall in particular. Regardless of how
experienced someone is with firewalls, as they go through the process of configuring a firewall new to them they
are likely to come across a term or setting that they may not be familiar with. FortiGate firewalls are quite
comprehensive and can be very granular in the functions they perform, so it makes sense to have a consistent
frame of reference for the ideas we will be working with.
Some examples of the concepts that will be addressed here are:
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"What is a Firewall?"
"NAT"
"IPv6"
"Firewall objects" describes the following:

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Addressing
Services
Firewall Policies
"Network defense" describes various methods of defending your network using the abilities of the FortiGate
firewall.
"GUI and CLI - what you may not know" helps you navigate and find the components in the Web-based Manager
that you will need to build the functions. This section does not include any in-depth explanations of what each
object does as that is covered in the concepts section. This section is for showing you where you need to input
your information and letting you know what format the interface expects to get that information
Introduction
"Building firewall objects and policies" is similar to a cookbook in that it will refer to a number of common tasks
that you will likely perform to get the full functionality out of your FortiGate firewall. Because of the way that
firewalls are designed, performing many of the tasks requires that firewall components be set up in a number of
different sections of the interface and be configured to work together to achieve the desired result. This section
will bring those components together as a straight forward series of instructions.
"Multicast forwarding" is a reference guide including the concepts and examples that are involved in the use of
multicast addressing and policy forwarding as it is used in the FortiGate firewall.
FortiGate Firewall Components

The FortiGate firewall is made up of a number of different components that are used to build an impressive list of
features. These features have flexibility of scope and granularity of control that provide protection far beyond that
provided by the basic firewalls of the past.
Some of the components that FortiOS uses to build features are:
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Interfaces
VLANs
Soft switches
Zones
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Predefined addresses
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IP address-based
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FQDN-based
Geography-based
Access schedules
Authentication
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Local user-based
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Authentication server-based (Active Directory, RADIUS, LDAP)
Device-based
Configurable services
IPv4 and IPv6 protocol support
The features of FortiOS include but are not limited to:

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Security profiles, sometimes referred to as Unified Threat Management (UTM) or Next Generation Firewall
(NGFW)
Predefined firewall addresses (this includes IPv4 and IPv6, IP pools, wildcard addresses and netmasks, and
geography-based addresses)
Monitoring traffic
Traffic shaping and per-IP traffic shaping (advanced)
Firewall schedules
Services (such as AOL, DHCP and FTP)
Logging traffic
Quality of Service (QoS)
Endpoint security
10
Introduction
The "Firewall concepts" expand on what each of the features does and how they relate to the administration of
the FortiGate firewall. The section will also try to explain some of the common firewall concepts that will be
touched on in the implementing of these features.
"Building firewall objects and policies" shows how to perform specific tasks with the FortiGate firewall.
How does a FortiGate protect your network?

The FortiGate firewall protects your network by taking the various components and using them together to build a
kind of wall or access control point so anyone that is not supposed to be on your network is prevented from
accessing your network in any way other than those approved by you. It also protects your network from itself by
keeping things that shouldnt happen from happening and optimizing the flow of traffic so the network is
protected from traffic congestion that would otherwise impede traffic flow.
Most people have at one time or another played with a childs toy system made up of interlocking blocks. The
blocks come in different shapes and sizes so you can build structures to suit your needs. The components of the
FortiGate firewall are similar. You are not forced to use all of the blocks all of the time. You mix and match them
to get the results that you are looking for. You can build a very basic structure, where its only function is to direct
traffic in and out to the correct subnets. You can build a fortress that only allows specific traffic to or from specific
hosts at specific times of day and only when credentials that have been pre-approved have been provided. You
can also add in that all of the traffic is encrypted, so that even when the traffic is out on the Internet it is private
from the world. Just like the interlocking blocks, what you build is up to you, but chances are if you put them
together the right way there isnt much that cant be built.
Here is one example of how the components could be put together to support the requirements of a network
infrastructure design.
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Off the internal interface you could have separate VLANs. One for each department of Sales, Marketing and
Engineering so the traffic from the users on one VLAN does not intrude upon the hosts of the other VLANs and each
department is isolated from the others for security reasons.
To ease in the administration, each of the VLAN sub-interfaces is made a member of a zone so security policies
that apply to all hosts on all the VLANs can be applied to all of them at once.
Using the addresses component, each of the IP address ranges could be assigned a user-friendly name so they
could be referred to individually. For policies that would refer to them all as a whole, the individual ranges can be
made members of an address group.
Firewall schedules could be created to address the differing needs of each of the groups so that Sales and
Marketing could be allowed access to the Internet during regular business hours and the Engineering department
could be allowed access during the lunch break.
By setting up the outgoing policies to use FortiGuard Web-filtering, the employees could be prevented from visiting
inappropriate sites and thus enforcing the policies of the HR department.
A couple of virtual IP addresses with port forwarding could be configured to allow users on the Internet access to a
web server on the DMZ subnet using the companys only Public IP address.This would not affect the traffic that
goes to the companys mail server hosted on a completely different computer.
Even though the Web server on the same DMZ has an FTP service to allow for the uploading of web pages to the
web server from the Marketing and Engineer teams, by placing a DENY policy on any FTP traffic from the Internet,
malicious users are prevented from abusing the FTP service.
By monitoring the traffic as it goes through the policies, you can verify that the policies are in working order.
By using a combination of ALLOW and DENY policies and placing them in the correct order, you could arrange for
an outside contractor to be allowed to update the web site as well.
11
Introduction
This list of possible configurations is not extensive, but it does give an idea of how different components can be
mixed and matched to build a configuration that meets an organizations needs and at the same time protect it
from security risks.
12
Firewall concepts
There are a number of concepts that are consistent throughout the firewall industry. Having a solid grasp of these
ideas and terms can give you a better idea of what your FortiGate firewall is capable of and how it will fit within
your network's architecture.
This chapter describes the following firewall concepts:
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What is a Firewall?
IPv6
NAT
FortiGate modes
Quality of Service
What is a firewall?
The term firewall originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire or potential fire within a building. Later
uses refer to similar structures, such as the metal sheet separating the engine compartment of a vehicle or
aircraft from the passenger compartment.
A firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network secure. Its primary
objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining
whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A network's firewall builds a
bridge between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, usually an
external (inter)network such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted.
Network layer or packet filter firewalls

Stateless firewalls
Stateless firewalls are the oldest form of these firewalls. They are faster and simple in design requiring less
memory because they process each packet individually and don't require the resources necessary to hold onto
packets like stateful firewalls. Stateful firewalls inspect each packet individually and check to see if it matches a
predetermined set of rules. According to the matching rule, the packet is either allowed, dropped or rejected. In
the case of a rejection, an error message is sent to the source of the traffic. Each packet is inspected in isolation
and information is only gathered from the packet itself. Simply put, if the packets were not specifically allowed
according to the list of rules held by the firewall, they were not getting through.
Stateful firewalls
Stateful firewalls retain packets in memory so that they can maintain context about active sessions and make
judgments about the state of an incoming packet's connection. This enables Stateful firewalls to determine if a
packet is the start of a new connection, a part of an existing connection, or not part of any connection. If a packet
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Firewall concepts
is part of an existing connection based on comparison with the firewall's state table, it will be allowed to pass
without further processing. If a packet does not match an existing connection, it will be evaluated according to the
rules set for new connections. Predetermined rules are used in the same way as a stateless firewall but they can
now work with the additional criteria of the state of the connection to the firewall.
Best Practices Tip for improving performance:
Blocking the packets in a denied session can take more cpu processing resources than
passing the traffic through. By putting denied sessions in the session table, they can
be kept track of in the same way that allowed session are so that the FortiGate unit
does not have to redetermine whether or not to deny all of the packets of a session
individually. If the session is denied all packets of that session are also denied.
In order to configure this you will need to use 2 CLI commands
config system setting
set ses-denied-traffic enable
set block-session-timer <integer 1 - 300> (this determines in
seconds, how long, the session is kept in the table)
end
Application layer firewalls

Application layer filtering is yet another approach and as the name implies it works primarily on the Application
Layer of the OSI Model.
Application Layer Firewalls actually, for lack of a better term, understand certain applications and protocols.
Examples would be FTP, DNS and HTTP. This form of filtration is able to check to see if the packets are actually
behaving incorrectly or if the packets have been incorrectly formatted for the protocol that is indicated. This
process also allows for the use of deep packet inspection and the sharing of functionality with Intrusion
Prevention Systems (IPS).
Application-layer firewalls work on the application level of the TCP/IP stack (i.e., all browser traffic, or all telnet or
ftp traffic), and may intercept all packets traveling to or from an application. They block other packets (usually
dropping them without acknowledgment to the sender). Application firewalls work much like a packet filter but
application filters apply filtering rules (allow/block) on a per process basis instead of filtering connections on a per
port basis.
On inspecting all packets for improper content, firewalls can restrict or prevent outright the spread of networked
computer worms and trojans. The additional inspection criteria can add extra latency to the forwarding of packets
to their destination.
Proxy servers
A proxy server is an appliance or application that acts as an intermediary for communicating between computers.
A computer has a request for information. The packets are sent to the designated resource but before they can
get there they are blocked by the proxy server saying that it will take the request and pass it on. The Proxy Server
processes the request and if it is valid it passes onto the designated computer. The designated computer gets the
packet and processes the request, sending the answer back to the proxy server. The proxy server sends the
information back to the originating computer. Its all a little like a situation with two people who refuse to talk
directly with each other using someone else to take messages back and forth.
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Firewall concepts
From a security stand point a Proxy Server can serve a few purposes:
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Protects the anonymity of the originating computer
The two computers never deal directly with each other
Packets that are not configured to be forwarded are dropped before reaching the destination computer.
If malicious code is sent it will affect the Proxy server with out affecting the originating or sending computer.
Proxies can perform a number of roles including:

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Content Filtering
Caching
DNS proxy
Bypassing Filters and Censorship
Logging and eavesdropping
Gateways to private networks
Accessing service anonymously
Security profiles
Unified Threat Management and Next Generation Firewall are terms originally coined by market research firms
and refer to the concept of a comprehensive security solution provided in a single package. It is basically
combining of what used to be accomplished by a number of different security technologies all under a single
umbrella or in this case, a single device. On the FortiGate firewall this is achieved by the use of Security Profiles
and optimized hardware.
In effect it is going from a previous style of firewall that included among its features:
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Gateway Network Firewall
Routing
VPN
To a more complete system that includes:

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Gateway Network Firewall
Routing
VPN
Traffic Optimization
Proxy Services
Content Filtering
Application Control
Intrusion Protection
Denial of Service Attack Protection
Anti-virus
Anti-spam
Data Leak Prevention
Endpoint Control of Security Applications
Load Balancing
WiFi Access Management
Authentication Integration into Gateway Security
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Firewall concepts
Logging
Reporting
Advantages of using security profiles

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Avoidance of multiple installations.
Hardware requirements are fewer.
Fewer hardware maintenance requirements.
Less space required.
Compatibility - multiple installations of products increase the probability of incompatibility between systems.
Easier support and management.
There is only one product to learn therefore a reduced requirement of technical knowledge.
Only a single vendor so there are fewer support contracts and Service Level Agreements.
Easier to incorporated into existing security architecture.
Plug and play architecture.
Web based GUI for administration.
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) will succeed IPv4 as the standard networking protocol of the Internet. IPv6
provides a number of advances over IPv4 but the primary reason for its replacing IPv4 is its limitation in
addresses. IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses which means there is a theoretical limit of 2 to the power of 32. The IPv6
address scheme is based on a 128 bit address or a theoretical limit of 2 to the power of 128.
Possible Addresses:
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IPv4 = 4,294,967,296 (over 4 billion)

IPv6 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (over 340 undecillion - We had to look that term
up. We didnt know what a number followed by 36 digits was either)
Assuming a world population of approximately 8 billion people, IPv6 would allow for each individual to have
approximately 42,535,295,865,117,200,000,000,000,000 devices with an IP address. Thats 42 quintillion
devices.
There is little likelihood that you will ever need to worry about these numbers as any kind of serious limitation in
addressing but they do give an idea of the scope of the difference in the available addressing.
Aside from the difference of possible addresses there is also the different formatting of the addresses that will
need to be addressed.
A computer would view an IPv4 address as a 32 bit string of binary digits made up of 1s and 0s, broken up into 4
octets of 8 digits separated by a period .
Example:
10101100.00010000.11111110.00000001
To make number more user friendly for humans we translate this into decimal, again 4 octets separated by a
period .which works out to:
172.16.254.1
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Firewall concepts
A computer would view an IPv6 address as a 128 bit string of binary digits made up of 1s and 0s, broken up into 8
octets of 16 digits separated by a colon :
1000000000000001:0000110110111000:101011000001000:1111111000000001:000000000000000
0:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000
To make number a little more user friendly for humans we translate this into hexadecimal, again 8 octets
separated by a colon : which works out to:
8001:0DB8:AC10:FE01:0000:0000:0000:0000:
Because any four-digit group of zeros within an IPv6 address may be reduced to a single zero or altogether
omitted, this address can be shortened further to:
8001:0DB8:AC10:FE01:0:0:0:0
or
8001:0DB8:AC10:FE01::
Some of the other benefits of IPv6 include:
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More efficient routing
Reduced management requirement
Stateless auto-reconfiguration of hosts
Improved methods to change Internet Service Providers
Better mobility support
Multi-homing
Security
Scoped address: link-local, site-local and global address space
The origins of NAT

In order to understand NAT it helps to know why it was created. At one time, every computer that was part of a
network had to have its own addresses so that the other computers could talk to it. There were a few protocols in
use at the time, some of which were only for use on a single network, but of those that were routable, the one that
had become the standard for the Internet was IP (Internet Protocol) version 4.
When IP version 4 addressing was created nobody had any idea how many addresses would be needed. The total
address range was based on the concept of 2 to the 32nd power, which works out to be 4 294 967 296 potential
addresses. Once you eliminate some of those for reserved addresses, broadcast addresses, network addresses,
multicasting, etc., you end up with a workable scope of about 3.2 million addressees. This was thought to be
more than enough at the time. The designers were not expecting the explosion of personal computing, the World
Wide Web or smart phones. As of the beginning of 2012, some estimate the number of computers in the world in
the neighborhood of 1 billion, and most of those computer users are going to want to be on the Internet or Search
the World Wide Web. In short, we ran out of addresses.
This problem of an address shortage was realized before we actually ran out, and in the mid 1990s 2 technical
papers called RFCs numbered 1631 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1631.txt) and 1918
(http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918), proposed components of a method that would be used as a solution until a
new addressing methodology could be implemented across the Internet infrastructure. For more information on
this you can look up IP version 6.
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Firewall concepts
RFC 1631 described a process that would allow networking devices to translate a single public address to
multiple private IP addresses and RFC 1918 laid out the use of the private addresses. The addresses that were
on the Internet (Public IP addresses) could not be duplicated for them to work as unique addresses, but behind a
firewall, which most large institutions had, they could use their own Private IP addresses for internal use and the
internal computers could share the external or Public IP address.
To give an idea on a small scale how this works, image that a company has a need for 200 computer addresses.
Before Private IP addresses and NAT the company would have purchased a full Class C address range which
would have been 254 usable IP addresses; wasting about 50 addresses. Now with NAT, that company only needs
1 IP address for its 200 computers and this leaves the rest of the IP addresses in that range available for other
companies to do the same thing.
NAT gives better value than it would first appear because it is not 253 companies that can use 254 addresses but
each of those 254 companies could set up their networking infrastructures to use up to thousands of Private IP
addresses, more if they dont all have to talk to the Internet at the same time. This process enabled the Internet
to keep growing even though we technically have many more computers networked than we have addresses.
Static NAT
In Static NAT one internal IP address is always mapped to the same public IP address.
In FortiGate firewall configurations this is most commonly done with the use of Virtual IP addressing.
An example would be if you had a small range of IP addresses assigned to you by your ISP and you wished to use
one of those IP address exclusively for a particular server such as an email server.
Say the internal address of the Email server was 192.168.12.25 and the Public IP address from your assigned
addresses range from 256.16.32.65 to 256.16.32.127. Many readers will notice that because one of the numbers
is above 255 that this is not a real Public IP address. The Address that you have assigned to the interface
connected to your ISP is 256.16.32.66, with 256.16.32.65 being the remote gateway. You wish to use the
address of 256.16.32.70 exclusively for your email server.
When using a Virtual IP address you set the external IP address of 256.16.32.70 to map to 192.168.12.25. This
means that any traffic being sent to the public address of 256.16.32.70 will be directed to the internal computer at
the address of 192.168.12.25
When using a Virtual IP address, this will have the added function that when ever traffic goes from 192.168.12.25
to the Internet it will appear to the recipient of that traffic at the other end as coming from 256.16.32.70.
You should note that if you use Virtual IP addressing with the Port Forwarding enabled you do not get this
reciprocal effect and must use IP pools to make sure that the outbound traffic uses the specified IP address.
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT maps the private IP addresses to the first available Public Address from a pool of possible
Addresses. In the FortiGate firewall this can be done by using IP Pools.
Overloading
This is a form of Dynamic NAT that maps multiple private IP address to a single Public IP address but
differentiates them by using a different port assignment. This is probably the most widely used version of NAT.
This is also referred to as PAT (Port Address Translation) or Masquerading.
18
Firewall concepts
An example would be if you had a single IP address assigned to you by your ISP but had 50 or 60 computers on
your local network.
Say the internal address of the interface connected to the ISP was 256.16.32.65 (again an impossible address)
with 256.16.32.64 being the remote gateway. If you are using this form of NAT any time one of your computers
accesses the Internet it will be seen from the Internet as 256.16.32.65. If you wish to test this go to 2 different
computers and verify that they each have a different private IP address then go to a site that tells you your IP
address such as www.ipchicken.com. You will see that the site gives the same result of 256.16.32.65, if it
existed, as the public address for both computers.
As mentioned before this is sometimes called Port Address Translation because network device uses TCP ports
to determine which internal IP address is associated with each session through the network device. For example,
if you have a network with internal addresses ranging from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255 and you have 5
computers all trying to connect to a web site which is normally listening on port 80 all of them will appear to the
remote web site to have the IP address of 256.16.32.65 but they will each have a different sending TCP port, with
the port numbers being somewhere between 1 and 65 535, although the port numbers between 1 to 1024 are
usually reserved or already in use. So it could be something like the following:
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.23
192.168.1.56
192.168.1.109
192.168.1.201
256.16.32.65:port
256.16.32.65:port
256.16.32.65:port
256.16.32.65:port
256.16.32.65:port
486
2409
53763
5548
4396
And the remote web server would send the responding traffic back based on those port numbers so the network
device would be able to sort through the incoming traffic and pass it on to the correct computer.
Overlapping
Because everybody is using the relative same small selection of Private IP addresses it is inevitable that there will
be two networks that share the same network range that will need to talk with each other. This happens most
often over Virtual Private Networks or when one organization ends up merging with another. This is a case where
a private IP address may be translated into a different private IP address so there are no issues with conflict of
addresses or confusion in terms of routing.
An example of this would be when you have a Main office that is using an IP range of 172.16.0.1 to
172.20.255.255 connecting through a VPN to a recently acquired branch office that is already running with an IP
range of 172.17.1.1 to 172.17.255.255. Both of these ranges are perfectly valid but because the Branch office
range is included in the Main Office range any time the system from the Main office try to connect to an address
in the Branch Office the routing the system will not send the packet to the default gateway because according to
the routing table the address is in its own subnet.
The plan here would be to NAT in both directions so that traffic from neither side of the firewall would be in
conflict and they would be able to route the traffic. Everything coming from the Branch Office could be assigned
an address in the 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255 range and everything from the Main office going to the Branch
Office could be assigned to an address in the 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.255 range.
Benefits of NAT
More IP addresses available while conserving public IP addresses
As explained earlier, this was the original intent of the technology and does not need to be gone into further.
19
Firewall concepts
Financial savings
Because an organization does not have to purchase IP addresses for every computer in use there is a significant
cost savings due to using the process of Network Address Translation.
Security enhancements
One of the side benefits of the process of NAT is an improvement in security. Individual computers are harder to
target from the outside and if port forwarding is being used computers on the inside of a firewall are less likely to
have unmonitored open ports accessible from the Internet.
Ease of compartmentalization of your network

With a large available pool of IP addresses to use internally a network administrator can arrange things to be
compartmentalized in a rational and easily remembered fashion and networks can be broken apart easily to
isolate for reasons of network performance and security.
Example
You have a large organization that for security reasons has certain departments that do not share network
resources.
You can have the main section of the organization set up as follows;
Network Devices
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.25
Internal Servers
192.168.1.26 to 192.168.1.50
Printers
192.168.1.51 to 192.168.1.75
Administration
Personnel
192.168.1.76 to 192.168.1.100
Sales People
192.168.1.101 to 192.168.1.200
Marketing
192.168.1.201 to 192.168.1.250
You could then have the following groups broken off into separate subnets:
Accounting
192.168.100.1 to 192.168.100.255
Research and
Development
172.16.1.1 to 172.16.255.255
Executive
Management
Web sites and
Email Servers
192.168.50.1 to 192.168.50.255
10.0.50.1 to 10.0.50.255
These addresses do not have to be assigned right away but can be used as planned ranges.
20
Firewall concepts
NAT in transparent mode

Similar to operating in NAT mode, when operating a FortiGate unit in Transparent mode you can add security
policies and:
l
Enable NAT to translate the source addresses of packets as they pass through the FortiGate unit.
Add virtual IPs to translate destination addresses of packets as they pass through the FortiGate unit.
Add IP pools as required for source address translation
A FortiGate unit operating in Transparent mode normally has only one IP address - the management IP. To
support NAT in Transparent mode, you can add a second management IP. These two management IPs must be
on different subnets. When you add two management IP addresses, all FortiGate unit network interfaces will
respond to connections to both of these IP addresses.
Use the following steps to configure NAT in Transparent mode:
1. Add two management IPs
2. Add an IP pool to the WAN1 interface
3. Add an Internal to WAN1 security policy
You can add the security policy from the web-based manager and then use the CLI to enable NAT and add the IP
pool.
The usual practice of NATing in transparent mode makes use of two management IP addresses that are on
different subnets, but this is not an essential requirement in every case.
If there is a router between the client systems and the FortiGate unit you can use the routers capabilities of
tracking sessions to assign NATed addresses from an IP pool to the clients even if the assigned address dont
belong to a subnet on your network.
Example
Client computer has an IP address of 1.1.1.33 on the subnet 1.1.1.0/24.
Router A sits between the client computer and the FortiGate (in Transparent mode) with the IP address of
1.1.1.1 on the clients side of the router and the IP address of 192.168.1.211 on the FortiGates side of the router.
Use NAT to assign addresses from an address pool of 9.9.9.1 to 9.9.9.99 to traffic coming from gateway of
192.168.1.211.
To enable the return traffic to get to the original computer, set up a static route than assigns any traffic with a
destination of 9.9.9.0/24 to go through the 192.168.1.211 gateway. As long as the session for the outgoing traffic
has been maintained, communication between the client computer and the external system on the other side of
the FortiGate will work.
.
Central NAT table

The central NAT table enables you to define, and control with more granularity, the address translation performed
by the FortiGate unit. With the NAT table, you can define the rules which dictate the source address or address
group and which IP pool the destination address uses.
21
Firewall concepts
While similar in functionality to IP pools, where a single address is translated to an alternate address from a range
of IP addresses, with IP pools there is no control over the translated port. When using the IP pool for source NAT,
you can define a fixed port to guarantee the source port number is unchanged. If no fix port is defined, the port
translation is randomly chosen by the FortiGate unit. With the central NAT table, you have full control over both
the IP address and port translation.
The FortiGate unit reads the NAT rules in a top-down methodology, until it hits a matching rule for the incoming
address. This enables you to create multiple NAT policies that dictate which IP pool is used based on the source
address. The NAT policies can be rearranged within the policy list as well. NAT policies are applied to network
traffic after a security policy.
IPv6 in FortiOS
From an administrative point of view IPv6 works almost the same as IPv4 in FortiOS. The primary difference is
the use IPv6 format for addresses. There is also no need for NAT if the FortiGate firewall is the interface between
IPv6 networks. If the subnets attached to the FortiGate firewall are IPv6 and IPv4 NAT can be configured
between the 2 different formats. This will involve either configuring a dual stack routing or IPv4 tunneling
configuration. The reason for this is simple. NAT was developed primarily for the purpose of extending the
number of usable IPv4 addresses. IPv6s addressing allows for enough available addresses so the NAT is no
longer necessary.
When configuring IPv6 in FortiOS, you can create a dual stack route or IPv4-IPv6 tunnel. A dual stack routing
configuration implements dual IP layers, supporting both IPv4 and IPv6, in both hosts and routers. An IPv4-IPv6
tunnel is essentially similar, creating a tunnel that encapsulates IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers that carry these
IPv6 packets over IPv4 tunnels. The FortiGate unit can also be easily integrated into an IPv6 network. Connecting
the FortiGate unit to an IPv6 network is exactly the same as connecting it to an IPv4 network, the only difference
is that you are using IPv6 addresses.
By default the IPv6 settings are not displayed in the Web-based Manager. It is just a matter of enabling the
display of these feature to use them through the web interface. To enable them just go to System > Admin >
Settings and select IPv6 Support on GUI. Once enabled, you will be able to use IPv6 addresses as well as the
IPv4 addressing for the following FortiGate firewall features:
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Static routing
Policy Routing
Packet and network sniffing
Dynamic routing (RIPv6, BGP4+, and OSPFv3)
IPsec VPN
DNS
DHCP
SSL VPN
Network interface addressing
Security Profiles protection
Routing access lists and prefix lists
NAT/Route and Transparent mode
NAT 64 and NAT 66
IPv6 tunnel over IPv4 and IPv4 tunnel over IPv6
Logging and reporting
Security policies
22
Firewall concepts
SNMP
Authentication
Virtual IPs and groups
IPv6 over SCTP
IPv6-specific troubleshooting, such as ping6
Dual stack routing configuration

Dual stack routing implements dual IP layers in hosts and routers, supporting both IPv6 and IPv4. A dual stack
architecture supports both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic and routes the appropriate traffic as required to any device on the
network. Administrators can update network components and applications to IPv6 on their own schedule, and
even maintain some IPv4 support indefinitely if that is necessary. Devices that are on this type of network, and
connect to the Internet, can query Internet DNS servers for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. If the Internet site
supports IPv6, the device can easily connect using the IPv6 address. If the Internet site does not support IPv6,
then the device can connect using the IPv4 addresses. In the FortiOS dual stack architecture it is not just the
basic addressing functions that operate in both versions of IP. The other features of the appliance such as
Security Profiles and routing can also use both IP stacks.
If an organization with a mixed network uses an Internet service provider that does not support IPv6, they can use
an IPv6 tunnel broker to connect to IPv6 addresses that are on the Internet. FortiOS supports IPv6 tunneling over
IPv4 networks to tunnel brokers. The tunnel broker extracts the IPv6 packets from the tunnel and routes them to
their destinations.
IPv6 tunneling
IPv6 Tunneling is the act of tunneling IPv6 packets from an IPv6 network through an IPv4 network to another IPv6
network. This is different than Network Address Translation (NAT) because once the packet reaches its final
destination the true originating address of the sender will still be readable. The IPv6 packets are encapsulated
within packets with IPv4 headers, which carry their IPv6 payload through the IPv4 network. This type of
configuration is more appropriate for those who have completely transitional over to IPv6, but need an Internet
connection, which is still mostly IPv4 addresses.
The key to IPv6 tunneling is the ability of the 2 devices, whether they are a host or a network device, to be dual
stack compatible. They have to be able to work with both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time. In the process the entry
node of the tunnel portion of the path will create an encapsulating IPv4 header and transmit the encapsulated
packet. The exit node at the end of the tunnel receives the encapsulated packet. The IPv4 header is removed.
The IPv6 header is updated and the IPv6 packet is processed.
There are two types of tunnels in IPv6:
Automatic
tunnels
Configured
tunnels
Automatic tunnels are configured by using IPv4 address information embedded in an

IPv6 address the IPv6 address of the destination host includes information about
which IPv4 address the packet should be tunneled to.
Configured tunnels must be configured manually. These tunnels are used when using
IPv6 addresses that do not have any embedded IPv4 information. The IPv6 and IPv4
addresses of the endpoints of the tunnel must be specified.
23
Firewall concepts
Tunnel configurations
There are a few ways in which the tunneling can be performed depending on which segment of the path between
the end points of the session the encapsulation takes place.
Network Device
to Network
Device
Dual stack capable devices connected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel IPv6
packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans one segment of the path
taken by the IPv6 packets.
Host to Network
Device
Dual stack capable hosts can tunnel IPv6 packets to an intermediary IPv6 or IPv4
network device that is reachable through an IPv4 infrastructure. This type of tunnel
spans the first segment of the path taken by the IPv6 packets.
Host to Host
Network Device
to Host
Dual stack capable hosts that are interconnected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel
IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans the entire path taken
by the IPv6 packets.
Dual stack capable network devices can tunnel IPv6 packets to their final destination
IPv6 or IPv4 host. This tunnel spans only the last segment of the path taken by the
IPv6 packets.
Regardless of whether the tunnel starts at a host or a network device, the node that does the encapsulation
needs to maintain soft state information, such as the maximum transmission unit (MTU), about each tunnel in
order to process the IPv6 packets.
Tunneling IPv6 through IPsec VPN

A variation on the tunneling IPv6 through IPv4 is using an IPsec VPN tunnel between to FortiGate devices.
FortiOS supports IPv6 over IPsec. In this sort of scenario, 2 networks using IPv6 behind FortiGate units are
separated by the Internet, which uses IPv4. An IPsec VPN tunnel is created between the 2 FortiGate units and a
tunnel is created over the IPv4 based Internet but the traffic in the tunnel is IPv6. This has the additional
advantage of make the traffic secure as well.
NAT
NAT or Network Address Translation is the process that enables a single device such as a router or firewall to act
as an agent between the Internet or Public Network and a local or private network. This agent, in real time,
translates the source IP address of a device on one network interface, usually the Internal, to a different IP
address as it leaves another interface, usually the interface connected to the ISP and the Internet. This enables a
single public address to represent a significantly larger number of private addresses.
NAT64 and NAT46

NAT64 and NAT46 are the terms used to refer to the mechanism that allows IPv6 addressed hosts to
communicate with IPv4 addressed hosts and vice-versa. Without such a mechanism an IPv6 node on a network
such as a corporate LAN would not be able to communicate with a web site that was still in a IPv4 only
environment and IPv4 environments would not be able to connect to IPv6 networks.
24
Firewall concepts
One of these setups involves having at least 2 interfaces, 1 on an IPv4 network and 1 on an IPv6 network. The
NAT64 server synthesizes AAAA records, used by IPv6 from A records used by IPv4. This way client-server and
peer to peer communications will be able to work between an IPv6 only client and an IPv4 server without making
changes to either of the end nodes in the communication transaction. The IPv6 network attached to the FortiGate
unit should be a 32 bit segment, (for instance 64:ff9b::/96, see RFC 6052 and RFC 6146). IPv4 address will be
embedded into the communications from the IPv6 client.
Because the IPv6 range of addresses is so much larger than the IPv4 range, a one to one mapping is not feasible.
Therefore the NAT64 function is required to maintain any IPv6 to IPv4 mappings that it synthesizes. This can be
done either statically by the administrator or automatically by the service as the packets from the IPv6 network go
through the device. The first method would be a stateless translation and the second would be a stateful
translation. NAT64 is designed for communication initiated from IPv6 hosts to IPv4 addresses. It is address
mapping like this that allows the reverse to occur between established connections. The stateless or manual
method is an appropriate solution when the NAT64 translation is taking place in front of legacy IPv4 servers to
allow those specific servers to be accessed by remote IPv6-only clients. The stateful or automatic solution is best
used closer to the client side when you have to allow some specific IPv6 clients to talk to any of the IPv4-only
servers on the Internet.
There are currently issues with NAT64 not being able to make everything accessible. Examples would be SIP,
Skype, MSN, Goggle talk, and sites with IPv4 literals. IPv4 literals being IPv4 addresses that are imbedded into
content rather than a FQDN.
Policies that employ NAT64 or NAT46 can be configured from the web-based manager as long as the feature is
enabled using the Features setting found at System > Config > Features.
l
To create a NAT64 policy go to Policy > Policy > NAT64 Policy and select Create New.
To create a NAT46 policy go to Policy > Policy > NAT46 Policy and select Create New.
The difference between these NAT policies and regular policies is that there is no option to use the security
profiles and sensors.
NAT66
NAT 66 is Network Address Translation between 2 IPv6 network. The basic idea behind NAT 66 is no different
than the regular NAT between IPv4 networks that we are all used to. The difference are in the mechanics of how
it is performed, mainly because of the complexity and size of the addresses that are being dealt with.
In an IPv4 world, the reason for the use of NAT was usually one or a combination of the following 3 reasons:
l
Improved security - actual addresses behind NAT are virtually hidden
Amplification of addresses - hundreds of computers can use as little as a single public IP address
Internal address stability - there is control of internal addressing. The addresses can stay the same even if Internet
Service Providers change.
In these days of security awareness the protective properties of NAT are not something that are not normally
depended on by themselves to defend a network and with the vastly enlarged IPv6 address scope there is no
longer a need to amplify the available addresses. However, the desire to have internal address control still exists.
The most common reason for using NAT66 is likely to be the maintaining of the existing address scheme of the
internal network despite changes outside of it. Imagine that you have an internal network of 2000 IP addresses
and one day the company changes its ISP and thus the addresses assigned to it. Even if most of the addressing is
handled by DHCP, changing the address scheme is going to have an impact on operations.
Addressing stability can be achieved by:
25
Firewall concepts
Keeping the same provider - this would depend on the reason for the change. If the cost of this provider has become
too expensive this is unlikely. If the ISP is out of business it becomes impossible.
Transfer the addresses from the old provider to the new one - There is little motivation for an ISP to do you a favor
for not doing business with them.
Get your own autonomous system number - this can be too expensive for smaller organizations.
NAT - this is the only one on the list that is in the control of IT.
There are differences between NAT66 and IPv4 NAT. Because there is no shortage of addresses most
organizations will be given a /48 network that can be translated into another /48 network. This allows for a one to
one translation, no need for port forwarding. This is a good thing because port forwarding is more complicated in
IPv6. In fact, NAT66 will actually just be the rewriting of the prefix on the address.
Example
If your current IPv6 address is
2001:db8:cafe::/48
you could change it to

2001:db8:fea7::/48
There is an exception to the one to one translation. NAT66 cannot translate internal networks that contain 0xffff
in bits 49 through 63 - this is due to the way checksums are calculated in TCP/IP: they use the one's-complement
representation of numbers which assigns the value zero to both 0x0000 and 0xffff.

To give you idea of what happens to a packet as it makes its way through the FortiGate unit here is a brief
overview. This particular trip of the packet is starting on the Internet side of the FortiGate firewall and ends with
the packet exiting to the Internal network. An outbound trip would be similar. At any point in the path if the packet
is going through what would be considered a filtering process and if fails the filter check the packet is dropped and
does not continue any further down the path.
This information is covered in more detail in other in the Troubleshooting chapter of the FortiOS Handbook in the
Life of a Packet section.
The incoming packet arrives at the external interface. This process of entering the device is referred to as
ingress.
Step #1 - Ingress
1. Denial of Service Sensor
2. IP integrity header checking
3. IPsec connection check
4. Destination NAT
5. Routing
Step #2 - Stateful inspection engine

1. Session Helpers
2. Management Traffic
26
Firewall concepts
3. SSL VPN
4. User Authentication
5. Traffic Shaping
6. Session Tracking
7. Policy lookup
Step #3 - Security profiles scanning process

1. Flow-based Inspection Engine
2. IPS
3. Application Control
4. Data Leak Prevention
5. Email Filter
6. Web Filter
7. Anti-virus
8. Proxy-based Inspection Engine
9. VoIP Inspection
10. Data Leak Prevention
11. Email Filter
12. Web Filter
13. Anti-virus
14. ICAP
Step #4 - Egress
1. IPsec
2. Source NAT
3. Routing
FortiGate modes
The FortiGate unit has a choice of modes that it can be used in, either NAT/Route mode or Transparent mode.
The FortiGate unit is able to operate as a firewall in both modes, but some of its features are limited in
Transparent mode. It is always best to choose which mode you are going to be using at the beginning of the set
up. Once you start configuring the device, if you want to change the mode you are going to lose all configuration
settings in the change process.
NAT/Route mode
NAT/Route mode is the most commonly used mode by a significant margin and is thus the default setting on the
device. As the name implies the function of NAT is commonly used in this mode and is easily configured but there
is no requirement to use NAT. The FortiGate unit performs network address translation before IP packets are
sent to the destination network.
These are some of the characteristics of NAT/Route mode:
27
Firewall concepts
Typically used when the FortiGate unit is a gateway between private and public networks.
Can act as a router between multiple networks within a network infrastructure.
When used, the FortiGate unit is visible to the networks that is connected to.
Each logical interface is on a distinct subnet.
Each Interface needs to be assigned a valid IP address for the subnet that it is connected to it.
Transparent mode
Transparent mode is so named because the device is effectively transparent in that it does not appear on the
network in the way that other network devices show as a nodes in the path of network traffic. Transparent mode is
typically used to apply the FortiOS features such as Security Profiles etc. on a private network where the
FortiGate unit will be behind an existing firewall or router.
These are some of the characteristics of Transparent mode:
l
The FortiGate unit is invisible to the network.
All of its interfaces are on the same subnet and share the same IP address.
The FortiGate unit uses a Management IP address for the purposes of Administration.
Still able to use NAT to a degree, but the configuration is less straightforward
In Transparent mode, you can also perform NAT by creating a security policy or policies that translates the source
addresses of packets passing through the FortiGate unit as well as virtual IP addresses and/or IP pools.
Quality of Service
The Quality of Service (QoS) feature allows the management of the level of service and preference given to the
various types and sources of traffic going through the firewall so that the traffic that is important to the services
and functions connecting through the firewall gets the treatment required to ensure the level of quality that is
required. QoS can be helpful for organizations that are trying to manage their voice and streaming multi-media
traffic, which can rapidly consume bandwidth. Both voice and streaming multi-media are sensitive to latency.
FortiGate units support QoS using traffic policing, traffic shaping, and queuing.
Traffic policing
Packets are dropped that do not conform to bandwidth limitations
Traffic shaping
Assigning minimum levels of bandwidth to be allocated to specific traffic flows to guarantee levels of service or
assigning maximum levels of bandwidth to be allocated to specific traffic flows so that they do not impede other
flows of traffic.
This helps to ensure that the traffic may consume bandwidth at least at the guaranteed rate by assigning a
greater priority queue if the guarantee is not being met. Traffic shaping also ensures that the traffic cannot
consume bandwidth greater than the maximum at any given instant in time. Flows that are greater than the
maximum rate are subject to traffic policing.
28
Firewall concepts
Queuing
Assigning differing levels of priority to different traffic flows so that traffic flows that are adversely effected by
latency are prevented from being effected by traffic flows that are not subject to the effects of latency. All traffic in
a higher priority traffic queue must be completely transmitted before traffic in lower priority queues will be
transmitted.
An example of where you would want to use something like this is if you had competing traffic flows of Voice over
IP traffic and email traffic. The VoIP traffic is highly susceptible to latency issues. If you have a delay of a few
seconds it is quickly noticeable when it is occurring. Email on the other hand can have a time delay of much
longer and it is highly unlikely that it will be noticed at all.
By default, the priority given to any traffic is high, so if you want to give one type of
traffic priority over all other traffic you will need to lower the priority of all of the other
traffic.

A Firewall is a gateway device that may be the nexus point for more than 2 networks. The interface that the traffic
is coming in on and should be going out on is a fundamental concern for the purposes of routing as well as
security. Routing, policies and addresses are all associated with interfaces. The interface is essentially the
connection point of a subnet to the FortiGate unit and once connected can be connected to other subnets.
Physical interfaces or not the only ones that need to be considered. There are also virtual interfaces that can be
applied to security policies. VLANs are one such virtual interface. Interfaces if certain VPN tunnels are another.
Policies are the foundation of the traffic control in a firewall and the Interfaces and addressing is the foundation
that policies are based upon. Using the identity of the interface that the traffic connects to the FortiGate unit tells
the firewall the initial direction of the traffic. The direction of the traffic is one of the determining factors in
deciding how the traffic should be dealt with. You can tell that interfaces are a fundamental part of the policies
because, by default, this is the criteria that the policies are sorted by.
Zones are a mechanism that was created to help in the administration of the firewalls. If you have a FortiGate
unit with a large number of ports and a large number of nodes in you network the chances are high that there is
going to be some duplication of policies. Zones provide the option of logically grouping multiple virtual and
physical FortiGate firewall interfaces. The zones can then be used to apply security policies to control the
incoming and outgoing traffic on those interfaces. This helps to keep the administration of the firewall simple and
maintain consistency.
For example you may have several floors of people and each of the port interfaces could go to a separate floor
where it connects to a switch controlling a different subnet. The people may be on different subnets but in terms
of security they have the same requirements. If there were 4 floors and 4 interfaces a separate policy would have
to be written for each floor to be allowed out on to the Internet off the WAN1 interface. This is not too bad if that is
all that is being done, but now start adding the use of more complicated policy scenarios with Security Profiles,
then throw in a number of Identity based issues and then add the complication that people in that organization
tend to move around in that building between floors with their notebook computers.
29
Firewall concepts
Each time a policy is created for each of those floors there is a chance of an inconsistency cropping up. Rather
than make up an additional duplicate set of policies for each floor, a zone can be created that combines multiple
interfaces. And then a single policy can created that uses that zone as one side of the traffic connection.
30
Firewall objects
As was mentioned earlier, the components of the FortiGate firewall go together like interlocking building blocks.
The Firewall objects are a prime example of those building blocks. They are something that can be configured
once and then used over and over again to build what you need. They can assist in making the administration of
the FortiGate unit easier and more intuitive as well as easier to change. By configuring these objects with their
future use in mind as well as building in accurate descriptions the firewall will become almost self documenting.
That way, months later when a situation changes, you can take a look at a policy that needs to change and use a
different firewall object to adapt to the new situation rather than build everything new from the ground up to
accommodate the change.
This chapter includes information about the following Firewall objects:
l
Addresses
Firewall schedules
Security profiles
UUID support
A Universally Unique Identified (UUID) attribute has been added to some firewall objects, so that the logs can
record these UUID to be used by a FortiManager or FortiAnalyzer unit. The objects currently include:
l
Addresses, both IPv4 and IPv6
Address Groups, both IPv4 and IPv6
Virtual IPs, both IPv4 and IPv6
Virtual IP groups, both IPv4 and IPv6
Policies, IPv4,IPv6 and IP64
A UUID is a 16-octet (128-bit) number that is represented by 32 lowercase hexidecimal digits. The digits are
displayed in five groups separated by hyphens (-). The pattern is 8-4-4-4-12; 36 digits if you include the hyphens.
Note: UUID is only supported on large-partition platforms (>=128M)
Addresses
Firewall addresses define sources and destinations of network traffic and are used when creating policies. When
properly set up these firewall objects can be used with great flexibility to make the configuration of firewall
policies simpler and more intuitive. The FortiGate unit compares the IP addresses contained in packet headers
with a security policys source and destination addresses to determine if the security policy matches the traffic.
The addresses in the FortiGate unit can include:
l
IPv4 addresses
IPv6 addresses
31
Firewall objects
IPv4 Address Groups
IPv6 Address Groups
IP Pools
Virtual IP Addresses
Wildcard addresses and netmasks
Fully Qualified Domain Name addresses
Multicast addresses
Interfaces
When setting up an address one of the parameters that is asked for is the interface. This means that the system
will expect to see that address only on the interface that you select. You can only select one interface. If you
expect that the address may be seen at more than one interface you can choose the any interface option.
Whenever, possible it is best to choose a more specific interface than the any option because in the GUI
configuration of firewall policies there is a drop down field that will show the possible addresses that can be used.
The drop down will only show those addresses that can be on the interface assigned for that interface in the
policy.
Example:
l
You have an address called XYZ.
XYZ is set to the WAN1 interface because that is the only interface that will be able to access that address.
When you are selecting a Source Address in the Web-based Manager for a policy that is using the DMZ the address
XYZ will not be in the drop-down menu.
When there are only 10 or 20 addresses this is not a concern, but if there are a few hundred addresses configured
it can make your life easier.
Addresses, address groups, and virtual IPs must have unique names to avoid confusion in firewall policies. If an
address is selected in a policy, the address cannot be deleted until it is deselected from the policy.
Addressing Best Practices Tip
The other reason to assign a specific interface to addresses is that it will prevent you
from accidentally assigning an address where it will not work properly. Using the
example from earlier, if the XYZ address was assigned to the Any interface instead
of WAN1 and you configure the XYZ address.
IPv4 addresses
When creating an IPv4 address there are a number of different types of addresses that can be specified. These
include:
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Subnet
IP Range
FQDN
Geography
URL Pattern (Explicit Proxy)
32
Firewall objects
Which one chosen will depend on which method most easily yet accurately describes the addresses that you are
trying to include with as few entries as possible based on the information that you have. For instance, if you are
trying to discribe the addresses of a specific companys web server but it you have no idea of how extensive there
webserver farm is you would be more likely to use a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) rather than a specific
IP address. On the other hand some computers dont have FQDNs and a specific IP address must be used.
The following is a more comprehesive description of the differnt types of addresses.
Subnet addresses
The subnet type of address is expressed using a host address and a subnet mask. From a strickly mathematical
stand point this is the most flexible of the types because it can refer to as little as the address for one computer or
as many as all of them.
It is usally used when refering to your own internal addresses because you know what they are and they are
usually administered in groups that are nicely deferentiated along the lines of the old A, B, and C classes of IPv4
addresses. They are also addresses that are not likely to change with the changing of Internet Service Providers
(ISP).
When representing hosts by an IP address with a netmask, the IP address can represent one or more hosts. For
example, a firewall address can be:
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A single host such as a single computer with the address 192.45.46.45
A range of hosts such as all of the hosts on the subnet 192.45.46.1 to 192.45.46.255
All hosts, represented by 0.0.0.0 which matches any IP address
The netmask corresponds to the subnet class of the address being added, and can be represented in either
dotted decimal or CIDR format. The FortiGate unit automatically converts CIDR formatted netmasks to dotted
decimal format. Example formats:
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Netmask for a class A subnet of 16,777,214 usable addresses: 255.0.0.0, or /8
Netmask for a class B subnet of 65,534 usable addresses: 255.255.0.0, or /16
Netmask for a class C subnet of 254 usable addresses: 255.255.255.0, or /24
Netmask for subnetted class C of 126 usable addresses: 255.255.255.128, or /25
Netmask for a single computer: 255.255.255.255, or /32
Netmask used with 0.0.0.0 to include all IP addresses: 0.0.0.0, or /0
So for a single host or subnet the valid format of IP address and netmask could be either:
x.x.x.x/x.x.x.x, such as 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
or
x.x.x.x/x, such as 192.168.1.0/24
33
Firewall objects
Creating a subnet address

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Addresses.
2. Select Create New.
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If you use the down arrow next to Create New, select Address.
3. Choose the Category, Address.

4. Input a Name for the address object.
5. Select the TypeSubnet from the dropdown menu.
6. Input the host address and subnet mask in the Subnet / IP Range field.
7. Select the Interface from the dropdown menu.
8. Check the Visibility box.
9. Input any additional information in the Comments field.
10. Press OK.
Example
Example of a Subnet address for a database server on the DMZ:
Category
Address
Name
DB_server_1
Type
Subnet
Subnet / IP
Range
192.168.50.26
Interface
DMZ
Visibility
[checked]
Comments
Database server used by public facing company webservers
IP range addresses
Where the Subnet address is good a representing a standardized group of addresses that are subnets the IP
Range type of address can describe a group of addresses while being specific and granular. It does this by
specifying a continuous set of IP addresses between one specific IP address and another. While it is most
common that this range is with a subnet it is not a requirement. For instance, 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.2.0/24
would be 2 separate subnets but if you wanted to descript the top half of one and the bottom half of the other you
could describe the range of 192.168.1.128-192.168.2.127. Its also a lot easier that trying to calculate the correct
subnet mask.
The format would be:
x.x.x.x-x.x.x.x, such as 192.168.110.100-192.168.110.120
There is a notation that is commonly used and accepted by some devices that follows the format:
x.x.x.[x-x], such as 192.168.110.[100-120]
34
Firewall objects
This format is not recognized in FortiOS 5.2 as a valid IP Range.
Creating a IP range address

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5. Select the TypeIP Range from the dropdown menu.
6. Input the host address and subnet mask in the Subnet / IP Range field.
10. Press OK.
Example
Example of a IP Range address for a group of computers set aside for guests on the company network.
Category
Address
Name
Guest_users
Type
IP Range
Subnet / IP
Range
192.168.100.200-192.168.100.240
Interface
Port1
Visibility
[checked]
Comments
Computers on the 1st floor used by guests for Internet access.
IP Range addresses can now be configured for IPv6 addresses. The only differences in
creating an IPv6 IP Range address is that you would choose IPv6 Address for the
Category and the syntax of the address in the Subnet/IP Range field would be in the
format of 2001:0db8:0000:0002:0:0:0:20-2001:0db8:0000:0004:0:0:0:20
FQDN addresses
By using Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) addressing you can take advantage of the dynamic ability of the
service to keep up with address changes without having to manually change the addresses on the FortiGate.
FQDN addresses are most often used with external web sites but they can be used for internal web sites as well if
there is a trusted DNS server that can be accessed. FQDN addressing also comes in handy for large web sites
35
Firewall objects
that may use multiple addresses and load balancers for their web sites. The FortiGate firewall automatically
maintains a cached record of all the addresses resolved by the DNS for the FQDN addresses used.
For example, if you were doing this manually and you wanted to have a security policy that involved Google you
could track down all of the IP addresses that they use across multiple countries. Using the FQDN address is
simpler and more convenient.
When representing hosts by an FQDN, the domain name can also be a subdomain, such as mail.example.com.
Valid FQDN formats include:
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<host_name>.<top_level_domain_name> such as example.com
<host_name>.<second_level_domain_name>.<top_level_domain_name>, such as mail.example.com
When creating FQDN entries it is important to remember that:

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Wildcards are not supported in FQDN address objects

While there is a level of convention that would imply it, www.example.com is not necessarily the same address of
example.com. they will each have their own records on the DNS server.
The FortiGate firewall keeps track of the DNS TTLs so as the entries change on the DNS servers the IP address
will effectively be updated for the FortiGate. As long as the FQDN address is used in a security policy, it stores
the address in the DNS cache.
There is a possible security downside to using FQDN addresses. Using a fully qualified
domain name in a security policy means that your policies are relying on the DNS
server to be accurate and correct. DNS servers in the past were not seen as potential
targets because the thinking was that there was little of value on them and therefore
are often not as well protected as some other network resources. People are becoming
more aware that the value of the DNS server is that in many ways it controls where
users and computers go on the Internet. Should the DNS server be compromised,
security policies requiring domain name resolution may no longer function properly.
Creating a Fully Qualified Domain Name address

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5. Select the TypeFQDN from the dropdown menu.
6. Input the domain name in the FQDN field.
10. Press OK.
Example
Example of a FQDN address for a remote FTP server used by Accounting team:
36
Firewall objects
Category
Address
Name
Payroll_FTP_server
Type
FQDN
FQDN
ftp.payrollcompany.com
Interface
any
Visibility
[checked]
Comments
Third party FTP server used by Payroll.

Geography based addressing enables you to design policies based on addresses that are associated with a
country.
This feature can be used to make either inclusive or exclusive policies. For instance, if you have a SSL VPN where
the users will only be connecting from a single country, but you dont know from where in that country, you can
filter out any connections coming in that are from outside that country.
On the other side of the equation, if you find that you are constantly being attacked by malicious intruders from a
few countries that you have no dealings with you can block access to them before any traffic comes through.
The matching of geographical country designations to an IP address is achieved by collecting data from any IP
addresses that connect to any of the FortiGuard Servers throughout the world. As a secondary task, when a
FortiGuard server connects to an IP it also does a search on the Country of origin for the address and updates the
database.
There is no single comprehensive list of IP addresses and their locations available because IP addresses can be
transferred between ISPs or countries and some organization may not keep complete or up-to-date records
regarding locations. FortiGuard Services are constantly updating their database of addresses matched to
locations, but the database is dynamic and there may be addresses that have not been resolved to a location.
While this means that there can be gaps in the completeness of the database it is possible to fill them in manually
by means local to your FortiGate unit.
FortiOS IPv6 does not support the creation of geography-based address objects. This feature is for IPv4
addresses only.
Best Practices Tip:
Based on the limitation of the IP address matched to country database, it is best to
use this type of address in a group with other addresses to fill in the gaps. For
instance, if you are a company in Country A and all of your employees that will be
using the SSL-VPN connection are in that country, the best practice would be to create
an address group that includes the geographical address of Country A. As valid
addresses appear that are not allowed, you can add these other IPs to that group
using IP addresses or IP range addresses without having to change the policy itself.
37
Firewall objects
If you are trying to block addresses the principle works just the same. Your logs show that someone from IP
address x.x.x.x has been trying to connect inappropriately to your network. You use a IP locator web site to
determine that they have been attempting to connect from Country X. Up until now they have not been
successful, but you dont deal with the country they are connecting from so dont mind blocking the whole country.
Create an address group that is designed for Blocking Access to any addresses in it, then add the geographical
address for Country X. Even if the policy does not block every single IP address from that country you have
greatly increased your odds of blocking potential intrusion attempts. As your logs show other attempts you can
look them up in an IP locator web site and if they are from the same country you can add the IP address for the
subnet that they are connecting from.
Creating a geography address

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5. Select the Type,Geography from the dropdown menu.
6. Select the country from the dropdown menu in the Country field.
The bottom of the dropdown menu has a search field so that you dont have to scroll through the entire list of
countries.
10. Press OK.
Example
Example of a Geography address for a country that should be able to access resourses on the network.
Category
Address
Name
United States
Type
Geography
Country
United States
Interface
any
Visibility
[checked]
Comments
38
Firewall objects
URL pattern addresses

This address is different from the other addresses in that it is not designed to be used in the normal firewall policy
configuration. It is intended to be used only with explicit web proxies, and then only as a destination. In some
respects it is like a FQDN address in that it uses DNS to look up the IP address that represents but it then goes a
little more granular and further filters by the URL that is used to specify a location within the website itself.
Wildcard characters can even be used to keep the address from being too granular.
Creating a IP range address

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5. Select the Type,URL Pattern (Explicit Proxy) from the dropdown menu.
6. Enter the URL value.
10. Press OK.
Example
Example of a URL pattern address for a wiki on the example.com website.
Category
Address
Name
Example.com_wiki
Type
URL Pattern (Explicit Proxy)
URL Pattern
example.com/wiki/*
Interface
any
Visibility
[checked]
Comments
<optional>
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Address groups
Address groups
Address groups are designed for ease of use in the administration of the device. If you have a number of
addresses or address ranges that will commonly be treated the same or require the same security policies, you
can put them into address groups, rather than entering multiple individual addresses in each policy refers to
them.
The use of groups is not required. If you have a number of different addresses you could add them individually to
a policy and the FortiGate firewall will process them just as quickly and efficiently as if they were in a group, but
the chances are that if you have used a group once you could need to use it again and depending on the number
of addresses involved entering them individually for each policy can become tedious and the likelihood of an
address being missed becomes greater. If you have a number of policies using that combination of addresses it is
much easier to add or subtract addresses from the group than to try and remember all of the firewall policies that
combination of addresses was used in. With the group, you only have to make the one edit and it is used by any
firewall policy using that address group.
Because security policies require addresses with homogenous network interfaces, address groups should contain
only addresses bound to the same network interface, or to Any.
For example, if address 1.1.1.1 is associated with port1, and address 2.2.2.2 is associated with port2, they
cannot be in the same group. However, if 1.1.1.1 and 2.2.2.2 are configured with an interface of Any, they can be
grouped, even if the addresses involve different networks.
IPv4 address groups and IPv6 address groups are created and treated separately. You cannot mix IPv4 firewall
addresses and IPv6 firewall addresses in the same address group. Because the Internet is currently based on
IPv4 addresses IPv6 address groups cannot include FQDN or Geography based addresses.
Creating an address group

The method for creating either a IPv4 group or an IPv6 group is idential except for the selection of Type.
2. Select the down arrow next to Create New, select Address Group.
3. Choose the Type, that is applicable to the proposed sellection of addresses.
4. Input a Group Name for the address object.
5. Check the Show in Address List box.
6. Next to Members there is a dropdown menu that can be used to select from the available Address objects. It is
possible to select more than 1 entry. Just select the green plus sign next to the field to add an additional entry.
Select the X icon in the field to remove an entry.
8. Press OK.
UUID support
Syntax:
config firewall {address|addres6|addgrp|addgrp6}
edit 1
set uuid <example uuid: 8289ef80-f879-51e2-20dd-fa62c5c51f44>
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Address groups
next
end
41
Virtual IPs
Virtual IPs
The mapping of a specific IP address to another specific IP address is usually referred to as Destination NAT.
FortiOS has a component that is a bit more specialized along this line called a Virtual IP Address, sometimes
referred to as a VIP. FortiOS uses a Virtual IP address to map an External IP address to an IP address. This
address does not have to be an individual host, it can also be an address range. This mapping can include all
TCP/UDP ports or if Port Forwarding is enabled it will only refer to the specific ports configured.
Virtual IP addresses are typically used to NAT external or Public IP addresses to internal or Private IP addresses.
Using a Virtual IP address between 2 internal Interfaces made up of Private IP addresses is possible but there is
rarely a reason to do so as the 2 networks can just use the IP addresses of the networks without the need for any
address translation. Using a Virtual IP address for traffic going from the inside to the Internet is even less likely to
be a requirement, but it is supported.
Something that needs to be considered when there are multiple Public IP addresses on the external interface(s) is
that when a Virtual IP address is used without Port Forwarding enabled there is a reciprocal effect as far as traffic
flow is concerned. Normally, on a firewall policy where NAT is enabled, for outgoing traffic the internal address is
translated to the Public address that is assigned to the FortiGate, but if there is a Virtual IP address with no port
forwarding enabled, then the Internal IP address in the Mapped field would be translated to the IP address
configured as the External Address in the VIP settings.
Best practice: Put any policies with a VIP right at the beginning of the policy list, with
nothing before them. VIP traffic is processed first, before the regular rules of order in
policies are applied. The sequence of the policies not containing VIPS will not effect
those that do contain VIPS, regardless of the order they are in. Put VIP policies before
any others to remind yourself of where they really are in the sequence. For more on
this topic, read the "Exception to policy order" on page 86.
Example
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The assigned External address (WAN1) of the FortiGate unit is 172.12.96.3 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128
There is a Virtual IP address set up to map the external address 172.12.96.127 on WAN1 to the internal IP address
of 192.168.1.127
Port Forwarding is not enabled because you want all allowed traffic going to the external IP address to go to this
server.
In this case any outbound traffic from 192.168.1.127 will go out on WAN1 with the IP address of 172.12.96.127
as the source IP address.
In terms of actually using the Virtual IP address, they would be using in the security policies in the same places
that other addresses would be used, usually as a Destination Address.
UUID support for VIP

UUID is now supported in for virtual IPs and virtual IP groups. This includes virtual IPs for IPv4, IPv6, NAT46, and
NAT64. To view the UUID for these objects in a FortiGate unit's logs, log-uuid must be set to extended mode,
rather than policy-only (which only shows the policy UUID in a traffic log). UUID can only be configured through
the CLI
Syntax:
42
Virtual IPs
config sys global

set log-uuid {disable | policy-only | extended}
end
There is another type of address that the term virtual IP address commonly refers to
which is used in load balancing and other similar configurations. In those cases, a
number of devices share a separately created virtual IP address that can be sent to
multiple possible devices. In FortiOS these are referred to as Virtual Servers and are
configured in the Load Balance section.
Dynamic VIP according to DNS translation

When a dynamic virtual IP is used in a policy, the dynamic DNS translation table is installed along with the
dynamic NAT translation table into the kernel. All matched DNS responses will be translated and recorded
regardless if they hit the policy. When a client request hits the policy, dynamic NAT translation will occur if it
matches a record, otherwise the traffic will be blocked.
Syntax
config firewall vip
edit "1"
set type dns-translation
set extip 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.100
set extintf "dmz"
set dns-mapping-ttl 604800
set mappedip "3.3.3.0/24" "4.0.0.0/24"
end
end
Creating a virtual IP
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Virtual IPs.
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If you use the down arrow next to Create New, select Virtual IP.
3. Choose the VIP Type.

The options available are:
a. IPv4 VIP - IPv4 on both sides of the FortiGate Unit.
b. IPv6 VIP - IPv6 on both sides of the FortiGate Unit.
c. NAT46 VIP - Going from an IPv4 Network to an IPv6 Network.
d. NAT64 VIP - Going from an IPv6 Network to an IPv4 Network.
Which is chosen will depend on which of the IP version networks is on the external interface of the
FortiGate unit and which is on the internal interface.
4. Input a Name for the Virtual IP.
6. Using the dropdown menu for the Interface Field, choose the incoming interface for the traffic.
The IPv4 VIP Type is the only one that has a field for the interface. This is a legacy function from previous versions
so that they can be upgraded without complicated reconfigureation. The External IP address, which is a required
43
Virtual IPs
field, tells the unit which interface to use so it is perfectly acceptable to choose Any as the interface. In some
configurations, if the Interface field is not set to Any the VIP is not one of the displayed options when choosing a
destination address.
7. If only specific IP addresses are allowed to be the source address for traffic uing the VIP, check the box for the
Source Address Filter.
a. To specific the allowed address range select Create New.
b. Enter the ip address for the start of the set of IP address(es) in the Range Start field.
c. Enter the ip address for the end of the set of IP address(es) in the Range End field.
8. Enter the IP address for the External IP Address/Range.
If there is a single IP address, use that address in both fields.
9. Set the Mapped IP Type.
This will be either Subnet or Address Range.
If you only have a single destination address you can use either:
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Subnet: x.x.x.x/32
Address Range: x.x.x.x - x.x.x.x, where x.x.x.x is the same IP address.
10. Enter the IP address(es) for the Mapped IP Address/Range.

This will be the address of the host that the traffic is being directed to.
11. If you are only going to use specific ports, enable Port Forwarding.
a. Select one of 3 Protocol types:
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TCP
UDP
SCTP
b. Enter the port number or range that the traffic will be connecting to in the External Service Port fields.
c. Enter the port number or range that is the final destination of the traffic in the Map to Port fields
12. Press OK.
Example
This example is for a VIP that is being used to direct traffic from the external IP address to a webserver on the
internal network.The webserver is for company use only. The companys public facing webserver already used
port 80 and there is only one IP external IP address so the traffic for this server is being listened for on port 8080
of the external interface and being sent to port 80 on the internal host.
VIP Type
IPv4
Name
Internal_Webserver
Comments
Webserver with Colaboration tools for Corporate employees
Interface
Any
Source Address
Filter
<list of IP addresses of remote users>
44
Virtual IPs
External IP
Address/Range
172.13.100.27 <this would normally be a public IP address
Mapped IP Type
Subnet
Mapped IP
Address/Range
192.168.34.150
Port Forwarding
enabled
Protocol
TCP
External Service
Port
8080 - 8080
Map to Port
80 - 80
45
Virtual IP groups
Virtual IP groups
Just like other address, Virtual IP addresses can be organized into groups for ease of administration. If you have
multiple virtual IPs that are likely to be associated to common firewall policies rather than add them individually to
each of the policies you can add the instead. That way, if the members of the group change then any changes
made to the group will propagate to all of the policies using that group.
When using a Virtual IP address group the firewall policy will take into account all of the configured parameters of
the Virtual IPs: IP addresses, Ports and port types.
Creating a virtual IP group

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Virtual IPs.
2. Use the down arrow next to Create New, select Virtual IP Group.
3. Select the Type fo VIP group you wish to create.
The options available are:
a. IPv4 VIP - IPv4 on both sides of the FortiGate Unit.
b. IPv6 VIP - IPv6 on both sides of the FortiGate Unit.
c. NAT46 VIP - Going from an IPv4 Network to an IPv6 Network.
d. NAT64 VIP - Going from an IPv6 Network to an IPv4 Network.
Which is chosen will depend on which of the IP version networks is on the external interface of the
FortiGate unit and which is on the internal interface.The options will be:
4. Enter a Name for the VIP
5. Enter any additional information in the Comments field.
6. Use the dropdown menu of the Interface field to select the interface that the member VIPs are associated with, if
any.
7. Use the dropdown menu fo the Members field to select the VIPs that will be part of the group.
8. Press OK.
46
IP pools
IP pools
IP pools are a mechanism that allow sessions leaving the FortiGate Firewall to use NAT. An IP pool defines a
single IP address or a range of IP addresses to be used as the source address for the duration of the session.
These assigned addresses will be used instead of the IP address assigned to that FortiGate interface.
There are 4 types of IP Pools that can be configured on the FortiGate firewall:
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One-to-One - in this case the only internal address used by the external address is the internal address that it is
mapped to.
Overload - this is the default setting. Internal addresses other than the one designated in the policy can use this
address for the purposes of NAT.
Fixed Port Range - rather than a single address to be used, there is a range of addresses that can be used as the
NAT address. These addresses are randomly assigned as the connections are made.
Port Block Allocation - this setting is used to allocate a block of port numbers for IP pool users. Two variables will
also have to be set. The block size can be set from 64 to 4096 and as the name implies describes the number of
ports in one block of port numbers. The number of blocks per user determines how many of these blocks will be
assigned. This number can range from 1 to 128.
Be careful when calculating the values of the variables. The maximum number of ports
that are available on an address is 65,536. If you chose the maximum value for both
variables you will get a number far in excess of the available port numbers.
4096 x 128 = 524,288
One of the more common examples is when you have an email server behind your FortiGate firewall and the
range of IP addresses assigned to you by your ISP is more than one. If an organization is assigned multiple IP
addresses it is normally considered a best practice to assign a specific address other than the one used for the
Firewall to the mail server. However, when normal NAT is used the address assigned to the firewall is also
assigned to any outbound sessions. Anti-spam services match the source IP address of mail traffic that they
receive to the MX record on DNS servers as an indicator for spam. If there is a mismatch the mail may not get
through so there is a need to make sure that the NATed address assigned matches the MX record.
You can also use the Central NAT table as a way to configure IP pools.
Source IP address and IP pool address matching when using a range

When the source addresses are translated to an IP pool that is a range of addresses, one of the following three
cases may occur:
Scenario 1:
The number of source addresses equals that of IP pool addresses
In this case, the FortiGate unit always matches the IP addressed one to one.
If you enable fixed port in such a case, the FortiGate unit preserves the original source port. This may cause
conflicts if more than one security policy uses the same IP pool, or the same IP addresses are used in more than
one IP pool.
47
IP pools
Scenario 2:
The number of source addresses is more than that of IP pool addresses
In this case, the FortiGate unit translates IP addresses using a wrap-around mechanism. If you enable fixed port
in such a case, the FortiGate unit preserves the original source port. But conflicts may occur since users may have
different sessions using the same TCP 5 tuples.
Scenario 3:
The number of source addresses is fewer than that of IP pool addresses
In this case, some of the IP pool addresses are used and the rest of them are not be used.
ARP replies
If a FortiGate firewall interface IP address overlaps with one or more IP pool address ranges, the interface
responds to ARP requests for all of the IP addresses in the overlapping IP pools. For example, consider a
FortiGate unit with the following IP addresses for the port1 and port2 interfaces:
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port1 IP address: 1.1.1.1/255.255.255.0 (range is 1.1.1.0-1.1.1.255)
port2 IP address: 2.2.2.2/255.255.255.0 (range is 2.2.2.0-2.2.2.255)
And the following IP pools:

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IP_pool_1: 1.1.1.10-1.1.1.20
IP_pool_2: 2.2.2.10-2.2.2.20
IP_pool_3: 2.2.2.30-2.2.2.40
The port1 interface overlap IP range with IP_pool_1 is:

(1.1.1.0-1.1.1.255) and (1.1.1.10-1.1.1.20) = 1.1.1.10-1.1.1.20
(2.2.2.0-2.2.2.255) & (2.2.2.10-2.2.2.20) = 2.2.2.10-2.2.2.20
(2.2.2.0-2.2.2.255) & (2.2.2.30-2.2.2.40) = 2.2.2.30-2.2.2.40
And the result is:
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The port1 interface answers ARP requests for 1.1.1.10-1.1.1.20
The port2 interface answers ARP requests for 2.2.2.10-2.2.2.20 and for 2.2.2.30-2.2.2.40
Select Enable NAT in a security policy and then select Dynamic IP Pool. Select an IP pool to translate the source
address of packets leaving the FortiGate unit to an address randomly selected from the IP pool. Whether or not
the external address of an IP Pool will respond to an ARP request can be disabled. You might want to disable the
ability to responded to ARP requests so that these address cannot be used as a way into your network or show up
on a port scan.
IP pools and zones

Because IP pools are associated with individual interfaces
IP pools cannot be set up for a zone. IP pools are connected to individual interfaces.
48
IP pools
Creating a dynamic IP pool

A dynamic IP pool is essintially one in which the IP address that is assigned to the sending computer is not known
until the session is created, therefore at the very least it will have to be a pool of at least 2 potential addresses. A
quick example would be an IP pool for users of a VPN.
IP Pool Type
IPv4 Pool
Name
Sales_Group_VPN_Users
Comments
<optional>
Type
One-to-One
External IP Range
10.23.0.50 - 10.23.0.75
ARP Reply
[checked]
Fixed port
Some network configurations do not operate correctly if a NAT policy translates the source port of packets used
by the connection. NAT translates source ports to keep track of connections for a particular service.
However, enabling the use of a fixed port means that only one connection can be supported through the firewall
for this service. To be able to support multiple connections, add an IP pool, and then select Dynamic IP pool in
the policy. The firewall randomly selects an IP address from the IP pool and assigns it to each connection. In this
case, the number of connections that the firewall can support is limited by the number of IP addresses in the IP
pool.
Match-VIP
The match-vip feature allows the FortiGate unit to log virtual IP traffic that gets implicitly dropped. This feature
eliminates the need to create two policies for virtual IPs; one that allows the virtual IP, and the other to get proper
log entry for DROP rules.
For example, you have a virtual IP security policy and enabled the match-vip feature; the virtual IP traffic that is
not matched by the policy is now caught.
The match-vip feature is available only in the CLI. By default, the feature is disabled.
49

There are a number of different services and protocols in use on the Internet. The most commonly known is
HTTP which is used by web servers to transmit requests and responses for unencrypted web pages. These
services are set up to listen for requests on a numbered port. These services and protocols can use any port from
1 to 65,535. To keep things simple for everyone a large number of the more commonly used services started
using a standardized list of ports. For instance, though it is not required, by default, most web servers listen for
HTTP requests on port 80 and by default, web browsers will send HTTP traffic to port 80. If you wish to use
another port such as 8080 you would put :8080 at the end of the URL to indicate that you want the browser to
use 8080 instead of the default port.
Example
Default URL for HTTP traffic when the web server is listening on the standard HTTP port:
http://fortinet.com
URL to the same address when the web server is listening for HTTP traffic on port 8080
http://fortinet.com:8080
Services represent typical traffic types and application packets that pass through the FortiGate unit. Firewall
services define one or more protocols and port numbers associated with each service. Security policies use
service definitions to match session types. You can organize related services into service groups to simplify your
security policy list.
Many well-known traffic types have been predefined on the FortiGate unit. If there is a service that does not
appear on the list you can create a service or edit an existing one. You need to know the ports, IP addresses or
protocols of that particular service or application uses, to create a service.
Best Practices
While you can edit a predefined service it is best to leave those ones alone and create
a new service and name it something similar such as the same service name with a
descriptive identifier appended.
Based on the previous example, instead of the name HTTP you could name the
service HTTP8080 or use the application that is using that port, HTTP-Application.
Categories
In order to make sorting through the services easier there is a field to categorize the services. The services can be
sorted into the following groups:
l
Uncategorized
General
Web Access
File Access
Email
50
Network Services
Authentication
Remote Access
Tunnelling
VoIP, Messaging and Other Applications
Web Proxy
To create a new category, use the downward pointing arrow next to Create New in the Services window and
choose Category. All that will be required is a name for the new category. A comments describing the new
category is optional.
Protocol types
One of the fundamental aspects of a service is the type of protocol that use used to define it. When a service is
defined one of the following categories of protocol needs to be determined:
l
TCP/UDP/SCTP
ICMP
ICMP6
IP
Depending on which of these protocol categories is choose another set of specifications will can also be defined.
TCP/UDP/SCTP
This is the most commonly used service protocol category. Once this category has been selected the other
available options to choose are an address, either IP or FQDN, and the protocol and port number.
The protocol will be TCP, UDP or SCTP.
ICMP or ICMP6
When ICMP or ICMP6 is chosen the available options are the ICMP Type and its code.
IP
When IP is the chosen protocol type the addition option is the Protocol Number.
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core or fundamental protocols of the Internet. It is part of the
Transport Layer of the OSI Model. It is designed to provide reliable delivery of data from a program on one device
on the network or Internet to another program on another device on the network or Internet. TCP achieves its
reliability because it is a connection based protocol. TCP is stream-oriented. It transports streams of data reliably
and in order.
TCP establishes a prior connection link between the hosts before sending data. This is often referred to as the
handshake. Once the link is established the protocol uses checks to verify that the data transmitted. If an error
check fails the data is retransmitted. This makes sure that the data is getting to the destination error free and in
the correct order so that it can be put back together into a form that is identical to the way they were sent.
51
TCP is configured more for reliability than for speed and because of this TCP will likely be slower than a
connectionless protocol such as UDP. This is why TCP is generally not used for real time applications such as
voice communication or online gaming.
Some of the applications that use TCP are:
l
World Wide Web (HTTP and HTTPS)
Email (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4)
Remote administration (RDP)
File transfer (FTP)
UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) like TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet and part of the Transport
Layer of the OSI Model. UDP is designed more for speed than reliability and is generally used for different
applications than TCP. UDP sends messages, referred to as datagrams across the network or Internet to other
hosts without establishing a prior communication link. In other words, there is no handshake.
UDP is an unreliable service as the datagrams can arrive out of order, duplicated or go missing without any
mechanism to verify them. UDP works on the assumption that any error checking is done by the application or is
not necessary for the function of the application. This way it avoids the overhead that is required to verify the
integrity of the data.
This lack of overhead improves the speed of the data transfer and is why UDP is often used by applications that
are time sensitive in nature. UDP's stateless nature is also great for applications that answer a large number of
small queries from a large number of clients.
Common uses for UDP are:
l
Domain Name Resolution (DNS)
Time (NTP)
Streaming media (RTSP, RTP and RTCP)
Telephone of the Internet (VoIP)
File Transfer (TFTP)
Logging (SNMP)
Online games (GTP and OGP)
SCTP
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is part of the Transport Layer of the OSI Model just like TCP and
UDP and provides some of the features of both of those protocols. It is message or datagram orientated like UDP
but it also ensures reliable sequential transport of data with congestion control like TCP.
SCTP provides the following services:
l
Acknowledged error-free non-duplicated transfer of user data
Data fragmentation to conform to discovered path MTU size
Sequenced delivery of user messages within multiple streams, with an option for order-of-arrival delivery of
individual user messages
Optional bundling of multiple user messages into a single SCTP packet
Network-level fault tolerance through supporting of multi-homing at either or both ends of an association
Congestion avoidance behavior and resistance to flooding and masquerade attacks
52
SCTP uses multi-streaming to transport its messages which means that there can be several independent
streams of messages traveling in parallel between the points of the transmission. The data is sent out in larger
chunks of data than is used by TCP just like UDP but the messages include a sequence number within each
message in the same way that TCP does so that the data can be reassembled at the other end of the
transmission in the correct sequence without the data having to arrive in the correct sequence.
SCTP is effective as the transport protocol for applications that require monitoring and session-loss detection. For
such applications, the SCTP path and session failure detection mechanisms actively monitor the connectivity of
the session. SCTP differs from TCP in having multi-homing capabilities at either or both ends and several
streams within a connection, typically referred to as an association. A TCP stream represents a sequence of
bytes; an SCTP stream represents a sequence of messages.
Some common applications of SCTP include supporting transmission of the following protocols over IP networks:
l
SCTP is important in 3G and 4G/LTE networks (for example, HomeNodeB = FemtoCells)
SS7 over IP (for example, for 3G mobile networks)
SCTP is also defined and used for SIP over SCTP and H.248 over SCTP
Transport of Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signaling messages over IP networks.
SCTP is a much newer protocol. It was defined by the IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group in
2000. It was introduced by RFC 3286 and more fully define by RFC 4960.
The FortiGate firewall can apply security policies to SCTP sessions in the same way as TCP and UDP sessions.
You can create security policies that accept or deny SCTP traffic by setting the service to ALL. FortiOS does not
include pre-defined SCTP services. To configure security policies for traffic with specific SCTP source or
destination ports you must create custom firewall services for SCTP.
FortiGate units route SCTP traffic in the same way as TCP and UDP traffic. You can configure policy routes
specifically for routing SCTP traffic by setting the protocol number to 132. SCTP policy routes can route SCTP
traffic according to the destination port of the traffic if you add a port range to the policy route.
You can configure a FortiGate unit to perform stateful inspection of different types of SCTP traffic by creating
custom SCTP services and defining the port numbers or port ranges used by those services. FortiGate units
support SCTP over IPv4. The FortiGate unit performs the following checks on SCTP packets:
l
Source and Destination Port and Verification Tag.
Chunk Type, Chunk Flags and Chunk Length
Verify that association exists
Sequence of Chunk Types (INIT, INIT ACK, etc)
Timer checking
Four way handshake checking
Heartbeat mechanism
Protection against INIT/ACK flood DoS attacks, and long-INIT flooding
Protection against association hijacking
FortiOS also supports SCTP sessions over IPsec VPN tunnels, as well as full traffic and event logging for SCTP
sessions.
Specific addresses in TCP/UDP/SCTP

In the TCP/UDP/SCTP services it is also possible to set the parameter for a specific IP or Fully Qualified Domain
Name address. The IP/FQDN field refers to the destination address of the traffic, not the source. This means for
example, that you can set up a custom service that will describe in a policy the TCP traffic over port 80 going to
53
the web site example.com, but you cannot set up a service that describes the TCP traffic over port 80 that is
coming from the computer with the address 192.168.29.59.
Protocol port values

The source and destination ports for TCP/UDP/SCTP services are important to get correct. If they are reversed
the service will not work. The destination port(s) are the on ones that refer to the ports that the computer will be
listening on. These are the port numbers that most people are familiar with when they associate a port number to
a protocol. In most cases the source port will be one that is randomly assigned by the computer that is not being
already used by another service.
Most people associate HTTP with port 80. This means that a web-server will be listening on port 80 for any http
requests being sent to the computer. The computer that is sending the request can use any port that is not
already assigned to another service or communication session. There are 65,535 ports that it can randomly
assign, but because the ports from 1 to 1024 are normally used for listening for incoming communications it is
usually not in that range. It is unless there is a specific instance when you know that a communication will be
coming from a predefined source port it is best practice to set the source port range from 1 to 65,535.
ICMP
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a protocol layered onto the Internet Protocol Suite to provide
error reporting flow control and first-hop gateway redirection. It is normally used by the operating systems of
networked computers to send connectivity status query, response and error messages. It is assigned protocol
number 1. There is a version of the protocol for both IPv4 and for IPv6. It is not designed to be absolutely reliable
like TCP.
ICMP is not typically used for transporting data or for end-user network applications with the exception of some
diagnostic utilities such as ping and traceroute.
ICMP messages are sent in several situations, for example:
l
when a datagram cannot reach its destination,
time exceeded messages
redirect messages
when the gateway does not have the buffering capacity to forward a datagram
when the gateway can direct the host to send traffic on a shorter route.
Some of the specific ICMP message types are:

l
ICMP_ECHO
ICMP_TIMESTAMP
ICMP_INFO_REQUEST
ICMP_ADDRESS
For ICMP error messages, only those reporting an error for an existing session can pass through the firewall. The
security policy will allow traffic to be routed, forwarded or denied. If allowed, the ICMP packets will start a new
session. Only ICMP error messages of a corresponding security policy is available will be sent back to the source.
Otherwise, the packet is dropped. That is, only ICMP packets for a corresponding security policy can traverse the
FortiGate unit.
54
ICMP types and codes

ICMP has a number of messages that are identified by the Type field. Some of these types have assigned
Code fields as well. The table below shows the different types of ICMP Types with their associated codes if
there are any.
ICMP types and codes

Type Number
Type Name
Echo Reply
Unassigned
Unassigned
Optional Code(s)
0 Net Unreachable
1 Host Unreachable
2 Protocol Unreachable
3 Port Unreachable
4 Fragmentation Needed and Don't Fragment was Set
5 Source Route Failed
6 Destination Network Unknown
7 Destination Host Unknown
3
Destination
Unreachable
8 Source Host Isolated

9 Communication with Destination Network is Administratively
Prohibited
10 Communication with Destination Host is Administratively
Prohibited
11 Destination Network Unreachable for Type of Service
12 Destination Host Unreachable for Type of Service
13 Communication Administratively Prohibited
14 Host Precedence Violation
15 Precedence cutoff in effect
55
Type Number
Type Name
Source Quench
Optional Code(s)
0 Redirect Datagram for the Network (or subnet)

1 Redirect Datagram for the Host
5
Redirect
2 Redirect Datagram for the Type of Service and Network
3 Redirect Datagram for the Type of Service and Host
Alternate Host
Address
Unassigned
Echo
Router
Advertisement
10
Router Selection
11
Time Exceeded
0 Time to Live exceeded in Transit

1 Fragment Reassembly Time Exceeded
12
Parameter Problem
0 Pointer indicates the error

1 Missing a Required Option
2 Bad Length
13
Timestamp
14
Timestand Reply
15
Information
Request
16
Information Reply
17
Address Mask
Request
18
Address Mask
Reply
56
Type Number
Type Name
19
Reserved (for
Security)
20 - 29
Reserved (for
Robustness
Experiment)
30
Traceroute
31
Datagram
Conversion Error
32
Mobile Host
Redirect
33
IPv6 Where-AreYou
34
IPv6 I-Am-Here
35
Mobile Registration
36
Mobile Registration
Reply
37
Optional Code(s)
Domain Name
Request
38
Domain Name
Reply
39
SKIP
40
Photuris
41 - 255
Reserved
ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is the new implementation of the Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) that is part of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). The ICMPv6 protocol is defined in
RFC 4443.
ICMPv6 is a multipurpose protocol. It performs such things as:
l
error reporting in packet processing
diagnostic functions
Neighbor Discovery process
IPv6 multicast membership reporting
57
It also designed as a framework to use extensions for use with future implementations and changes.
Examples of extensions that have already been written for ICMPv6:
l
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) - a node discovery protocol in IPv6 which replaces and enhances functions of
ARP.
Secure Neighbor Discovery Protocol (SEND) - an extension of NDP with extra security.
Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) - allows discovery of multicast routers.
ICMPv6 messages use IPv6 packets for transportation and can include IPv6 extension headers. ICMPv6 includes
some of the functionality that in IPv4 was distributed among protocols such as ICMPv4, ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol), and IGMP (Internet Group Membership Protocol version 3).
ICMPv6 has simplified the communication process by eliminating obsolete messages.
ICMPv6 messages are subdivided into two classes: error messages and information messages.
Error Messages are divided into four categories:
1. Destination Unreachable
2. Time Exceeded
3. Packet Too Big
4. Parameter Problems
Information messages are divided into three groups:
1. Diagnostic messages
2. Neighbor Discovery messages
3. Messages for the management of multicast groups.
ICMPv6 types and codes

ICMPv6 has a number of messages that are identified by the Type field. Some of these types have assigned
Code fields as well. The table below shows the different types of ICMP Types with their associated codes if
there are any.
Type codes 0 127 are error messages and type codes 128 255 are for information messages.
58
ICMPv6 Types and Codes
Type Number
Type Name
Code
Reserved
0 - no route to destination
1 - communication with destination administratively prohibited
2 - beyond scope of source address
3 - address unreachable
4 - port unreachable
5 - source address failed ingress/egress policy
6 - reject route to destination
7 - Error in Source Routing Header
Destination
Unreachable
Packet Too Big
Time Exceeded
0 - hop limit exceeded in transit

1 - fragment reassembly time exceeded
4
Parameter Problem
0 - erroneous header field encountered

1 - unrecognized Next Header type encountered
2 - unrecognized IPv6 option encountered
100
Private
Experimentation
101
Private
Experimentation
102 - 126
Unassigned
127
Reserved for
expansion if
ICMPv6 error
messages
128
Echo Request
129
Echo Replay
59
Type Number
Type Name
130
Multicast Listener
Query
131
Multicast Listener
Report
132
Multicast Listener
Done
133
Router Solicitation
134
Router
Advertisement
135
Code
Neighbor
Solicitation
136
Neighbor
Advertisement
137
Redirect Message
0 - Router Renumbering Command
138
Router
Renumbering
1 - Router Renumbering Result

255 - Sequence Number Reset
139
ICMP Node
Information Query
0 - The Data field contains an IPv6 address which is the Subject

of this Query.
1 - The Data field contains a name which is the Subject of this
Query, or is empty, as in the case of a NOOP.
2 - The Data field contains an IPv4 address which is the Subject
of this Query.
0 - A successful reply. The Reply Data field may or may not be
empty.
ICMP Node
140
Information
Response
1 - The Responder refuses to supply the answer. The Reply

Data field will be empty.
2 - The Qtype of the Query is unknown to the Responder. The
Reply Data field will be empty.
60
Type Number
Type Name
141
Inverse Neighbor
Discovery
Solicitation
Message
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Code
Inverse Neighbor
Discovery
Advertisement
Message
Version 2 Multicast
Listener Report
Home Agent
Address Discovery
Request Message
Home Agent
Address Discovery
Reply Message
Mobile Prefix
Solicitation
Mobile Prefix
Advertisement
Certification Path
Solicitation
Message
Certification Path
Advertisement
Message
ICMP messages
utilized by
experimental
mobility protocols
such as Seamoby
Multicast Router
Advertisement
Multicast Router
Solicitation
61
Type Number
Type Name
153
Multicast Router
Termination
154
FMIPv6 Messages
155
RPL Control
Message
156
157
ILNPv6 Locator
Update Message
Duplicate Address
Request
158
Duplicate Address
Confirmation
159 199
Unassigned
200
Private
experimentation
201
255
Code
Private
experimentation
Reserved for
expansion of
ICMPv6
informational
messages
IP
Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary part of the Network Layer of the OSI Model that is responsible for routing
traffic across network boundaries. It is the protocol that is responsible for addressing. IPv4 is probable the version
that most people are familiar with and it has been around since 1974. IPv6 is its current successor and due to a
shortage of available IPv4 addresses compared to the explosive increase in the number of devices that use IP
addresses, IPv6 is rapidly increasing in use.
When IP is chosen as the protocol type the available option to further specify the protocol is the protocol number.
This is used to narrow down which protocol within the Internet Protocol Suite and provide a more granular control.
Protocol number
IP is responsible for more than the address that it is most commonly associated with and there are a number of
associated protocols that make up the Network Layer. While there are not 256 of them, the field that identifies
them is a numeric value between 0 and 256.
62
In the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) [RFC791] there is a field called Protocol to identify the next level
protocol. This is an 8 bit field. In Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) [RFC2460], this field is called the Next
Header field.
Protocol Numbers
#
Protocol
Protocol's Full Name
HOPOPT
IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP
Internet Group Management
GGP
Gateway-to-Gateway
IPv4
IPv4 encapsulation Protocol
ST
Stream
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
CBT
CBT
EGP
Exterior Gateway Protocol
IGP
Any private interior gateway (used by Cisco for their IGRP)
10
BBN-RCC-MON
BBN RCC Monitoring
11
NVP-II
Network Voice Protocol
12
PUP
PUP
13
ARGUS
ARGUS
14
EMCON
EMCON
15
XNET
Cross Net Debugger
16
CHAOS
Chaos
17
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
18
MUX
Multiplexing
19
DCN-MEAS
DCN Measurement Subsystems
20
HMP
Host Monitoring
63
Protocol
21
PRM
Packet Radio Measurement
22
XNS-IDP
XEROX NS IDP
23
TRUNK-1
Trunk-1
24
TRUNK-2
Trunk-2
25
LEAF-1
Leaf-1
26
LEAF-2
Leaf-2
27
RDP
Reliable Data Protocol
28
IRTP
Internet Reliable Transaction
29
ISO-TP4
ISO Transport Protocol Class 4
30
NETBLT
Bulk Data Transfer Protocol
31
MFE-NSP
MFE Network Services Protocol
32
MERIT-INP
MERIT Internodal Protocol
33
DCCP
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
34
3PC
Third Party Connect Protocol
35
IDPR
Inter-Domain Policy Routing Protocol
36
XTP
XTP
37
DDP
Datagram Delivery Protocol
38
IDPR-CMTP
IDPR Control Message Transport Proto
39
TP++
TP++ Transport Protocol
40
IL
IL Transport Protocol
41
IPv6
IPv6 encapsulation
42
IPv6
SDRPSource Demand Routing Protocol
43
IPv6-Route
Routing Header for IPv6
44
IPv6-Frag
Fragment Header for IPv6
64
Protocol
45
IDRP
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol
46
RSVP
Reservation Protocol
47
GRE
General Routing Encapsulation
48
DSR
Dynamic Source Routing Protocol
49
BNA
BNA
50
ESP
Encap Security Payload
51
AH
Authentication Header
52
I-NLSP
Integrated Net Layer Security TUBA
53
SWIPE
IP with Encryption
54
NARP
NBMA Address Resolution Protocol
55
MOBILE
IP Mobility
56
TLSP
Transport Layer Security Protocol using Kryptonet key

management
57
SKIP
SKIP
58
IPv6-ICMP
ICMP for IPv6
59
IPv6-NoNxt
No Next Header for IPv6
60
IPv6-Opts
Destination Options for IPv6
61
62
any host internal protocol

CFTP
63
CFTP
any local network
64
SAT-EXPAK
SATNET and Backroom EXPAK
65
KRYPTOLAN
Kryptolan
66
RVD
MIT Remote Virtual Disk Protocol
67
IPPC
Internet Pluribus Packet Core
68
any distributed file system
65
Protocol
69
SAT-MON
SATNET Monitoring
70
VISA
VISA Protocol
71
IPCV
Internet Packet Core Utility
72
CPNX
Computer Protocol Network Executive
73
CPHB
Computer Protocol Heart Beat
74
WSN
Wang Span Network
75
PVP
Packet Video Protocol
76
BR-SAT-MON
Backroom SATNET Monitoring
77
SUN-ND
SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary
78
WB-MON
WIDEBAND Monitoring
79
WB-EXPAK
WIDEBAND EXPAK
80
ISO-IP
ISO Internet Protocol
81
VMTP
VMTP
82
SECURE-VMTP
SECURE-VMTP
83
VINES
VINES
84
TTP
TTP
84
IPTM
Protocol Internet Protocol Traffic
85
NSFNET-IGP
NSFNET-IGP
86
DGP
Dissimilar Gateway Protocol
87
TCF
TCF
88
EIGRP
EIGRP
89
OSPFIGP
OSPFIGP
90
Sprite-RPC
Sprite RPC Protocol
91
LARP
Locus Address Resolution Protocol
66
Protocol
92
MTP
Multicast Transport Protocol
93
AX.25
AX.25 Frames
94
IPIP
IP-within-IP Encapsulation Protocol
95
MICP
Mobile Internetworking Control Pro.
96
SCC-SP
Semaphore Communications Sec. Pro.
97
ETHERIP
Ethernet-within-IP Encapsulation
98
ENCAP
Encapsulation Header
99
any private encryption scheme
100
GMTP
GMTP
101
IFMP
Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol
102
PNNI
PNNI over IP
103
PIM
Protocol Independent Multicast
104
ARIS
ARIS
105
SCPS
SCPS
106
QNX
QNX
107
A/N
Active Networks
108
IPComp
IP Payload Compression Protocol
109
SNP
Sitara Networks Protocol
110
Compaq-Peer
Compaq Peer Protocol
111
IPX-in-IP
IPX in IP
112
VRRP
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
113
PGM
PGM Reliable Transport Protocol
114
115
any 0-hop protocol

L2TP
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
67
Protocol
116
DDX
D-II Data Exchange (DDX)
117
IATP
Interactive Agent Transfer Protocol
118
STP
Schedule Transfer Protocol
119
SRP
SpectraLink Radio Protocol
120
UTI
UTI
121
SMP
Simple Message Protocol
122
SM
SM
123
PTP
Performance Transparency Protocol
124
ISIS over IPv4
125
FIRE
126
CRTP
Combat Radio Transport Protocol
127
CRUDP
Combat Radio User Datagram
128
SSCOPMCE
129
IPLT
130
SPS
Secure Packet Shield
131
PIPE
Private IP Encapsulation within IP
132
SCTP
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
133
FC
Fibre Channel
134
RSVP-E2EIGNORE
135
Mobility Header
136
UDPLite
137
MPLS-in-IP
138
manet
139
HIP
68
Protocol
140
Shim6
141
WESP
142
ROHC
143 252
Unassigned
Unassigned
253
Use for experimentation and testing
254
Use for experimentation and testing
255
Reserved
Further information can be found by researching RFC 5237.
Service groups
Just like some of the other firewall components, services can also be bundled into groups for ease of
administration.
Creating a service group

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services.
2. Select the down arrow next to Create New, select Service Group.
3. Input a Group Name for the list of services.
5. Choose a Type; either Firewall or Explicit Proxy.
6. Next to Members there is a dropdown menu that can be used to select from the available Services. It is possible to
select more than 1 entry. Just select the green plus sign next to the field to add an additional entry. Select the X
icon in the field to remove an entry.
7. Press OK.
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Example scenario: Supporting audio/visual conferencing

The feature, and the transmitting of data for the purpose of, Tele-conferencing or
Audio/Visual Conferencing is covered by a number of standards:
The IETF standard known as the Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP).
RFC 4582, for SIP-based video devices
The ITU standard H.239 (for H.323-based video devices)
While these standards have been set up by various authoritative bodies and can take
place on different layers of the OSI model, they share common requirements that are
addressed by the FortiGate firewalls ability to manage the traffic and the protocols
involved. This means that the same ability that make the device RFC 4582 compliant
makes it compliant with H.239 as well.
To demonstrate how services and service groups are used we show the setup of a firewall that will need to
support the connectivity of a video conferencing unit. The FortiGate does not manipulate or change the content
of the traffic but it does allow for the traffic to pass through the device. In this case it allow for only the needed
traffic to pass through the device so as to allow the functionality of Audio Visual Conference call but not to allow
other traffic through.
The theoretical location for this scenario is a hospital that hosts conferences and lectures from doctors from all
over the world, sometimes from multiple locations, using video conferencing technology such as a Polycom Video
Conference system. There is a special room set up with dedicated Ethernet connectivity to the Internet. A
hospital has a lot of sensitive information going over its network so the setup has to be secure to prevent any
chance of penetration.
The approach is fairly simple. The conference room has a dedicated port on the FortiGate (port #7) and its own
LAN. We will assume that the interface has already been configured properly. Video conference traffic can come
from the Internet to the Polycom in that room and traffic can get out to the Internet, but traffic going to other
areas of the hospital network have to go through the FortiGate and traffic going from the Video Conference LAN
is thoroughly filtered.
To give an idea of how extensive this can be, we will use an extreme case and include just about all of the
services that could be commonly used in one of these setups. The protocols listed here may differ from other
setups. It will depend on which features are being used and which equipment is within the network. Always check
the documentation that comes with the set up before opening ports into your network.
VIP
In this particular case there is an IP address set aside for the conferencing system so a separate VIP is not
needed for every port. One Virtual IP will be created for the system and then only the approved of protocols will be
allows through the firewall.
Name
Vid-Conf_Room216
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External Interface
wan1
External IP
Address/Range
256.87.212.51 256.87.212.51
Mapped IP
Address/Range
192.168.7.25 192.168.7.25
Port Forwarding
not selected
Creating an address for the subnet

In the same way that the VIP was created to identify and direct incoming traffic an address should be created to
identify the addresses of computer that will be in the Conference room. This included computers on the LAN as
well as the Teleconferencing equipment.
3. Fill out the fields with the following information:
Category
Address
Name
Port7_subnet
Type
Subnet
Subnet/IP Range
192.168.7.0/255.255.255.0
Interface
port7
Show in address list
checked
Configuring the services

Services already created:
The following are standard services that have already been created by default:
HTTP
TCP 80
SNMP
TCP 161-162/UDP 161-162
LDAP
TCP 389
HTTPS
TCP 443
SYSLOG
UDP 514
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Existing services to be edited:

There are a few services that have already been created for you, but they need to be expanded to accommodate
the list of protocols listed for this scenario.
The default h323 contains:

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TCP 1503
UDP 1719
TCP 1720
We need to add:
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TCP1719
The default SIP contains:

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UDP 5060
We need to add:
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TCP 5060
H323 service
1. Go to Policy &Objects > Objects > Services.
2. Scroll down to the section: VoIP, Messaging & Other Applications.
3. Select H323.
4. Select Edit.
5. In the Protocol section add the additional protocol:
Protocol Type
TCP
Destination port
/Low
1719
6. Select OK to save.
SIP service
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services.
2. Scroll down to the section: VoIP, Messaging & Other Applications.
3. Select SIP.
4. Select Edit.
5. In the Protocol section add the additional protocol:
Protocol Type
TCP
Destination port /Low
5060
6. Select OK to save.
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Custom services that need to be created

There are a number of possible services that may need to be added from scratch rather than editing existing
ones. While it is possible to create a single custom service that contains all of the open ports needed, it make
more sense to make this modular in case only a small subset of the service needs to be added to another policy.
Polycom API
3. Fill in the fields of the new service with the following information:
Name
Polycom API
Service Type
Firewall
Category
VoIP, Messaging & Other
Protocol Type
TCP/UDP/SCTP
Protocol
TCP/UDP/SCTP
Protocol
TCP
Destination Port - Low:
24
Destination Port - High:
<leave blank>
4. Select OK.
Polycom endpoints
3. Fill in the fields of the new service with the following information:
Name
Polycom Endpoints
Service Type
Firewall
Category
VoIP, Messaging & Other
Protocol Type
TCP/UDP/SCTP
Protocol
TCP
Destination - Low:
3230
Destination - High:
3253
4. Select OK.
Other Services to add in the same way:
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Name of Service
Category
Protocol & Port #
LDAP secure
communications
Authentication
TCP 636
Win 2000 ILS Registration
Network Services
TCP 1002
Gatekeeper discovery
VoIP, Messaging & Other Applications
TCP 1718
Audio Call Control
TCP 1731
Polycom proprietary Global

directory data
TCP 3601
Polycom People+Content
TCP 5001
HTTP Server Push
Web Access
Creating the service group

1. Go to Firewall Objects > Service > Groups.
3. Build the Service group by filing in the fields with the following information
Group Name
A-V_Conference
Type
Firewall
Members
(click in the drop down menu
to add the following services)
HTTP
SNMP
LDAP
HTTPS
SYSLOG
Polycom API
Polycom Endpoints
LDAP secure communications
Win 2000 ILS Registration
Gatekeeper discovery
Audio Call Control
Polycom proprietary Global directory data
Polycom People+Content
HTTP Server Push
Creating the IPS security profile

This is by no means the only way to set up this IPS filter, but it is the way that the fictional System Administrator
wants it set up. Yours may be different.
1. Go to Security Profiles > Intrusion Protection > IPS Sensors.
2. Create a new sensor.
74
Name
A-V_Conference-incoming
3. Select OK.
4. In the newly created sensor, create a new IPS filter.
Sensor Type
Filter Based
Filter Options
Advanced
Severity
Critical
High
Medium
Low
Target
Server
OS
Windows
Application
IIS
other
Protocol
Use the [Show more...]
option
HTTP
LDAP
SIP
SSL
H323
Packet logging
enabled
Based on these filters there should be somewhere in the neighborhood of 750 signatures that the FortiGate will
run traffic against in the IPS engine.
Policies
Incoming policy
A policy has to be made to allow the traffic to come in from the Internet to connect to the Tele-conferencing
server equipment.
1. Go to Policy &Objects > Policy > IPv4.
Policy Type
Firewall
Policy Subtype
Address
Incoming Interface
wan1
Source Address
all
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Outgoing Interface
port7
Destination Address
Vid-Conf_Room216
Schedule
always
Service
A-V_Conference
Action
ACCEPT
Enable NAT
<not enabled>
Logging Options
Logging is a good idea but how much will depend on storage capabilities.
Security Profiles
Turn on IPS and choose A-V_Conference-incoming
Traffic Shaping, Web

cache, WAN Optimization,
Disclaimer:
The use of these features will depend on your network environment and
should be decided by the network architect, as the decision will largely be
based on network bandwidth, usage and importance of Video conferencing
compared to other traffic.
4. Select OK.
The policy will then need to be put in the correct position in the sequence of the policies. Because it is a rather
focused policy it should be acceptable to place it near the top of the policy order sequence.
Outgoing policy
A policy has to be made to allow the traffic to leave from the subnet in the conference room to the Internet, not
only for the traffic for the Tele-conferencing equipment but for normal traffic of users on the Internet such as web
research and email. The traffic is outgoing so there is less of a need for an Intrusion Protection System filter, but
check with the network architect in case there is a need for using one of the other security profiles.
1. Go to Policy &Objects > Policy > IPv4.
Policy Type
Firewall
Policy Subtype
Address
Incoming Interface
port7
Source Address
Port7_subnet
Outgoing Interface
wan1
Destination Address
all
Schedule
always
Service
any
Action
ACCEPT
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Enable NAT
enabled Use Destination Interface Address
Logging Options
Logging is a good idea but how much will depend on storage capabilities.
Security Profiles
<see above>
Traffic Shaping, Web

cache, WAN Optimization,
Disclaimer:
The use of these features will depend on your network environment and
should be decided by the network architect, as the decision will largely be
based on network bandwidth, usage and importance of Video conferencing
compared to other traffic.
4. Select OK.
The policy will then need to be put in the correct position in the sequence of the policies.
77
Firewall schedules
Firewall schedules
Firewall schedules control when policies are in effect. When you add a security policy on a FortiGate unit you
need to set a schedule to determine the time frame in which that the policy will be functioning. While it is not set
by default, the normal schedule would be always. This would mean that the policy that has been created is
always function and always policing the traffic going through the FortiGate. The time component of the schedule
is based on a 24 hour clock notation or military time as some people would say.
There are two types of schedules: One-time schedules and recurring schedules.
One-Time schedules are in effect only once for the period of time specified in the schedule. This can be useful
for testing to limit how long a policy will be in effect in case it is not removed, or it can be used for isolated events
such as a conference where you will only need a temporary infrastructure change for a few days.
The time frame for a One-time schedule is configured by using a start time which includes, Year | Month | Day |
Hour | Minute and a Stop time which includes the same variables. So while the frequency of the schedule is only
once it can last anywhere from 1 minute to multiple years.
Recurring schedules are in effect repeatedly at specified times of specified days of the week. The Recurring
schedule is based on a repeating cycle of the days of the week as opposed to every x days or days of the month.
This means that you can configure the schedule to be in effect on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday but not every
2 days or on odd numbered days of the month.
If a recurring schedule has a stop time that is earlier than the start time, the schedule will take effect at the start
time but end at the stop time on the next day. You can use this technique to create recurring schedules that run
from one day to the next.
Example
You want to schedule the use of Skype to only between noon (12:00) and 1 p.m. (13:00).
You could create a schedule that allows Skype traffic:
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Starting at Hour:12 and Minute: 00
Stopping at Hour:13 and Minute: 00
Set for days of the week: Sunday | Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday
Or you could have a schedule that blocks Skype traffic:

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Starting at Hour:13 and Minute: 00 (and goes to the next day)
Stopping at Hour:12 and Minute: 00
Set for days of the week: Sunday | Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday
Either way is effective for the task but other factors may make one method work better than another in certain
situations of it could be just a preference in approach.
78
Schedule groups
Schedule groups
You can organize multiple firewall schedules into a schedule group to simplify your security policy list. The
schedule parameter in the policy configuration does not allow for the entering of multiple schedules into a single
policy so if you have a combination of time frames that you want to schedule the policy for then the best
approach, rather than making multiple policies is to use a schedule group.
Example
Your Internet policy allows employees to visit Social Media sites from company computers but not during what is
considered working hours. The offices are open a few hours before working hours and the doors are not locked
until a few hours after official closing so work hours are from 9 to 5 with a lunch break from Noon to 1:00 p.m.
Your approach is to block the traffic between 9 and noon and between 1:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. This means you
will need two schedules for a single policy and the schedule group handles this for you. Schedule groups can
contain both recurring and one-time schedules. Schedule groups cannot contain other schedule groups.
Schedule expiration
The schedule in a security policy enables certain aspects of network traffic to occur for a specific length of time.
What it does not do however, is police that time. That is, the policy is active for a given time frame, and as long as
the session is open, traffic can continue to flow.
For example, in an office environment, Skype use is allowed between noon and 1pm. During that hour, any Skype
traffic continues. As long as that session is open, after the 1pm end time, the Skype conversations can continue,
yet new sessions will be blocked. Ideally, the Skype session should close at 1pm.
Using a CLI command you can set the schedule to terminate all sessions when the end time of the schedule is
reached. Within the config firewall command enter the command:
set schedule-timeout enable
By default, this is set to disable.
79
Security policies
One of the foundations upon which a firewall works is the use of policies. These are what bring the other firewall
objects and components together into an elegant mechanism for the governing of the traffic going through the
network.
This Chapter includes information on the following topics:
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Firewall policies
Security profiles
SSL/SSH Inspection
Identity Based Policies
Device Identity Policies
VPN Policies
Interface Policies
One-Arm IDS
Local-In Policies
Security Policy 0
Deny Policies
Accept Policies
IPv6 Policies
Fixed Port
Endpoint Security
Traffic Logging
Quality of Service
Policy Monitor
Firewall policies
The firewall policy is the axis around which most of the other features of the FortiGate firewall revolve. A large
portion of the settings in the firewall at some point will end up relating to or being associated with the firewall
policies and the traffic that they govern. Any traffic going through a FortiGate unit has to be associated with a
policy. These policies are essentially discrete compartmentalized sets of instructions that control the traffic flow
going through the firewall. These instructions control where the traffic goes, how its processed, if its processed
and even whether or not its allowed to pass through the FortiGate.
When the firewall receives a connection packet, it analyzes the packets source address, destination address, and
service (by port number). It also registers the incoming interface, the outgoing interface it will need to use and the
time of day. Using this information the FortiGate firewall attempts to locate a security policy that matches the
packet. If it finds a policy that matches the parameters it then looks at the action for that policy. If it is ACCEPT
80
Security policies
the traffic is allowed to proceed to the next step. If the Action is DENY or a match cannot be found the traffic is
not allowed to proceed.
The 2 basic actions at the initial connection are either ACCEPT or DENY:
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If the Action is ACCEPT, the policy action permits communication sessions. There may be other packet processing
instructions, such as requiring authentication to use the policy. While you may not see it in the configuration there is
the implied subset of the ACCEPT Action that include VPN policies, whether they be an IPsec VPN or SSL.
If the Action is DENY, the policy action blocks communication sessions, and you can optionally log the denied
traffic. If no security policy matches the traffic, the packets are dropped. A DENY security policy is needed when it is
required to log the denied traffic, also called violation traffic.
The policy may contain a number of instructions for the FortiGate firewall in addition to the ACCEPT or DENY
actions, some of which are optional. Instructions on how to process the traffic can also include such things as:
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Logging Traffic
Authentication
Network Address Translation or Port Address Translation
Use Virtual IPs or IP Pools
Caching
Whether to use address or Identity based rules
Whether to treat as regular traffic or VPN traffic
What certificates to use
Security profiles to apply
Proxy Options
Traffic Shaping
Firewall policy parameters

As mentioned before, for traffic to flow through the FortiGate firewall there must be a policy that matches its
parameters:
Incoming interface
This is the interface or interfaces that the traffic is first connection to the FortiGate unit by. The exception being
traffic that the FortiGate generates itself. This is not limited to the physical Ethernet ports found on the device.
The incoming interface can also be a logical or virtual interface such as a VPN tunnel, a Virtual WAN link or a
wireless interface.
Outgoing interface
After the firewall has processed the traffic it needs to leave a port to get to its destination and this will be the
interface or interfaces that the traffic leaves by. This interface, like the Incoming Interface is not limited to only
physical interfaces.
Source address
The addresses that a policy can receive traffic from can be wide open or tightly controlled. For a public webserver
that the world at large should be able to access, the best choice will be all. If the destination is a private
webserver that only the branch offices of a company should be able to access or a list of internal computers that
81
Security policies
are the only ones allowed to access an external resource then a group of preconfigured addresses is the better
strategy.
Additional parameters under the Source Address, though they are not manditory are:
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Source User(s)
This parameter is based on a user identity that can be from a number of authentication authorities. It will be an
account or group that has been set up in advance that can be sellected from the dropdown menu. The exception to
this is the feature that allows the importing of LDAP Users. When the feature is used, a small wizard window will
appear to guide the user through the setup. The caveat is that the LDAP server object in the User and Device >
Authentication > LDAP Servers section has to be already configured to allow the use of this import feature.
Source Device Type
This parameter is for narrowing down the traffic sending devices to those that the FortiGate is familiar with. Again
the the contents of this parameter need to be a preconfigured object and these are defined at User and Device >
Device > Device Definitions. This parameter can limit the devices that can connect to this policy to those
specific MAC addresses that are already known by the FortiGate and are approved for the policy.
Destination address
In the same way that the source address may need to be limited, the destination address can be used as a traffic
filter. When the traffic is destined for internal resources the specific address of the resourece can be defined to
better protect the other resources on the network. One of the specialized destination address options is to use a
Virtual IP address. The destination address doesnt need to be interal you can define policies that are only for
connecting to specific addresses on the Internet.
Schedule
The time frame that is applied to the policy. This can be something as simple as a time range that the sessions
are allowed to start such as between 8:00 am and 5:00 pm. Something more complex like business hours that
include a break for lunch and time of the sessions initiation may need a schedule group because it will require
multiple time ranges to make up the schedule.
Service
The service or service chosen here respresent the TCP/IP suite port numbers that will most commonly be used to
transport the named protocols or group of protocols. This will be a little different than Application Control which
looks more closely at the packets to determine the actual protocol used to create them.
Without all six (possibly 8) of these things matching, the traffic will be declined. Each traffic flow requires a policy
and the direction is important as well. Just because packets can go from point A to point B on port X does not
mean that the traffic can flow from point B to point A on port X. A policy must be configured for each direction.
When designing a policy there is often reference to the traffic flow, but most communication is a two way
connection so trying to determine the direction of the flow can be somewhat confusing. If traffic is HTTP web
traffic the user sends a request to the web site, but most of the traffic flow will be coming from the web site to the
user. Is the traffic flow considered to be from the user to the web site, the web site to the user or in both
directions? For the purposes of determining the direction for a policy the important factor is the direction of the
initiating communication. The user is sending a request to the web site so this is the initial communication and
the web site is just responding to it so the traffic will be from the users network to the Internet.
A case where either side can initiate the communication like between two internal interfaces on the FortiGate unit
would be a more likely situation to require a policy for each direction.
82
Security policies
What is not expressly allowed is denied

One of the fundamental ideas that can be found in just about any firewall is the rule than anything that is not
expressly allowed is by default denied. This is the foundation for any strategy of protecting your network. Right
out of the box, once you have your FortiGate device connected into your network and hooked up with your ISP
your network is protected. Nothing is getting out or in so it is not very convenient, but you dont have to worry that
between the time you hooked it up and the point that you got all of the policies in place that someone could have
gotten in and done something to your resources. The reason that this needs to be kept in mind when designing
policies is because you cannot assume that any traffic will be allowed just because it makes sense to do so. If you
want any kind of traffic to make it past the FortiGate firewall you need to create a policy that will allow that traffic.
To maintain the protection of the network should also make sure that the any policy you create allows only the
traffic you intend to go only to where you specifically want it to go and when you want it to go there.
Example
You have a web server on your network that is meant to provide a collaborative work environment web site for
your employees and a partner company for a project over the course of the next 3 months.
It is theoretically possible to allow connections into your network to any device on that network for any service and
at any time. The problem with this is that we might not want just anybody looking at those resources. Sadly, no
matter how much it is wished otherwise, not everybody on the Internet can be trusted. Which means we now have
to be very specific in our instructions as to what traffic to allow into the network. Each step that we take towards
being more specific as to what we allow means that there is that much more that is not allowed and the level of
protection of a resources is directly proportional to the amount of traffic that is not allowed. If somebody cant get
at it they cant damage or steal it.
Limiting where the traffic is allowed to go to means that other computers on your network besides the web-server
are protected.
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Limiting where the traffic is allowed to come from means that, if feasible, you can limit the systems that can access
the web server to just employees or the partner company computers.
Limiting the services to just web traffic means that a malicious person, even if they were connection from a
computer at the partner organization could only use the features of web traffic to do anything malicious.
Limiting the policy to the time span of the project would mean that even if the IT department forgot to remove the
policy after the end of the project than no computer from the other company could be used to do anything malicious
through the policy that allowed the traffic.
This is just a very basic example but it shows the underlying principles of how the idea that anything not expressly
allowed is by default denied can be used to effectively protect your network.
Policy order
Another important factor in how firewall policies work is the concept of precedence of order or if you prefer a more
recognizable term, first come, first served.
It is highly likely that even after only a relatively small number of policies have been created that there will be
some that overlap or are subsets of the parameters that the policies use to determine which policy should be
matched against the incoming traffic. When this happens there has to be a method to determine which policy
should be applied to the packet. The method which is used by most firewalls it based on the order of the
sequence of the policies.
83
Security policies
If all of the policies were placed in a sequential list the process to match up the packet would start at the top of
the list and work its way down. It would compare information about the packet, specifically these points of
information:
1. The interface the packet connected to the FortiGate firewall
2. The source address of the packet, and possibly the sending user and device.
3. The destination address of the packet
4. The interface the packet would need to use to get to the destination address based on the routing table
5. The port the packet is destined for
6. The time that the packet connected to the FortiGate
As soon as the a policy is reached that matches all of the applicable parameters, the instructions of that policy are
applied and the search for any other matching policies is stopped. All subsequent policies are disregarded. Only 1
policy is applied to the packet.
If there is no matching policy among the policies that have been configured for traffic the packet finally drops
down to what is always the last policy. It is an implicit policy. One of a few that are referred to by the term
policy0. This policy denies everything.
The implicit policy is made up of the following settings:
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Incoming Interface: any
Source Address: any
Outgoing Interface: any
Destination Address: any
Action: DENY
The only setting that is editable in the implicit policy is the logging of violation traffic.
A logical best practice that comes from the knowledge of how this process works is to make sure that the more
specific or specialized a policy is, the closer to the beginning of the sequence it should be. The more general a
policy is the higher the likelihood that it could include in its range of parameters a more specifically targeted
policy. The more specific a policy is, the higher the probability that there is a requirement for treating that traffic in
a specific way.
Example
For security reasons there is no FTP traffic allowed out of a specific subnet so there is a policy that states that any
traffic coming from that subnet is denied if the service is FTP, so the following policy was created:
Policy #1
Source Interface
Internal1
Source Address
192.168.1.0/24
Source User(s)
<left at default setting>
Source Device
Type
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Security policies
Outgoing
Interface
WAN1
Destination
Address
0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
Service
FTP
Schedule
always
Action
deny
Now as these things usually go it turns out that there has to be an exception to the rule. There is one very secure
computer on the subnet that is allowed to use FTP and once the content has been checked it can them be
distributed to the other computer on the subnet. So a second firewall policy is created.
Policy #2
Source Interface
Internal1
Source Address
192.168.1.38/32
Source User(s)
Source Device
Type
Outgoing
Interface
WAN1
Destination
Address
0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
Service
FTP
Schedule
always
Action
Allow
By default, a policy that has just been created will be placed last in the sequence so that it is less likely to interfere
with existing policies before it can be moved to its intended position. If you look at Policy #2 you will notice that it
is essentially the same as Policy #1 exempt for the Source Address and the Action. You will also notice that the
Source Address of the Policy #2 is a subset of the Source address in policy #1. This means that if nothing further
is done, Policy #2 will never see any traffic because the traffic will always be matched by Policy #1 and processed
before it has a chance to reach the second policy in the sequence. For both policies to work as intended Policy #2
needs to be moved to before Policy #1 in the sequence.
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Security policies
Exception to policy order

There is a relevant exception to the normal policy order. Policies with VIPs dont appear to behave the same way.
Traffic that is handled by VIPs is processed through the associated policy before the traffic is checked against
other policies in the usual top down order.
This only appears inconsistent with the policy order rule because when handling the traffic, firewall policies are
not the first thing checked. VIP translations are checked first, and if there is more than one VIP that the traffic fits,
it is handled in the top down order that is followed by policies. If the traffic is not claimed by a policy in the VIP
translation phase, it is checked against the routing rules. If it passes the routing checks, the traffic is allowed to be
controlled by the polices.
This processing of traffic targeting a VIPs only applies if there is a policy that included the VIP and the traffic
matches all of the criteria checks. There is no need to worry about creating VIPs that are not controlled by a
policy.
There are security implications associated with this behavior. Administrators could assume that a policy will
process traffic before it drops down to a policy with a VIP in it. This can allow traffic to pass through the firewall
into a part of the network that it was not intended for, if it was to be allowed in at all. The way to prevent traffic
being incorrectly allowed through a policy containing a VIP is to have that policy be more restrictive or to have a
separate policy containing the same VIP deny the traffic earlier in the sequence.
As proof of the behaviour, look at the following traffic analysis of a packet sent to a VIP. You will see that the
packet is translated even before it is allowed to pass through the firewall by a policy.
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=print_pkt_detail line=4373 msg="vd-root
received a packet(proto=6, 24.114.222.34:51434->24.212.230.77:3389) from wan1. flag
[S], seq 1579917634, ack 0, win 8192"
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=init_ip_session_common line=4522
msg="allocate a new session-01480894"
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=fw_pre_route_handler line=174 msg="VIP10.10.66.2:3389, outdev-wan1"
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=__ip_session_run_tuple line=2534 msg="DNAT
24.212.230.77:3389->10.10.66.2:3389"
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=vf_ip4_route_input line=1596 msg="find a
route: flags=00000000 gw-10.10.66.2 via internal5"
2015-06-10 06:33:21 id=20085 trace_id=1 func=fw_forward_handler line=670 msg="Allowed by
Policy-15:"
Policy identification
When looking at the policy listing it can appear as if the policies are identified by the sequence number in the far
left column. The problem is that this number changes as the position of the policy in the sequence changes. The
column that correctly identifies the policy, and the value sticks with the policy is the "ID" column. This column is
not shown by default in the listing but can be added to the displayed columns by right clicking on the column
heading bar and selecting it from the list of possible columns.
When looking in the configuration file the sequence is based upon the order of the policies as they are in the file
just as they are in the list in the GUI. However, if you need to edit the policy in the CLI you must use the ID
number.
UUID support
Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) attributes have been added to policies to improve functionality when working
with FortiManager or FortiAnalyser units. If required, the UUID can be set manually through the CLI.
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Security policies
CLI syntax:
config firewall {policy/policy6/policy46/policy64}
edit 1
set uuid <example uuid: 8289ef80-f879-51e2-20dd-fa62c5c51f44>
next
end
Security profiles
Where security policies provide the instructions to the FortiGate unit for controlling what traffic is allowed through
the device, the Security profiles provide the screening that filters the content coming and going on the network.
Security profiles enable you to instruct the FortiGate unit about what to look for in the traffic that you dont want,
or want to monitor, as it passes through the device.
A security profile is a group of options and filters that you can apply to one or more firewall policies. Security
profiles can be used by more than one security policy. You can configure sets of security profiles for the traffic
types handled by a set of security policies that require identical protection levels and types, rather than repeatedly
configuring those same security profile settings for each individual security policy.
For example, while traffic between trusted and untrusted networks might need strict antivirus protection, traffic
between trusted internal addresses might need moderate antivirus protection. To provide the different levels of
protection, you might configure two separate profiles: one for traffic between trusted networks, and one for traffic
between trusted and untrusted networks.
Security profiles are available for various unwanted traffic and network threats. Each are configured separately
and can be used in different groupings as needed. You configure security profiles in the Security Profiles menu
and applied when creating a security policy by selecting the security profile type.
There is a separate handbook for the topic of the Security Profiles, but because the Security Profiles are applied
through the Firewall policies it makes sense to have at least a basic idea of what the security profile do and how
they integrate into the FortiGate's firewall policies. The following is a listing and a brief description of what the
security profiles offer by way of functionality and how they can be configured into the firewall policies.
AntiVirus
Antivirus is used as a catch all term to describe the technology for protection against the transmission of
malicious computer code sometimes referred to as malware. As anyone who has listened to the media has heard
that the Internet can be a dangerous place filled with malware of various flavours. Currently, the malware that is
most common in the Internet, in descending order, is Trojan horses, viruses, worms, adware, back door exploits,
spyware and other variations. In recent years, not only has the volume of malicious software become greater than
would have been believed when it first appeared but the level of sophistication has risen as well.
The Antivirus Filter works by inspecting the traffic that is about to be transmitted through the FortiGate. To
increase the efficiency of effort it only inspects the traffic being transmitted via the protocols that it has been
configured to check. Before the data moves across the FortiGate firewall from one interface to another it is
checked for attributes or signatures that have been known to be associated with malware. If malware is detected,
it is removed.
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Security policies
Web filtering
Malicious code is not the only thing to be wary of on the Internet. There is also the actual content. While the
content will not damage or steal information from your computer there is still a number of reasons that would
require protection from it.
In a setting where there are children or other sensitive people using the access provided by a connected computer
there is a need to make sure that images or information that is not appropriate is not inadvertently displayed to
them. Even if there is supervision, in the time it takes to recognize something that is inappropriate and then
properly react can expose those we wish to protect. It is more efficient to make sure that the content cannot reach
the screen in the first place.
In an organizational setting, there is still the expectation that organization will do what it can to prevent
inappropriate content from getting onto the computer screens and thus provoking an Human Resources incident.
There is also the potential loss of productivity that can take place if people have unfiltered access to the Internet.
Some organizations prefer to limit the amount of distractions available to tempt their workers away from their
duties.
The Web filter works primarily by looking at the destination location request for a HTTP(S) request made by the
sending computer. If the URL is on a list that you have configured to list unwanted sites, the connection will be
disallowed. If the site is part of a category of sites that you have configured to deny connections to the session will
also be denied. You can also configure the content filter to check for specific key strings of data on the actual web
site and if any of those strings of data appear the connection will not be allowed.
Application control
Application control is designed to allow you to determine what applications are operating on your network and to
the also filter the use of these applications as required. Application control is also for outgoing traffic to prevent
the use of applications that are against an organizations policy from crossing the network gateway to other
networks. An example of this would be the use of proxy servers to circumvent the restrictions put in place using
the Web Filtering.
Intrusion protection (IPS)

Intrusion Prevention System is almost self explanatory. In the same way that there is malware out on the Internet
that the network needs to be protected from there are also people out there that take a more targeted approach
to malicious cyber activity. No operating system is perfect and new vulnerabilities are being discovered all of the
time. An intrusion prevention system is designed to look for activity or behavior that is consistent with attacks
against your network. When attack like behavior is detected it can either be dropped or just monitored depending
on the approach that you would like to take.
As new vulnerabilities are discovered they can be added to the IPS database so that the protection is current.
Email filtering
Spam or unsolicited bulk email is said to account for approximately 90% of the email traffic on the Internet.
Sorting through it is both time consuming and frustrating. By putting an email filter on policies that handle email
traffic, the amount of spam that users have to deal with can be greatly reduced.
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Security policies
Data Leak Prevention (DLP)

Data Leak Prevention is used to prevent sensitive information from leaving your network. When people think of
security in the cyber-world one of the most common images is that of a hacker penetrating your network and
making off with your sensitive information, but the other way that you can lose sensitive data is if someone
already on the inside of your network sends it out. This does not have to be an act of industrial espionage. It can
just be a case of not knowing the policies of the organization or a lack of knowledge of security or laws concerning
privacy.
For instance, a company may have a policy that they will not reveal anyones Social Security number, but an
employee emails a number of documents to another company that included a lengthy document that has a Social
Security number buried deep within it. There is not malicious intent but if the information got out there could be
repercussions.
If an organization has any information in a digital format that it cannot afford for financial or legal reasons, to
leave its network, it makes sense to have Data Leak Prevention in place as an additional layer of protection.
VoIP
Voice over IP is essentially the protocols for transmitting voice or other multimedia communications over Internet
Protocol networks such as the Internet. The Security Profiles VoIP options apply the SIP Application Level
Gateway (ALG) to support SIP through the FortiGate unit. The SIP ALG can also be used to protect networks
from SIP-based attacks.
ICAP
Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) off loads HTTP traffic to another location for specialized processing.
The purpose of this module when triggered is to send the incoming HTTP traffic over to a remote server to be
processed thus taking some of the strain off of the resources of the FortiGate unit. The reasons for the
specialized process could be anything from more sophisticated Antivirus to manipulation of the HTTP headers
and URLs.
EndPoint control
EndPoint Control makes sure that certain standards are kept. When a computer on the Internet becomes
connected to the FortiGate unit by VPN that computer is now part of the same network and there for needs to be
subject to the same levels of protection, not only to protect the computer but the network. In the EndPoint Control
section you can set the minimum standards for thins like AntiVirus software and VPN software.
Proxy option components

Any time a security profile that requires the use of a proxy is enabled the Proxy Options field will be displayed.
Certain inspections defined in security profiles require that the traffic be held in proxy while the inspection is
carried out and so the Proxy Options are there to define the parameters of how the traffic will be processed and to
what level the traffic will be processed. In the same way that there can be multiple security profiles of a single
type there can also be a number of unique Proxy Option profiles so that as the requirements for a policy differ
from one policy to the next you can also configure a different Proxy Option profile for each individual policy or you
can use one profile repeatedly.
The Proxy Options refer to the handling of the following protocols:
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Security policies
HTTP
SMTP
POP3
IMAP
FTP
NNTP
MAPI
DNS
IM
The configuration for each of these protocols is handled separately.

It should also be noted that these configurations apply to only the Security Profiles Proxy-based processes and
not the Flow-based processes.
The use of different proxy profiles and profile options

Just like other components of the FortiGate, there is the option for different Proxy Option profiles so that you can
be very granular in your control of the workings of the FortiGate. In the case of the Proxy Option profiles the thing
that you will want to focus on is the matching up of the correct profile to a firewall policy that is using the
appropriate protocols. If you are creating a Proxy Option profile that is designed for policies that control SMTP
traffic into your network you only want to configure the settings that apply to SMTP. You do not need or want to
configure the HTTP components.
Oversized file log

This setting is for those that would like to log the occurrence of oversized files being processed. It does not
change how they are processed it only enables the FortiGate unit to log that they were either blocked or allowed
through. A common practice is to allow larger files through without antivirus processing. This allows you to get an
idea of how often this happens and decide on whether or not to alter the settings relating to the treatment of
oversized files.
The setting of the threshold for what is considered to be an oversized file is located in the Oversized File / Email
Threshold that is found in some of the protocol options for the Proxy Options.
Protocol port mapping

While each of the protocols listed has a default TCP port that is commonly used, the level of granularity of control
on the FortiGate firewall allows that the port used by the protocols can be individually modified in each separate
Profile. It can also be set to inspect any port with flowing traffic for that particular protocol. The headers of the
packets will indicate which protocol generated the packet. To optimize the resources of the unit the mapping and
inspection of protocols can be enabled or disabled depending on your requirments.
Comfort Clients
When proxy-based antivirus scanning is enabled, the FortiGate unit buffers files as they are downloaded. Once
the entire file is captured, the FortiGate unit begins scanning the file. During the buffering and scanning
procedure, the user must wait. After the scan is completed, if no infection is found, the file is sent to the next step
in the process flow. If the file is a large one this part of the process can take some time. In some cases enough
time that some users may get impatient and cancel the download.
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Security policies
The comfort client feature to mitigates this potential issue by feeding a trickle of data while waiting for the scan to
complete so as to let the user know that processing is taking place and that there hasnt been a failure in the
transmission. This slow transfer rate continues until the antivirus scan is complete. Once the file has been
successfully scanned without any indication of viruses the transfer will proceed at full speed.
If there is evidence of an infection the FortiGate unit caches the URL and drops the connection. The client does
not receive any notification of what happened because the download to the client had already started. Instead,
the download stops and the user is left with a partially downloaded file. If the user tries to download the same file
again within a short period of time, the cached URL is matched and the download is blocked. The client receives
the Infection cache message replacement message as a notification that the download has been blocked. The
number of URLs in the cache is limited by the size of the cache.
Client comforting is available for HTTP and FTP traffic. If your FortiGate unit supports SSL content scanning and
inspection, you can also configure client comforting for HTTPS and FTPS traffic.
Buffering the entire file allows the FortiGate unit to eliminate the danger of missing an
infection due to fragmentation because the file is reassembled before examination.
Client comforting can send unscanned and therefore potentially infected content to
the client. You should only enable client comforting if you are prepared to accept this
risk. Keeping the client comforting interval high and the amount low will reduce the
amount of potentially infected data that is downloaded.
Oversized file/email threshold

This is another feature that is related to antivirus scanning. The FortiGate unit has a finite amount of resources
that can be used to buffer and scan a file. If a large file such as an ISO image or video file was to be downloaded
this could not only overwhelm the memory of the FortiGate, especially if there were other large files being
downloaded at the same time, but could exceed it as well. For this reason, how to treat large files needs to be
addressed.
A threshold is assigned to determine what should be considered an oversize file or email. This can be set at any
size from 1 MB to 50 MB. Any file or email over this threshold will not be processed by the Antivirus Security
Profiles. Once a file is determined to be oversized it must be then determined whether to allow it or to block it.
These settings are not a technical decision but a policy one that will depend on your comfort level with letting files
into your network. As there often is, there is a compromise between convenience or ease of use and security. If
you want to go for a high peace of mind level you can configure the firewall to block oversized files and thus no
files would be coming into the network that have not been scanned. If you are looking for optimizing the memory
of the FortiGate unit and making sure that everybody is getting the files they want, you can lower the threshold
and allow files that are over the threshold.
It should be noted that in terms of probability that malware is more likely to be found in
smaller files than in larger files. A number of administrators take this into account
when they lower the default threshold so as to lessen the impact on memory if they
see the FortiGate unit going into conserve mode on a regular basis.
Chunked bypass
The HTTP section allows the enabling of Chunked Bypass. This refers to the mechanism in version 1.1 of HTTP
that allows a web server to start sending chunks of dynamically generated output in response to a request before
actually knowing the actual size of the content. Where dynamically generated content is concerned this means
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Security policies
that there is a faster initial response to HTTP requests. From a security stand point it means that the content will
not be held in the proxy as an entire file before proceeding.
Allow fragmented messages

The specifications of RFC 2046 allow for the breaking up of emails and sending the fragments in parallel to be
rebuilt and read at the other end by the mail server. It was originally designed to increase the performance over
slower connections where larger email messages were involved. It will depend on your mail configuration if this is
even possible for your network but outside of Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express, not many email clients are
set up to break up messages like this. The drawback of allowing this feature is that if malware is broken up
between multiple fragments of the message the risk is run that it will not be detected by some antivirus
configurations because the code may not all be present at the same time to identify.
Append email signature

The Append Email Signature is used when an organization would like to ensure that over and above our in this
case underneath the existing personal signatures of the sender, all of the emails going out of their network have
the appropriate boilerplate, for lack of a better term. These appended emails do not replace existing signatures.
They are as the feature states, appended to the email.
Examples could include things like:
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Without prior approval the email should not be forwarded.
Please be environmentally friendly and dont print out emails
For questions regarding the purchasing of our products please call...
It can be anything that the organization would like as long as it is in text format. The use of this feature usually
works best in an environment where there is some standardization of what goes into the personal signatures of
the senders so that there is no duplication or contradiction of information in the signatures.
SSL/SSH inspection
While the profile configuration for this is not found in the Security Profiles section but in the Policy Section, it is set
in the policy along with the security profiles. This sort of analysis is some times referred to as deep scanning.
Deep Inspection works along the following lines. If your FortiGate unit has the correct chipset it will be able to
scan SSL encrypted traffic in the same way that regular traffic can be scanned. The FortiGate firewall will
essentially receive the traffic on behalf of the client and open up the encrypted traffic. Once it is finished it reencrypts the traffic and sends it on to its intended recipient. It is very similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. By
enabling this feature, it allows the FortiGate firewall to filter on traffic that is using the SSL encrypted protocol.
The encrypted protocols that can be inspected are:
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HTTPS
SMTPS
POP3S
IMAPS
FTPS
Before the invention of SSL inspection, scanning regular web traffic can be circumvented by using the prefix
https:// instead of http:// in the URL. SSL inspection prevents this circumvention. However, because when the
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encrypted traffic is decrypted it has to be re-encrypted with the FortiGates certificate rather than the original
certificate it can cause errors because the name on the certificate does not match the name on the web site.
At one point deep inspection was something that was either turned on or off. Now individual deep inspection
profiles can be created depending on the requirements of the policy. Depending on the Inspection Profile, you
can:
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Configure which CA certificate will be used to decrypt the SSL encrypted traffic.
Configure which SSL protocols will be inspected.
Configure which ports will be associated with which SSL protocols for the purpose of inspection.
Configure which websites will be exempt from SSL inspection
Configure whether or not to allow invalid SSL certificates.
Configure whether or not SSH traffic will be inspected.
Inspection exemption
When you are using a browser to visit SSL encrypted sites and we are using a certificate that does not match the
certificate of the site, we are presented with a warning message and the option of continuing, using the untrusted
certificate, or terminating the session. However, there are a number of applications that use SSL encrypted
traffic. If the application detects SSL traffic that wasn't signed with a certificate that it trusts it will not allow the
traffic. The applications do not give the option to manually indicate that we trust the certificate or the site.
If the option is available, the customer may choose to import needed SSL certificates into Local Certificates and
configure a policy for communication for that application.
The assist in preventing loss of access to these site but still enabling the SSL inspection of the rest of the internet
traffic, a method of exempting either Website categories or specific sites has been developed. To exempt a large
group of sites the profile can be configure to exempt FortiGuard Categories. There are 3 of these categories
preselected due to the high likelihood of issues with associated applications with the type of websites included in
these categories.
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Heath and Wellness
Personal Privacy
Finance and Banking
Other more specific websites can be added to the exemption list by creating addresses for them at Policy &
Objects > Objects > Addresses. The adding of addresses is done by selection from a drop down menu. There
is an option at the bottom of the list to create a new address, but otherwise only preconfigured addresses that are
configured to be on the "Any" interface will be available for selection.
Examples of sites that you may want to configure for exemption so that there will be no interference due to
certificate issues:
Apple
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*.appstore.com
*.apple.com
*.itunes.apple.com
*.icloud.com
swscan.apple.com
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Security policies
Dropbox
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*.dropbox.com
Skype
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*.messenger.live.com
Windows Updates
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update.microsoft.com
Allow invalid SSL certificate

This setting was something that used to be part of the Proxy Options, but now that SSL inspection has its own
configuration setting it is configured with those. It might seem like a straight forward decision that the allowing of
invalid SSL certificates must be bad and therefore should not be allowed, but there can be some reasons that
should be considered. The issues at hand are the reasons to use a SSL certificate and the reasons that a
certificate will be considered invalid.
At a purely technical level, a properly formed certificate will encrypt the data so that it can only be read by the
intended parties and not be read by anyone sniffing traffic on the network. For this reason, people will often use
self-signed certificates. These self signed certificates are free and will encrypt the data just as well as those
purchased from any of the big vendors of certificates, but if they are not listed as an approved Certificate
Authority (CA) the certificates will be considered invalid.
On the other hand, one of the services the vendors provide is verification of identity of those that purchase their
certificates. This means that if you see a valid certificate from a site that identified itself as being from validcompany.com that you can be reasonably sure that the site does belong to that company and not a false site
masquerading as being part of that company.
Creating or editing an SSL/SSH inspection profile

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > SSL/SSH Inspection.
This will open to one of the existing profiles.
The links for the actions are located in the upper right hand corner of the window.
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To view a list of the exiting profiles select the List icon (a page) at the far right.
To clone an existing profile, select the Clone icon (one page behind another), second from the right
To create a new profile, select the Create New icon ("+ "symbol), third from the right.
To view or edit an existing profile, choose it from the dropdown menu field.
2. Name Field:
Give the Profile an easily identifiable name that references its intent.
3. Comments Field:
Enter any additional information that might be needed by administrators, as a reminder of the profile's purpose
and scope.
4. SSLInspection Options:
a. Enable SSL Inspection of:
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Multiple Clients Connecting to Multiple Servers - Use this option for generic policies where the destination is
unknown.
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Security policies
Protecting SSL Server - Use this option when setting up a profile customized for a specific SSL server with a
specific certificate.
b. CA Certificate
Use the drop down menu to choose which one of the installed certificates to use for the inspection of the
packets.
c. Inspection Method
The options here are:
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SSL Certificate Inspection - only inspects the certificate, not the contents of the traffic.
Full SSL Inspection - inspects all of the traffic.
d. Inspect All Ports

Enable the ability to inspect all ports by checking the box. If the feature is not enabled, specify in the field next
to the listed protocols, the port through which that protocols traffic will be inspected. Traffic of that protocol
going through any other port will not be inspected.
5. Exempt from SSL Inspection:
Use the dropdown menus in this section to specify either a FortiGuard Web Category or addresses that will be
exempt from SSL inspection.
a. Web Categories
By default the categories of Health and Wellness, Personal Privacy, and Finance and Banking have been
added as these are one that are most likely to have applications that will require a specific certificate.
b. Addresses
These can be any of the Address objects that have an interface of "Any".
6. SSH Inspection Options:
a. SSH Deep Scan
Toggle the grey on button so that it is:
Greyed out to disable the feature
Opaque and vibrate to enable the feature
b. SSH Port
The available options are:
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Any - choosing this option will search all of the traffic regardless of service or TCP/IP port for packets that
conform to the SSH protocol
Specify - choosing this option will restrict the search for SSH protocol packets to the TCP/IP port number
specified in the field. This is not as comprehensive but it is easier on the performance of the firewall.
d. Protocol Actions
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Exec - Block, Log or neither. Select using check boxes.
Port-Forward - Block, Log or neither. Select using check boxes.
SSH-Shell - Block, Log or neither. Select using check boxes.
X11-Filter - Block, Log or neither. Select using check boxes.
7. Common Options:
a. Allow Invalid SSL Certificates
Check the box to enable the passing of traffic with invalid certificate
b. Log Invalid Certificates
Check the box to have the Logging function record traffic sessions that contained invalid certificates
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Security policies
The Enable SSH Deep Scan feature is enabled by default when creating a new
SSL/SSH Inspection profile. There are situations were this feature can cause issues so
be sure that you would like it enabled before applying it.
The context location for configuring the SSL/SSH Inspection in the CLI is:
config firewall ssl-ssh-profile
Viewing firewall policies

When you first go into the Policy window, found by going to Policy > Policy > Policy, you will see a table with a
menu bar across the top. The menu bar will have the following items:
At the top left:
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Create New (with a + sign on the left and a downward pointing triangle on the right)
Clone
Delete
Column Settings
Filter Settings
At the top right:

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Section View
Global View
The items at the top right with their radio buttons represent the 2 potential views that the policies can be
displayed in.
The Global View shows all of the policies in the order of their sequence. With the default settings you will be able
to see the sequence number in a column close to the left side of the table.
The Section view is similar to the Global View except that as the name implies it is divided into sections. By
default the sections are based on the paths between the interfaces. These can be referred to as interface
pairings. For instance, all of the policies referencing traffic from WAN1 to DMZ will be in one section. The
policies referencing traffic from DMZ to WAN1 will be in another section.
The sections are collapsible so that you only need to look at the sections with policies you are interested in. It is
possible to add customized subsections within the default sections of interface pairings. This would be useful in a
situation where you have a lot of policies and would like to further compartmentalize them by common attributes
so that things are easier to find.
The default column headings are:
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[Check box icon]
Seq.#
Source
Destination
Authentication
Schedule
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Service
Action
Log
The column that are shown are configurable. All but the first 2 can be removed or their position changed. There
are also a number of other columns that display information about the policies that can be added. One of the
more useful ones that can be added is the ID column. The reason for adding this one is that policies are
referenced by their ID number for simplicity and ease of administration. If you are looking in the CLI you will see
that the only designation for a policy is its number and if you wish to change the order of a policy you will be asked
to move it before or after another policy by referencing its number.
How Any policy can remove the section view

The FortiGate unit will automatically change the view on the policy list page to Global View whenever a policy
containing any in the Source interface/zone or Destination interface/zone is created. If the Section View is
greyed out it is likely that one or more of the policies has any as a Source or Destination interface.
With the use of the any the policy should go into multiple sections because it could effectively be any of a
number of interface pairings. As mentioned, policies are sectioned by using the interface pairings (for example,
port1 -> port2) and each section has its own specific policy order. The order in which a policy is checked for
matching criteria to a packets information is based solely on the position of the policy within its section or within
the entire list of policies as a whole but if the policy is in multiple sections at the same time there is no mechanism
for placing the policy in a proper order within all of those sections at the same time because it is a manual process
and there is no parameter to compare the precedence of one section or policy over the other. Thus a conflict is
created. In order to resolve the conflict the FortiGate firewall removes that aspect of the sections so that there is
no need to compare and find precedence between the sections and it therefore has only the Global View to work
with.
Security policy configuration extensions

When first creating the policy the configuration form will ask for a choice between the policy types of Firewall or
VPN, Firewall being the default. Choosing whether or not to leave the selection as Firewall is straight forward. If
the policy is not a policy based VPN policy then it is a Firewall policy type.
There are essentially 2 types of VPN connections, Interface Based and Policy Based. In an Interface Based VPN
tunnel a logical interface is created that can be seen as an interface by the policies in the same way that any of
the physical interfaces can be seen. Therefore to govern the traffic a regular policy will work. The policy based
VPN tunnels work slightly different and therefore need a slightly different policy configuration. For a more detail
explanation of the difference between the types of VPN tunnels refer to the VPN documentation found in the VPN
handbooks or in the VPN section of the Complete Administration Guide.
Once either the Firewall or the VPN type has been chosen there is then a choice between one of subtypes for
each of the Policy types. For the Firewall type of policy the subtypes are:
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Address
User Identity
Device Identity
The Address subtype refers to policies where access through the FortiGate firewall is dependant on the source
location of the addresses of the devices involved in the traffic matched to the policy.
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Security policies
The User Identity subtype refers to policies where access through the FortiGate firewall is dependant on the users
credentials or Identity.
The Device Identity subtype refers to policy where access through the FortiGate firewall is dependant on the
specific device being used based on the MAC address of the device or belonging to a group of devices that are
based on device types or belonging to custom made groups.
For the VPN type the subtypes are:
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IPsec
SSL-VPN
As expected the two subtypes are the two different types of VPN tunnels that the FortiGate firewall supports in a
policy based configuration.
Identity based policies are ones in which there is the additional component of either an account identity or device
identity. The inclusion of one or both of these components adds an extra dimension of complexity to working with
these policies in the context of the other policies so while the extra security and granularity of control are
beneficial, extra care must be taken when configuring the policies themselves and how they are positioned in the
policy sequence. The actual configuration of these identities are explained in detail in the Authentication
Handbook.
Identity-based security policies are usually configured for IPsec or SSL VPN traffic since this type of traffic usually
requires authentication from network users.
Identity-based policy positioning

In non-identity based policies, if non of the 6 mandatory policy parameters matches the header of the traffic
packets the parameters are compared against the next policy in sequence. Because those parameters are
mandatory there is always a value to test against and whether or not the policy applies is certain. The fact that the
identity parameters are not required makes knowing whether or not the correct policy will be applied less obvious.
Originally, the identity aspect of a policy was an entire sub-policy checking sequence within each policy, including
its own 0 policy at the end of the sequence. If all of the other parameters match the policy would then compare
the traffic's identity with the list of identity groups in the policy starting at the beginning of the sequence and going
through them until an identity was found that matched and then the rules for that identity group would be applied.
If the traffic's identity did not match any of those listed in the policy it go to the last identity in the policy would be
everyone and the Action would be deny.
The identity aspects of policies have now been incorporated in a single flat configuration that makes them a
fundamental part of the policy rather than something that is added to the policy. This is simpler and allows for
more complex combinations of address identification, user authentication and device determination that were not
possible with previous policy configurations. Both user groups and device groups can be part of the same policy.
Because the identity aspects are optional, more flexibility in creating policies that use authentication is possible.
Identity fall through rules

The fall through rules for policies in 5.2 have changed so that they are more in keeping with the practices of other
vendors. This makes it easier for users used to other firewalls to configure the policies and it also makes it simpler
to convert the policies of other firewalls to be used on a FortiGate firewall.
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Security policies
Previously, if traffic reached an identity policy and the user or device was not a member of one of the groups
specified it would fall through to the implicit deny all policy. This meant that any traffic that reached that policy
would have to be authenticated and a member of one of the listed groups. If the 6 required parameters matched,
the traffic would not be getting past this policy.
The approach is now to treat the the identity parameters, if they exist, the same as the other parameters, in that if
they do not match any listed in the policy, the traffic drops down to the next policy.
Example:
There are three policies where all the parameters are the same except:
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Policy # 1 - Source User Group A is assigned profile A
Policy # 2 - Source User Group B s assigned profile B
Policy # 3 - Source User(s) and Source Device Type are empty
Traffic that matches all of the required parameters will be processed as follows:
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Traffic authenticated as being from User Group A will be processed by Policy # 1.
Traffic authenticated as being from User Group B will be processed by Policy # 2.
Traffic with no authenticated users will be processed by Policy # 3.
Traffic authenticated as being from User Group C will be processed by Policy # 3.
In the methodology before FortiOS 5.2, traffic authenticated as being User Group B, User Group C or no
authenticated user at all would have been stopped at Policy # 1.
The CLI command fall-through-unauthenticated that was added in 5.0.1 attempted to allow a process similar to
this, but only applied to unathenticated traffic and not authenticated traffic that didnt match the list of groups is
the sub-policy. The current methodology is not subject to the same limitation and alleviates the need for the
function of this command so the command has been removed from the CLI.
Implicit protocols
In previous versions of the firmware, the protocols that were used to authenticate such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP,
and Telnet, were supported on the policy whether or not they were included in the supported services. In 5.2, the
protocol needed to authenticate needs to be included in the list of allowed services in order the the authentication
to take place.
For example, if you have a VIP coming into your network that is for connecting to some security webcams located
in your data center that use custom services or ports to connect to, if you are using an identity policy you would
also have to include HTTP or HTTPS in the services list in order to actually authenticate.
Another formerly implicit protocol that is not supported automatically in 5.2 is port 53
(DNS). If you are limiting the services of a protocol to web based protocols such as
HTTP or HTTPS dont forget to to add DNS so that the domain names can be
resolved.
When upgrading the firmware from version 5.0.x to 5.2.x, a policy with either an
identity or device sub-policy will automatically convert from a single policy with subpolicies to a separate policy for each identity based sub-policy.
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Security policies
VPN policies
At one point, if you wanted to have secure digital communications between 2 points a private network would be
created. This network would only allow the people that were intended to get the communications on it. This is
very straightforward if the 2 points are in the same room or even in the same building. It can all be done
physically. If you are supposed to be on the secure network
VPNs are an answer to one of todays biggest concerns, how to make digital communications secure between to
points that must communicate over the Internet which anybody can have access to
IPsec policies
IPsec policies allow IPsec VPN traffic access to the internal network from a remote location. These policies
include authentication information that authenticates users and user group or groups. These policies specify the
following:
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the FortiGate firewall interface that provides the physical connection to the remote VPN gateway, usually an
interface connected to the Internet
the FortiGate firewall interface that connects to the private network
IP addresses associated with data that has to be encrypted and decrypted
optional: a schedule that restricts when the VPN can operate, and services (or types of data) that can be sent.
For a route-based (interface mode) VPN, you do not configure an IPsec security policy. Instead, you configure two
regular ACCEPT security policies, one for each direction of communication, with the IPsec virtual interface as the
source or destination interface, as appropriate.
Interface policies
Interface policies are implemented before the security policies and are only flow based.
This feature allows you to attach a set of IPS policies with the interface instead of the forwarding path, so packets
can be delivered to IPS before entering firewall. This feature is used for following IPS deployments:
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One-Arm: by defining interface policies with IPS and DoS anomaly checks and enabling sniff-mode on the interface,
the interface can be used for one-arm IDS;
IPv6 IPS: IPS inspection can be enabled through interface IPv6 policy. Only IPS signature scan is supported in
FortiOS 5.2. IPv6 DoS protection is not supported;
Scan traffics that destined to FortiGate;
Scan and log traffics that are silently dropped or flooded by Firewall or Multicast traffic.
IPS sensors can be assigned to an interface policy. Both incoming and outgoing packets are inspected by IPS
sensor (signature).
Here is an example of an interface policy,
config firewall interface-policy
edit 1
set status enable
set interface "port14"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
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Security policies
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
end
service "ALL"
application-list-status disable
ips-sensor-status enable
ips-sensor "default"
av-profile-status disable
webfilter-profile-status disable
spamfilter-profile-status disable
dlp-sensor-status disable
label "Port 14 Interface Policy"
DoS protection
Denial of Service (DoS) policies are primarily used to apply DoS anomaly checks to network traffic based on the
FortiGate interface it is entering as well as the source and destination addresses. DoS checks are a traffic
anomaly detection feature to identify network traffic that does not fit known or common traffic patterns and
behavior. A common example of anomalous traffic is the denial of service attack. A denial of service occurs when
an attacking system starts an abnormally large number of sessions with a target system. The large number of
sessions slows down or disables the target system, so that legitimate users can no longer use it.
DoS policies are similar to firewall policies except that instead of defining the way traffic is allowed to flow, they
keep track of certain traffic patterns and attributes and will stop traffic displaying those attributes. Further, DoS
policies affect only incoming traffic on a single interface. You can further limit a DoS policy by source address,
destination address, and service.
DoS configurations have been changed a couple of times in the past. In FortiOS 4.0, DoS protection was moved
to the interface policy, so when it is enabled, it is the first thing checked when a packet enters FortiGate. Because
of this early detection, DoS policies are a very efficient defence that uses few resources. Denial of service attacks,
for example, are detected and its packets dropped before requiring security policy look-ups, antivirus scans, and
other protective but resource-intensive operations.
A DoS policy examines network traffic arriving at an interface for anomalous patterns usually indicating an attack.
This does not mean that all anomalies experience by the firewall are the result of an intentional attack.
Because an improperly configured DoS anomaly check can interfere with network traffic, no DoS checks are
preconfigured on a factory default FortiGate unit. You must create your own before they will take effect.
Thresholds for newly created sensors are preset with recommended values that you can adjust to meet the needs
of your network.
To create a Denial of Service policy determine if it needs to be an IPv4 or IPv6 policy, then goto:
Policy &Objects > Policy > DoS Policy for IPv4.

Policy &Objects > Policy > IPv6 DoS Policy for IPv6.
It is important to know normal and expected network traffic before changing the
default anomaly thresholds. Setting the thresholds too low could cause false positives,
and setting the thresholds too high could allow otherwise avoidable attacks.
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Security policies
Settings used in configuring DoS

Incoming interface
The interface to which this security policy applies. It will be the that the traffic is coming into the firewall on.
Source address
This will be the address that the traffic is coming from and must be a address listed in the Address section of the
Firewall Objects. This can include the predefined all address which covers any address coming in on any
interface. Multiple addresses or address groups can be chosen
Destination address
This will be the address that the traffic is addressed to. In this case it must be an address that is associated with
the firewall itself. For instance it could be one of the interface address of the firewall, a secondary IP address or
the interface address assigned to a Virtual IP address. Just like with the Source Address this address must be
already configured before being used in the DoS policy.Multiple addresses, virtual IPs or virtual IP groups can be
chosen.
Service
While the Service field allows for the use of the ALL service some administrators prefer to optimize the resources
of the firewall and only check on the services that will be answered on an interface. Multiple services or service
groups can be chosen.
Anomalies
The anomalies can not be configured by the user. They are predefined sensors set up for specific patterns of
anomalous traffic
The anomalies that have been predefined for use in the DoS Policies are:
Anomaly Name
Description
Recommended Threshold
tcp_syn_flood
If the SYN packet rate of new TCP connections,

including retransmission, to one destination IP
address exceeds the configured threshold value, the
action is executed.
2000 packets per second.
tcp_port_scan
tcp_src_session
If the SYN packet rate of new TCP connections,

including retransmission, from one source IP address
exceeds the configured threshold value, the action is
executed.
If the number of concurrent TCP connections from
one source IP address exceeds the configured
threshold value, the action is executed.
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5000 concurrent sessions.
Security policies
Anomaly Name
Description
tcp_dst_session
If the number of concurrent TCP connections to one

destination IP address exceeds the configured
udp_flood
udp_scan
udp_src_session
udp_dst_session
icmp_flood
icmp_sweep
icmp_src_
session
icmp_dst_
session
ip_src_session
ip_dst_session
sctp_flood
If the UDP traffic to one destination IP address

exceeds the configured threshold value, the action is
executed.
If the number of UDP sessions originating from one
source IP address exceeds the configured threshold
value, the action is executed.
If the number of concurrent UDP connections from
If the number of concurrent UDP connections to one
If the number of ICMP packets sent to one
If the number of ICMP packets originating from one
If the number of concurrent ICMP connections from
If the number of concurrent ICMP connections to one
If the number of concurrent IP connections from one
If the number of concurrent IP connections to one
If the number of SCTP packets sent to one
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300 concurrent sessions
2000 packets per second
Security policies
Anomaly Name
Description
sctp_scan
If the number of SCTP sessions originating from one

1000 packets per second
sctp_src_session
sctp_dst_session
If the number of concurrent SCTP connections from

If the number of concurrent SCTP connections to
one destination IP address exceeds the configured
Status
The status field is enabled to enable the sensor for the associated anomaly. In terms of actions performed there
is no difference between disabling a sensor and having the action as Pass but by disabling sensors that are not
being used for blocking or logging you can save some resources of the firewall that can be better used elsewhere.
Logging
Regardless of whether the traffic is blocked or passed through the anomalous traffic will be logged.
Pass
Allows the anomalous traffic to pass through unimpeded.
Block
For Thresholds based on the number of concurrent sessions blocking the anomaly will not allow more than the
number of concurrent sessions set as the threshold.
For rate based thresholds where the threshold is measured in packets per second, the Action setting Block
prevents the overwhelming of the firewall by anomalous traffic in one of 2 ways. Setting which of those 2 ways will
be issued is determined in the CLI.
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continuous - blocks any packets that match the anomaly criteria once the threshold has been reached
periodical - allows matching anomalous traffic up to the rate set by the threshold.
To set the type of block action for the rate based anomaly sensors:
config ips global
set anomaly-mode continuous
set anomaly-mode periodical
end
Threshold
The threshold can be either in terms of concurrent session or in packets per second depending on which sensor is
being referred to.
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Security policies
One-arm IDS
Interface-based policy only defines what and how IPS functions are applied to the packets transmitted by the
interface. It works no matter if the port is used in a forwarding path or used as an One-Arm device.
To enable One-Arm IDS, the user should first enable sniff-mode on the interface,
config system interface
edit port2
set ips-sniffer-mode enable
next
end
Once sniff-mode is turned on, both incoming and outgoing packets will be dropped after IPS inspections. The port
can be connected to a hub or a switch's SPAN port. Any packet picked up by the interface will still follow the
interface policy so different IPS and DoS anomaly checks can be applied.
IPv6 IPS
IPv6 IPS signature scan can be enabled by interface policy. The user can create an normal IPS sensor and assign
it to the IPv6 interface policy.
config firewall interface-policy6
edit 1
set interface "port1"
set srcaddr6 "all"
set dstaddr6 "all"
set service6 "ANY"
set ips-sensor-status enable
set ips-sensor "all_default"
next
end
Traffic destined to the FortiGate unit

IPS enabled in firewall policies can only inspect the traffic pass through FortiGate unit, not the traffic destined to
FortiGate unit. Enabling IPS in interface-policy allows IPS to pick up any packet on the interface so it is able to
inspect attacks targeting FGT.
Dropped, flooded, broadcast, multicast and L2 packets

In many evaluation or certification tests, FortiGate firewall is often required to log any packets dropped by the
firewall. In most of cases, these packets are of invalid headers so firewall just drops them silently. It is natural to
forward all these packets to IPS first so FortiGate firewall is able to generate logs for invalid packets.
Flooded, broadcast and multicast traffics do not reach any of services in the forwarding path. They can be
inspected by the interface policy as long as they match the addresses defined. Potentially, L2 packets can also be
sent to IPS for inspection through interface-policy, but it is not enabled in FortiOS 5.2.
GUI and CLI

Now in FortiGate, there are two places that IPS can be enabled, in a firewall policy and in an interface policy. In
the firewall policy implementation, IPS sensor can be configured in both CLI and GUI. When adding an IPS
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Security policies
sensor to an interface policy it must be done through the CLI. There is no GUI input window for the Interface
Policy. There is however, a DoS Policy section in the GUI.
Local-In policies
On the FortiGate unit, there are a number of protocols and traffic that is specific to the internal workings of
FortiOS. For many of these traffic sources, you can identify a specific port/IP address for this self-originating
traffic. The following traffic can be configured to a specific port/IP address:
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SNMP
Syslog
alert email
FortiManager connection IP
FortiGuard services
FortiAnalyzer logging
NTP
DNS
Authorization requests such as RADIUS
FSSO
Security policies control the flow of traffic through the FortiGate unit. The FortiGate unit also includes the option
of controlling internal traffic, that is, management traffic.
Each interface includes an allow access configuration to allow management access for specific protocols. Local
policies are set up automatically to allow all users all access. Local-in policies takes this a step further, to enable
or restrict the user with that access. This also extends beyond the allow access selection.
Local-in policies are configured in the CLI with the commands:
config firewall local-in-policy
edit <policy_number>
set intf <source_interface>
set srcaddr <source_address>
set dstaddr <destination_address>
set action {accept | deny}
set service <service name>
set schedule <schedule_name>
end
For example, you can configure a local-in policy so that only administrators can access the FortiGate unit on
weekends from a specific management computer at 192.168.21.12, represented by the address object mgmtcomp1, using SSH on port 3 (192.168.21.77 represented by the address object FG-port3) using the Weekend
schedule which defines the time the of access.
edit <1>
set intf port3
set srcaddr mgmt-comp1
set dstaddr FG-port3
set action accept
set service SSH
set schedule Weekend
end
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Security policies
You can also disable a policy should there be a requirement to turn off a policy for troubleshooting or other
purpose. To disable a policy enter the commands:
edit <policy_number>
set status disable
end
Use the same commands with a status of enable to use the policy again.
Local-in policies are also supported for IPv6 by entering the command
config firewall local-in-policy6.
Security policy 0
Any security policy that is automatically added by the FortiGate unit has a policy ID number of zero (0). The most
common reasons the FortiGate unit creates this policy is:
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The IPsec policy for FortiAnalyzer (and FortiManager version 3.0) is automatically added when an IPsec connection
to the FortiAnalyzer unit or FortiManager is enabled.
The policy to allow FortiGuard servers to be automatically added has a policy ID number of zero.
The (default) drop rule that is the last rule in the policy and that is automatically added has a policy ID number of
zero.
When a network zone is defined within a VDOM, the intra-zone traffic set to allow or block is managed by policy 0 if
it is not processed by a configured security policy.
This policy can appear in logs but will never appear in the security policy list, and therefore, can never be
repositioned in the list.
When viewing the FortiGate firewall logs, you may find a log field entry indicating policyid=0. The following log
message example indicates the log field policyid=0 in bold.
2008-10-06 00:13:49 log_id=0022013001 type=traffic subtype=violation pri=warning
vd=root SN=179089 duration=0 user=N/A group=N/A rule=0 policyid=0 proto=17
service=137/udp app_type=N/A status=deny src=10.181.77.73 srcname=10.181.77.73
dst=10.128.1.161 dstname=10.128.1.161 src_int=N/A dst_int="Internal" sent=0 rcvd=0
src_port=137 dst_port=137 vpn=N/A tran_ip=0.0.0.0 tran_port=0
Deny policies
Deny security policies deny traffic that is coming into the network. The FortiGate unit automatically blocks traffic
that is associated with a deny security policy.
Deny security policies are usually configured when you need to restrict specific traffic, for example, SSH traffic.
Deny security policies can also help when you want to block a service, such as DNS, but allow a specific DNS
server.
There is a disparity in the effectiveness of deny policies. Only deny policies that
contain VIPs will block traffic directed at those VIPs. Policies with VIPs are processed
before other polices, so using a deny policy earlier in the list will not work. For more on
this topic, read the "Exception to policy order" on page 86.
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Security policies
Accept policies
Accept security policies accept traffic that is coming into the network. These policies allow traffic through the
FortiGate unit, where the packets are scanned, translated if NAT is enabled, and then sent out to its destination.
Accept security policies are the most common security policies that are created in FortiOS. These security
policies are basic policies, such as allowing Internet access, as well as complex policies, such as IPsec VPN.
Fixed port
Some network configurations do not operate correctly if a NAT policy translates the source port of packets used
by the connection. NAT translates source ports to keep track of connections for a particular service.
From the CLI you can enable fixedport when configuring a security policy for NAT policies to prevent source port
translation.
config firewall policy
edit <policy-id>
...
set fixedport enable
...
end
However, enabling fixedport means that only one connection can be supported through the firewall for this
service. To be able to support multiple connections, add an IP pool, and then select Dynamic IP pool in the policy.
The firewall randomly selects an IP address from the IP pool and assigns it to each connection. In this case, the
number of connections that the firewall can support is limited by the number of IP addresses in the
Endpoint security
Endpoint security enforces the use of the FortiClient End Point Security (FortiClient and FortiClient Lite)
application on your network. It can also allow or deny endpoints access to the network based on the application
installed on them.
By applying endpoint security to a security policy, you can enforce this type of security on your network.
FortiClient enforcement can check that the endpoint is running the most recent version of the FortiClient
application, that the antivirus signatures are up-to-date, and that the firewall is enabled. An endpoint is usually
often a single PC with a single IP address being used to access network services through a FortiGate unit.
With endpoint security enabled on a policy, traffic that attempts to pass through, the FortiGate unit runs
compliance checks on the originating host on the source interface. Non-compliant endpoints are blocked. If
someone is browsing the web, the endpoints are redirected to a web portal which explains the non-compliance
and provides a link to download the FortiClient application installer. The web portal is already installed on the
FortiGate unit, as a replacement message, which you can modify if required.
Endpoint Security requires that all hosts using the security policy have the FortiClient Endpoint Security agent
installed. Currently, FortiClient Endpoint Security is available for Microsoft Windows 2000 and later only.
For more information about endpoint security, see the Security Profiles chapter in the FortiOS Handbook.
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Security policies
Traffic logging
When you enable logging on a security policy, the FortiGate unit records the scanning process activity that
occurs, as well as whether the FortiGate unit allowed or denied the traffic according to the rules stated in the
security policy. This information can provide insight into whether a security policy is working properly, as well as if
there needs to be any modifications to the security policy, such as adding traffic shaping for better traffic
performance.
Depending on what the FortiGate unit has in the way of resourses, there may be advantages in optimizing the
amount of logging taking places. This is why in each policy you are given 3 options for the logging:
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No Log - Does not record any log messages about traffic accepted by this policy.
Log Security Events - records only log messages relating to security events caused by traffic accepted by this
policy.
Log all Sessions - records all log messages relating to all of the traffic accepted by this policy.
Depending on the the model, if the Log all Sessions option is selected there may be 2 additional options. These
options are normally available in the GUI on the higher end models such as the FortiGate 600C or larger.
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Generate Logs when Session Starts
Capture Packets
You can also use the CLI to enter the following command to write a log message when a session starts:
edit <policy-index>
set logtraffic-start
end
Traffic is logged in the traffic log file and provides detailed information that you may not think you need, but do.
For example, the traffic log can have information about an application used (web: HTTP.Image), and whether or
not the packet was SNAT or DNAT translated. The following is an example of a traffic log message.
2011-04-13
05:23:47
log_id=4
type=traffic
subtype=other
pri=notice
vd=root
status="start"
src="10.41.101.20"
srcname="10.41.101.20"
src_port=58115
dst="172.20.120.100"
dstname="172.20.120.100"
dst_country="N/A"
dst_port=137
tran_ip="N/A"
tran_port=0
tran_sip="10.31.101.41"
tran_sport=58115
service="137/udp"
proto=17
app_type="N/A"
duration=0
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Security policies
rule=1
policyid=1
sent=0
rcvd=0
shaper_drop_sent=0
shaper_drop_rcvd=0
perip_drop=0
src_int="internal"
dst_int="wan1"
SN=97404 app="N/A"
app_cat="N/A"
carrier_ep="N/A"
If you want to know more about logging, see the Logging and Reporting chapter in the FortiOS Handbook. If you
want to know more about traffic log messages, see the FortiGate Log Message Reference.
Quality of service
The Quality of Service (QoS) feature allows the management of the level of service and preference given to the
various types and sources of traffic going through the firewall so that the traffic that is important to the services
and functions connecting through the firewall gets the treatment required to ensure the level of quality that is
required.
QoS uses the following techniques:
Traffic policing
Packets are dropped that do not conform to bandwidth limitations
Traffic Shaping
Assigning minimum levels of bandwidth to be allocated to specific traffic flows to

guarantee levels of servers or assigning maximum levels of bandwidth to be allocated
to specific traffic flows so that they do not impede other flows of traffic.
This helps to ensure that the traffic may consume bandwidth at least at the guaranteed rate by assigning a
greater priority queue if the guarantee is not being met. Traffic shaping also ensures that the traffic cannot
consume bandwidth greater than the maximum at any given instant in time. Flows that are greater than the
maximum rate are subject to traffic policing.
Queuing
Assigning differing levels priority to different traffic flows so that traffic flows that are adversely effected by latency
are prevented from being effected by traffic flows that are not subject to the effects of latency. All traffic in a
higher priority traffic queue must be completely transmitted before traffic in lower priority queues will be
transmitted.
An example of where you would want to use something like this is if you had competing traffic flows of Voice over
IP traffic and email traffic. The VoIP traffic is highly susceptible to latency issues.If you have a delay of a few
seconds it is quickly noticeable when it is occurring. Email on the other hand can have a time delay of much
longer and it is highly unlikely that it will be noticed at all.
By default, the priority given to any traffic is high, so if you want to give one type of
traffic priority over all other traffic you will need to lower the priority of all of the other
traffic.
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Security policies
Policy Monitor
Once policies have been configured and enabled it is useful to be able to monitor them. To get an overview about
what sort of traffic the policies are processing go to Policy > Monitor > Policy Monitor.
The window is separated into two panes.
Upper pane
The upper pane displays a horizontal bar graph comparing the Top Policy Usage based on one of the following
criteria:
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Active Sessions
Bytes
Packets
The criteria that the displayed graph is based on can be selected from the drop down menu in the upper right
corner of the pane. The field name is Report By:.
The bars of the graph are interactive to an extent and can be used to drill down for more specific information. If
you hover the cursor over the bar of the graph a small popup box will appear displaying more detailed information.
If the bar of the graph is selected an entirely new window will be displayed using a vertical bar graph to divide the
data that made up the first graph by IP address.
For example if the first graph was reporting usage by active sessions it would include a bar for each of the top
policies with a number at the end showing how many sessions were currently going through that policy. If one of
the bars of the graph was then selected the new bar graph would show the traffic of that policy separated by
either Source Address, Destination Address or Destination Port. As in the other window, the selection for
the reported criteria is in the upper right corner of the pane. If the parameter was by source address there would
be a bar for each of the IP addresses sending a session through the policy and the end of the bar would show how
many sessions.
To go back to the previous window of information in the graphs select the Return link in the upper left of the pane.
Lower pane
The lower pane contains a spreadsheet of the information that the bar graph will derive their information from.
The column headings will include:
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Policy ID
Source Interface/Zone
Destination Interface/Zone
Action
Active Sessions
Bytes
Packets
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Network defense
This section describes in general terms the means by which attackers can attempt to compromise your network
and steps you can take to protect it. The goal of an attack can be as complex as gaining access to your network
and the privileged information it contains, or as simple as preventing customers from accessing your web server.
Even allowing a virus onto your network can cause damage, so you need to protect against viruses and malware
even if they are not specifically targeted at your network.
The following topics are included in this section:
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Monitoring
Monitoring
Monitoring, in the form of logging, alert email, and SNMP, does not directly protect your network. But monitoring
allows you to review the progress of an attack, whether afterwards or while in progress. How the attack unfolds
may reveal weaknesses in your preparations. The packet archive and sniffer policy logs can reveal more details
about the attack. Depending on the detail in your logs, you may be able to determine the attackers location and
identity.
While log information is valuable, you must balance the log information with the resources required to collect and
store it.

Protection against attacks is important, but attackers often use vulnerabilities and network tools to gather
information about your network to plan an attack. It is often easier to prevent an attacker from learning important
details about your network than to defend against an attack designed to exploit your particular network.
Attacks are often tailored to the hardware or operating system of the target, so reconnaissance is often the first
step. The IP addresses of the hosts, the open ports, and the operating systems the hosts are running is
invaluable information to an attacker. Probing your network can be as simple as an attacker performing an
address sweep or port scan to a more involved operation like sending TCP packets with invalid combinations of
flags to see how your firewall reacts.
Address sweeps
An address sweep is a basic network scanning technique to determine which addresses in an address range have
active hosts. A typical address sweep involves sending an ICMP ECHO request (a ping) to each address in an
address range to attempt to get a response. A response signifies that there is a host at this address that
responded to the ping. It then becomes a target for more detailed and potentially invasive attacks.
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Network defense
Address sweeps do not always reveal all the hosts in an address range because some systems may be configured
to ignore ECHO requests and not respond, and some firewalls and gateways may be configured to prevent ECHO
requests from being transmitted to the destination network. Despite this shortcoming, Address sweeps are still
used because they are simple to perform with software tools that automate the process.
Use the icmp_sweep anomaly in a DoS policy to protect against address sweeps.
There are a number of IPS signatures to detect the use of ICMP probes that can gather information about your
network. These signatures include AddressMask, Traceroute, ICMP.Invalid.Packet.Size, and
ICMP.Oversized.Packet. Include ICMP protocol signatures in your IPS sensors to protect against these
probes/attacks.
Port scans
Potential attackers may run a port scan on one or more of your hosts. This involves trying to establish a
communication session to each port on a host. If the connection is successful, a service may be available that the
attacker can exploit.
Use the DoS anomaly check for tcp_port_scan to limit the number of sessions (complete and incomplete)
from a single source IP address to the configured threshold. If the number of sessions exceed the threshold, the
configured action is taken.
Use the DoS anomaly check for udp_scan to limit UDP sessions in the same way.
Probes using IP traffic options

Every TCP packet has space reserved for eight flags or control bits. They are used for communicating various
control messages. Although space in the packet is reserved for all eight, there are various combinations of flags
that should never happen in normal network operation. For example, the SYN flag, used to initiate a session, and
the FIN flag, used to end a session, should never be set in the same packet.
Attackers may create packets with these invalid combinations to test how a host will react. Various operating
systems and hardware react in different ways, giving a potential attackers clues about the components of your
network.
The IPS signature TCP.Bad.Flags detects these invalid combinations. The default action is pass though you
can override the default and set it to Block in your IPS sensor.
Configure packet replay and TCP sequence checking

The anti-replay CLI command allows you to set the level of checking for packet replay and TCP sequence
checking (or TCP Sequence (SYN) number checking). All TCP packets contain a Sequence Number (SYN) and an
Acknowledgement Number (ACK). The TCP protocol uses these numbers for error free end-to-end
communications. TCP sequence checking can also be used to validate individual packets.
FortiGate units use TCP sequence checking to make sure that a packet is part of a TCP session. By default, if a
packet is received with sequence numbers that fall out of the expected range, the FortiGate unit drops the
packet. This is normally a desired behavior, since it means that the packet is invalid. But in some cases you may
want to configure different levels of anti-replay checking if some of your network equipment uses non-RFC
methods when sending packets.
Configure the anti-replay CLI command:
config system global
set anti-replay {disable | loose | strict}
113
Network defense
end
You can set anti-replay protection to the following settings:

l
disable No anti-replay protection.
loose Perform packet sequence checking and ICMP anti-replay checking with the following criteria:
The SYN, FIN, and RST bit can not appear in the same packet.
The FortiGate unit does not allow more than one ICMP error packet through before it receives a normal TCP or
UDP packet.
If the FortiGate unit receives an RST packet, and check-reset-range is set to strict, the FortiGate unit checks to
determine if its sequence number in the RST is within the un-ACKed data and drops the packet if the sequence
number is incorrect.
strict Performs all of the loose checking but for each new session also checks to determine of the TCP
sequence number in a SYN packet has been calculated correctly and started from the correct value for each new
session. Strict anti-replay checking can also help prevent SYN flooding.
If any packet fails a check it is dropped.
Configure ICMP error message verification

Enable ICMP error message verification to ensure an attacker can not send an invalid ICMP error message.
check-reset-range {disable | strict}
end
l
disable the FortiGate unit does not validate ICMP error messages.
strict enable ICMP error message checking.
If the FortiGate unit receives an ICMP error packet that contains an embedded IP(A,B) | TCP(C,D) header, then if
FortiOS can locate the A:C->B:D session it checks to make sure that the sequence number in the TCP header is
within the range recorded in the session. If the sequence number is not in range then the ICMP packet is
dropped. Strict checking also affects how the anti-replay option checks packets.
Protocol header checking

Select the level of checking performed on protocol headers.
check-protocol-header {loose | strict}
end
l
loose the FortiGate unit performs basic header checking to verify that a packet is part of a session and should
be processed. Basic header checking includes verifying that the layer-4 protocol header length, the IP header
length, the IP version, the IP checksum, IP options are correct, etc.
strict the FortiGate unit does the same checking as above plus it verifies that ESP packets have the correct
sequence number, SPI, and data length.
If the packet fails header checking it is dropped by the FortiGate unit.
Evasion techniques
Attackers employ a wide range of tactics to try to disguise their techniques. If an attacker disguises a known
attack in such a way that it is not recognized, the attack will evade your security and possibly succeed. FortiGate
security recognizes a wide variety of evasion techniques and normalizes data traffic before inspecting it.
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Network defense
Packet fragmentation
Information sent across local networks and the Internet is encapsulated in packets. There is a maximum
allowable size for packets and this maximum size varies depending on network configuration and equipment
limitations. If a packet arrives at a switch or gateway and it is too large, the data it carries is divided among two or
more smaller packets before being forwarded. This is called fragmentation.
When fragmented packets arrive at their destination, they are reassembled and read. If the fragments do not
arrive together, they must be held until all of the fragments arrive. Reassembly of a packet requires all of the
fragments.
The FortiGate unit automatically reassembles fragmented packets before processing them because fragmented
packets can evade security measures. Both IP packets and TCP packets are reassembled by the IPS engine
before examination.
For example, you have configured the FortiGate unit to block access to the example.org web site. Any checks for
example.com will fail if a fragmented packet arrives and one fragment contains http://www.exa while the
other contains mple.com/. Viruses and malware can be fragmented and avoid detection in the same way. The
FortiGate unit will reassemble fragmented packets before examining network data to ensure that inadvertent or
deliberate packet fragmentation does not hide threats in network traffic.
Non-standard ports
Most traffic is sent on a standard port based on the traffic type. The FortiGate unit recognizes most traffic by
packet content rather than the TCP/UDP port and uses the proper IPS signatures to examine it. Protocols
recognized regardless of port include DHCP, DNP3, FTP, HTTP, IMAP, MS RPC, NNTP, POP3, RSTP, SIP,
SMTP, and SSL, as well as the supported IM/P2P application protocols.
In this way, the FortiGate unit will recognize HTTP traffic being sent on port 25 as HTTP rather than SMTP, for
example. Because the protocol is correctly identified, the FortiGate unit will examine the traffic for any enabled
HTTP signatures.
Negotiation codes
Telnet and FTP servers and clients support the use of negotiation information to allow the server to report what
features it supports. This information has been used to exploit vulnerable servers. To avoid this problem, the
FortiGate unit removes negotiation codes before IPS inspection.
HTTP URL obfuscation

Attackers encode HTML links using various formats to evade detection and bypass security measures. For
example, the URL www.example.com/cgi.bin could be encoded in a number of ways to avoid detection but still
work properly, and be interpreted the same, in a web browser.
The FortiGate prevents the obfuscation by converting the URL to ASCII before inspection.
HTTP URL obfuscation types

Encoding type
Example
No encoding
http://www.example.com/cgi.bin/
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Network defense
Encoding type
Example
Decimal
encoding
http://www.example.com/cg&
#105;.bin/
URL encoding
http://www.example.com/%43%47%49
%2E%42%49%4E%2F
ANSI encoding
Directory
traversal
http://www.example.com/%u0063%u0067%
u0069%u002E%u0062%u0069%u006E/
http://www.example.com/cgi.bin/test/../
HTTP header obfuscation

The headers of HTTP requests or responses can be modified to make the discovery of patterns and attacks more
difficult. To prevent this, the FortiGate unit will:
l
remove junk header lines
reassemble an HTTP header thats been folded onto multiple lines
move request parameters to HTTP POST body from the URL
The message is scanned for any enabled HTTP IPS signatures once these problems are corrected.
HTTP body obfuscation

The body content of HTTP traffic can be hidden in an attempt to circumvent security scanning. HTTP content can
be GZipped or deflated to prevent security inspection. The FortiGate unit will uncompress the traffic before
inspecting it.
Another way to hide the contents of HTTP traffic is to send the HTTP body in small pieces, splitting signature
matches across two separate pieces of the HTTP body. The FortiGate unit reassembles these chunked bodies
before inspection.
Microsoft RPC evasion

Because of its complexity, the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call protocol suite is subject to a number of known
evasion techniques, including:
l
SMB-level fragmentation
DCERPC-level fragmentation
DCERPC multi-part fragmentation
DCERPC UDP fragmentation
Multiple DCERPC fragments in one packet
The FortiGate unit reassembles the fragments into their original form before inspection.
116
Network defense

A denial of service is the result of an attacker sending an abnormally large amount of network traffic to a target
system. Having to deal with the traffic flood slows down or disables the target system so that legitimate users can
not use it for the duration of the attack.
Any network traffic the target system receives has to be examined, and then accepted or rejected. TCP, UDP,
and ICMP traffic is most commonly used, but a particular type of TCP traffic is the most effective. TCP packets
with the SYN flag are the most efficient DoS attack tool because of how communication sessions are started
between systems.
The three-way handshake

Communication sessions between systems start with establishing a TCP/IP connection. This is a simple three
step process, sometimes called a three-way handshake, initiated by the client attempting to open the
connection.
1. The client sends a TCP packet with the SYN flag set. With the SYN packet, the client informs the server of its
intention to establish a connection.
2. If the server is able to accept the connection to the client, it sends a packet with the SYN and the ACK flags set.
This simultaneously acknowledges the SYN packet the server has received, and informs the client that the server
intends to establish a connection.
3. To acknowledge receipt of the packet and establish the connection, the client sends an ACK packet.
Establishing a TCP/IP connection
Connection initiation request: SYN
Request acknowledgement: SYN/ACK
Server
Client
Connection initiated: ACK
The three-way handshake is a simple way for the server and client to each agree to establish a connection and
acknowledge the other party expressing its intent. Unfortunately, the three-way handshake can be used to
interfere with communication rather than facilitate it.
SYN flood
When a client sends a SYN packet to a server, the server creates an entry in its session table to keep track of the
connection. The server then sends a SYN+ACK packet expecting an ACK reply and the establishment of a
connection.
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Network defense
An attacker intending to disrupt a server with a denial of service (DoS) attack can send a flood of SYN packets and
not respond to the SYN+ACK packets the server sends in response. Networks can be slow and packets can get
lost so the server will continue to send SYN+ACK packets until it gives up, and removes the failed session from
the session table. If an attacker sends enough SYN packets to the server, the session table will fill completely,
and further connection attempts will be denied until the incomplete sessions time out. Until this happens, the
server is unavailable to service legitimate connection requests.
A single client launches a SYN flood attack


Server
Client
SYN floods are seldom launched from a single address so limiting the number of connection attempts from a
single IP address is not usually effective.
SYN spoofing
With a flood of SYN packets coming from a single attacker, you can limit the number of connection attempts from
the source IP address or block the attacker entirely. To prevent this simple defense from working, or to disguise
the source of the attack, the attacker may spoof the source address and use a number of IP addresses to give the
appearance of a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. When the server receives the spoofed SYN packets,
the SYN+ACK replies will go to the spoofed source IP addresses which will either be invalid, or the system
receiving the reply will not know what to do with it.
A client launches a SYN spoof attack
Client
Server
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Network defense
DDoS SYN flood

The most severe form of SYN attack is the distributed SYN flood, one variety of distributed denial of service
attack (DDoS). Like the SYN flood, the target receives a flood of SYN packets and the ACK+SYN replies are never
answered. The attack is distributed across multiple sources sending SYN packets in a coordinated attack.
Multiple attackers launch a distributed SYN flood


Server
The distributed SYN flood is more difficult to defend against because multiple clients are capable of creating a
larger volume of SYN packets than a single client. Even if the server can cope, the volume of traffic may
overwhelm a point in the network upstream of the targeted server. The only defence against this is more
bandwidth to prevent any choke-points.
Configuring the SYN threshold to prevent SYN floods

The preferred primary defence against any type of SYN flood is the DoS anomaly check for tcp_syn_flood
threshold. The threshold value sets an upper limit on the number of new incomplete TCP connections allowed per
second. If the number of incomplete connections exceeds the threshold value, and the action is set to Pass, the
FortiGate unit will allow the SYN packets that exceed the threshold. If the action is set to Block, the FortiGate
unit will block the SYN packets that exceed the threshold, but it will allow SYN packets from clients that send
another SYN packet.
The tools attackers use to generate network traffic will not send a second SYN packet when a SYN+ACK response
is not received from the server. These tools will not retry. Legitimate clients will retry when no response is
received, and these retries are allowed even if they exceed the threshold with the action set to Block.
SYN proxy
FortiGate units with network acceleration hardware, whether built-in or installed in the form of an add-on module,
offer a third action for the tcp_syn_flood threshold. Instead of Block and Pass, you can choose to Proxy the
incomplete connections that exceed the threshold value.
When the tcp_syn_flood threshold action is set to f, incomplete TCP connections are allowed as normal as
long as the configured threshold is not exceeded. If the threshold is exceeded, the FortiGate unit will intercept
incoming SYN packets from clients and respond with a SYN+ACK packet. If the FortiGate unit receives an ACK
119
Network defense
response as expected, it will replay this exchange to the server to establish a communication session between
the client and the server, and allow the communication to proceed.
Other flood types

UDP and ICMP packets can also be used for DoS attacks, though they are less common. TCP SYN packets are
so effective because the target receives them and maintains a session table entry for each until they time out.
Attacks using UDP or ICMP packets do not require the same level of attention from a target, rendering them less
effective. The target will usually drop the offending packets immediately, closing the session.
Use the udp_flood and icmp_flood thresholds to defend against these DoS attacks.
DoS policies
DDoS attacks vary in nature and intensity. Attacks aimed at saturating the available bandwidth upstream of your
service can only be countered by adding more bandwidth. DoS policies can help protect against DDoS attacks
that aim to overwhelm your server resources.
DoS policy recommendations

l
Use and configure DoS policies to appropriate levels based on your network traffic and topology. This will help drop
traffic if an abnormal amount is received.
It is important to set a good threshold. The threshold defines the maximum number of sessions/packets per second
of normal traffic. If the threshold is exceeded, the action is triggered. Threshold defaults are general
recommendations, although your network may require very different values.
One way to find the correct values for your environment is to set the action to Pass and enable logging. Observe
the logs and adjust the threshold values until you can determine the value at which normal traffic begins to generate
attack reports. Set the threshold above this value with the margin you want. Note that the smaller the margin, the
more protected your system will be from DoS attacks, but your system will also be more likely to generate false
alarms.
120
GUI and CLI - what you may not know

The Graphic User Interface (GUI) is designed to be as intuitive as possible but there are always a few things that
are left out because to put all of that information on the interface would clutter it up to the point where it wouldnt
be graphical and intuitive anymore.
This section is made up of knowledge that will make working with the both of the management interfaces easier
because you wont have to find out about things like field limitations through trial and error. Some of it has to do
with changing in how navigation in the GUI has changed.
The section includes the topics:
l
Mouse Tricks
Naming Rules and Restrictions
Character Restrictions
Length of Fields Restrictions
Object Tagging and Coloring
Numeric Values
To Enable or Disable Optionally Displayed Features
121
Mouse tricks
In previous version of the firmware much of the navigation, editing or choosing of options in the Web-based
Manager was carried out by using the mouse in combination with a number of icons visible on the interface. This
version of the firmware makes more extensive use of the right or secondary mouse button as well as the drag
and drop feature. If you are used to the old Web-based Manager interface you will notice that a number of the
options at the top of the display window are not there anymore or there are fewer of them.
To get a feel for the new approach the Policy &Objects > Policy > IPv4 window is a noticeable place to see
some of these changes in action.
The different view modes are still in the upper right-hand corner as they were before but now there is no column
settings link to move or configure the columns of the window. Now if you wish to reposition a column just use the
mouse to click on the column heading and drag it to its new position. If you wish to add a new column just rightclick on one of the column headings and a drop down menu will appear with the option Column Settings. Use
the right pointing triangle to expand the Column Settings option to see a choice of possible columns for the
window you are in. Those already selected will be at the top with a checked box and the available new ones will
be at the bottom ready to be selected.
Rather than having a link to initiate a move in the positioning of policies in the sequence, you can select a policy
and hold down the mouse button and drag it to its new position.
By right or secondary clicking the mouse curser in the cells of the Policy window you will get a drop down menu
that is contextual to the column and policy row where you made the clck.For example if you right click in the
Schedule column for the row that is for policy #5 you will get the option to select a schedule for policy #5 along
with a number of other configuration options relating to that policy or its position in the sequence of policies.
You will find this approach used much more frequently through out the Web-based Manager, giving it a more
modern and intuitive feel once you learn to use the right mouse button rather than finding a link displayed on the
page.
122

The Policy &Objects > Policy > IPv4 window is one of the more important ones in the Web based interface
and has the capacity to display a lot of information, but displaying all of that information at the same time makes
for a very busy screen. If all of the columns are displayed, depending on the screen size you may have to
constantly use the scroll bars to see what you need to look at. The default installation shows some of the more
commonly used columns but these list may not consist of the columns that you wish to look at or the order that
you wish to view them in. For this reason it is possible, through the CLI to override these settings to establish a
new default.
The syntax of the command starts with:
config system settings
set gui-default-policy-columns
The rest of the command is a space delimited list that depends on the columns you wish to view and the order
you wish to view them in. The possible selection is in the following table.
Variables for the gui-default-policy-columns command

Variable Name
Column Heading
Sequence Number
policyid
Policy ID
srcintf
Source Interface
dstintf
Destination Interface
srcaddr
Source Addresses
dstaddr
Destination Addresses
schedule
Policy Schedule
service
Policy Services
action
Policy Action
logtraffic
Traffic Logging Status
nat
Policy NAT Status
status
Policy Status
authentication
Authentication Groups
123
Variable Name
Column Heading
count
Policy Traffic Counter
profile
Security Profiles
vpntunnel
VPN Tunnel
comments
Policy Comment
Example
If you wanted these columns in this order, Policy ID, Source Addresses, Destination Addresses, Security Profiles,
Policy Comment. You would enter the command:
set gui-default-policy-columns policyid srcaddr dstaddr profile comments
124
Naming rules and restrictions

The following are the specific rules that are obeyed by the FortiGate.
Duplicate Name Issues:
l
A VLAN cannot have the same name as a physical interface.
An Address must not have the same name as an Address Group.
An Address or Address Group must not have the same name as a Virtual IP Address.
A Service cannot have the same name as a Service Group.
A VLAN must not have the same name as a VDOM.
A VLAN or VDOM must not have the same name as a Zone.
Try to make each firewall object name as unique as possible so that it cannot be
confused with another object.
125
Character restrictions
A name can contain numbers (0-9), uppercase and lowercase letters (A-Z, a-z), spaces, and the special
characters - and _. Other characters are not allowed
The special characters < > () # " ' are allowed only in the following fields:
l
Passwords
Replacement message
Firewall policy description
IPS customized signature
Antivirus blocked file pattern
Web Filter banned word
Spam filter banned word
interface PPPoE client user name
modem dialup account user name
modem dialup telephone number
Where you would normally be tempted to use spaces in a name try using the "-" or "_".
There are a few name fields were it is not an issue but most of them will trigger serious
and unpredictable issues if there is a space in the name field of the object.
126
Numeric values
Numeric values are used to configure various sizes, rates, numeric addresses, or other numeric values. For
example, a static routing priority of 10, a port number of 8080, or an IP address of 10.10.10.1. Numeric values
can be entered as a series of digits without spaces or commas (for example, 10 or 64400), in dotted decimal
format (for example the IP address 10.10.10.1) or as in the case of MAC or IPv6 addresses separated by colons
(for example, the MAC address 00:09:0F:B7:37:00). Most numeric values are standard base-10 numbers, but
some fields (again such as MAC addresses) require hexadecimal numbers.
Most web-based manager numeric value fields make it easy to add the acceptable number of digits within the
allowed range. CLI help includes information about allowed numeric value ranges. Both the web-based manager
and the CLI prevent you from entering invalid numbers.
127
Numeric values
Numeric values are used to configure various sizes, rates, numeric addresses, or other numeric values. For
example, a static routing priority of 10, a port number of 8080, or an IP address of 10.10.10.1. Numeric values
can be entered as a series of digits without spaces or commas (for example, 10 or 64400), in dotted decimal
format (for example the IP address 10.10.10.1) or as in the case of MAC or IPv6 addresses separated by colons
(for example, the MAC address 00:09:0F:B7:37:00). Most numeric values are standard base-10 numbers, but
some fields (again such as MAC addresses) require hexadecimal numbers.
Most web-based manager numeric value fields make it easy to add the acceptable number of digits within the
allowed range. CLI help includes information about allowed numeric value ranges. Both the web-based manager
and the CLI prevent you from entering invalid numbers.
128

If a configuration field can only contain one of a number of selected options, the web-based manager and CLI
present you a list of acceptable options and you can select one from the list. No other input is allowed. From the
CLI you must spell the selection name correctly.
129

If a configuration field can only be on or off (enabled or disabled) the web-based manager presents a check box or
other control that can only be enabled or disabled. From the CLI you can set the option to enable or disable.
130
131
To enable or disable optionally displayed features

There are a number of features in the web-based manager that can be configured to either be displayed if you are
likely to use them or disabled if you have no need to see them. The ones that may be relevant to the function of
the Firewall are:
l
Central NAT Table
Dynamic Profile
Explicit Proxy
Implicit Firewall Policies
IPv6
Load Balance
Local In Policy
You can enable or disable these features by going to System > Admin > Settings or by using the following CLI
options:
config
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
end
system global
gui-ap-profile {disable | enable}
gui-central-nat-table {disable | enable}
gui-dns-database {disable | enable}
gui-dynamic-profile-display {disable | enable}
gui-icap {disable | enable}
gui-implicit-id-based-policy {disable | enable}
gui-implicit-policy {disable | enable}
gui-ipsec-manual-key {enable | disable}
gui-ipv6 {enable|disable}
gui-lines-per-page <gui_lines>
gui-load-balance {disable|enable}
gui-object-tags {disable | enable}
gui-policy-interface-pairs-view {enable|disable}
gui-voip-profile {disable | enable}
132

The other chapters in the Firewall book have so far been concerned primarily with concepts and abstract ideas
that are designed you help you understand what is going on with the firewall and what it can do. Now that we
have a good grounding in the what it is time to get into the how.
This section will provide the instructions for the web-based manager (when available) and the CLI for adding and
or editing FortiGate firewall objects and then how to put them together when building a policy to govern the traffic
flowing through your network. To give some context, scenarios have been included. The instructions here are
concerned with the creation of the objects. The inclusion of these objects into firewall policies is not shown in
these instructions.
This chapter includes the instructions for building the following:
l
IPv4 Firewall Addresses
FQDN address
New Geography-based Address
IPv4 Address Group
IPv4 Address Group
IPv6 Address Group
Multicast Address
Service Category
TCP/UDP/SCTP Service
ICMP Service
ICMPv6 Service
Service Group
Virtual IP address
IP Pool
Central NAT Table
Firewall Schedule - Recurring
Firewall Schedule - One-time
Schedule Group
Proxy Option
DoS Policy
133

The other chapters in the Firewall book have so far been concerned primarily with concepts and abstract ideas
that are designed you help you understand what is going on with the firewall and what it can do. Now that we
have a good grounding in the what it is time to get into the how.
This section will provide the instructions for the web-based manager (when available) and the CLI for adding and
or editing FortiGate firewall objects and then how to put them together when building a policy to govern the traffic
flowing through your network. To give some context, scenarios have been included. The instructions here are
concerned with the creation of the objects. The inclusion of these objects into firewall policies is not shown in
these instructions.
This chapter includes the instructions for building the following:
l
FQDN address
New Geography-based Address
IPv4 Address Group
IPv4 Address Group
IPv6 Address Group
Multicast Address
Service Category
TCP/UDP/SCTP Service
ICMP Service
ICMPv6 Service
Service Group
Virtual IP address
IP Pool
Central NAT Table
Firewall Schedule - Recurring
Firewall Schedule - One-time
Schedule Group
Proxy Option
DoS Policy

You need to create an IPv4 address for the Mail Server on Port1 of your internal network.
134
These server is on the network off of port1.
The IP address is 192.168.1.27
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
There should be a tag for this address being for a server
1. Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses and select Create New > Address.
Category
Address
Name
Mail_Server
Type
Subnet / IP Range
Subnet / IP Range
192.168.1.27/255.255.255.0
Interface
port1
Visibility
<enabled>
Comments
<add any additional discription>
3. Select OK.
4. Enter the following CLI command:
config firewall address
edit Mail_Server
set type ipmask
set subnet 192.168.1.27 255.255.255.255
set associated-interface port1
end

You need to create an IPv4 address for the subnet of the internal network off of Port1.
l
These computers are on the network off of port1.
The subnet is the range from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255.
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
There should be a reference to this being the network for the 1st floor of the building.
2. Fill out the fields with the following information
Category
Address
Name
Internal_Subnet_1
Type
Subnet
Subnet / IP Range
192.168.1.0/24
Interface
port1
135
visibility
<enabled>
Comments
Network for 1st Floor
3. Select OK.
edit Internal_Subnet_1
Set comment Network for 1st Floor
set type ipmask
set subnet 192.168.1.0/24
end
Scenario: Marketing department

You need to create an IPv4 address for the address range for a group of computers used by the Marketing
Department.
l
The IP addresses for these computers range from 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.115
Category
Address
Name
Marketing_computers
Type
IP Range
Subnet / IP Range
192.168.1.100-192.168.1.115
Interface
port1
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
<Input into this field is optional>
3. Select OK.
set type iprange
set start-ip 192.168.1.100
set end-ip 192.168.1.115
end
Verification
To verify that the addresses were added correctly:
136
1. Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses. Check that the addresses have been added to the address list
and that they are correct.
edit <the name of the address to verify>
show full-configuration

You need to create an IPv6 address for the Mail Server on Port1 of your internal network.
l
These server is on the network off of port1.
The IP address is 2001:db8:0:2::20/64
There should be a tag for this address being for a server
Category
IPv6 Address
Name
Mail_Server
Type
Subnet
Subnet / IP Range
2001:db8:0:2::20/64
Interface
port1
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
3. Select OK.
config firewall address6
edit Mail_Server
set type ipmask
set subnet 2001:db8:0:2::20/64
end

You need to create an IPv4 address for the subnet of the internal network off of Port1.
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The Network uses the IPv6 addresses: fdde:5a7d:f40b:2e9d:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
There should be a reference to this being the network for the 1st floor of the building.
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Category
IPv6 Address
Name
Internal_Subnet_1
Type
Subnet
Subnet / IP Range
2001:db8:0:2::/64
Interface
port1
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
Network for 1st Floor
3. Select OK.
Set comment Network for 1st Floor
set subnet 2001:db8:0:2::/64
end
Verification
edit <the name of the address that you wish to verify>
Show full-configuration
Example: FQDN address

You have to great a policy that will govern traffic that goes to a site that has a number of servers on the Internet.
Depending on the traffic or the possibility that one of the servers is down network traffic can go to any one of
those sites. The consistent factor is that they all use the same Fully Qualified Domain Name.
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The FQDN of the web site: example.com
The number of ISP connections off of the FortiGate firewall: 2
Category
Address
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Name
BigWebsite.com
Type
FQDN
FQDN
bigwebsite.com
Interface
any
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
3. Select OK.
edit BigWebsite.com
set type fqdn
set associated-interface any
set fqdn bigwebsite.com
end
Verification
1. Go to Firewall Objects > Address > Addresses. Check that the addresses have been added to the address
list and that they are correct.

To make sure that the FQDN resolves to the most recent active server you have been asked to make sure that the
FortiGate has not cached the address for any longer than 10 minutes.
There is no field for the cached time-to-live in the web-based manager. It is only configurable in the CLI. Enter the
following commands:
edit BigWebsite.com
set cache-ttl 600
end
Example: Geography-based address

Your company is US based and has information on its web site that may be considered information that is not
allowed to be sent to embargoed countries. In an effort to help reduce the possibility of sensitive information
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going to those countries you have be asked to set up addresses for those countries so that they can be block in
the firewall policies.
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One of the countries you have been asked to block is Cuba
You have been asked to comment the addresses so that other administrators will know why they have been created
Category
Address
Name
Cuba
Type
Geography
Country
Cuba
Interface
any
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
Embargoed
3. Select OK.
edit Cuba
set type geography
set country CN
set interface wan1
end

Your company has a small division that is in Denmark that has a number of remote users that need to connect to
a resource from either home, office or customer sites. The thing that they have in common is that there are all in
Denmark. An address group needs to be created that will allow for this.
The preconfigured addresses to use will consist of:
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Denmark - a geography based address
Denmark_ISP1 - a IP range of address of an ISP that services Denmark
Denmark_ISP2 - a IP range of address of another ISP that services Denmark
Denmark_Division - the FQDN of the Denmark office that uses Dynamic DNS
1. Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses and select Create New > Address Group.
Type
IPv4 Group
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Group Name
Denmark_Users
Show in Address List
<enable>
Members
Denmark
Denmark_ISP1
Denmark_ISP2
Denmark_Division
Comments
3. Select OK.
config firewall addrgrp
edit Denmark_Users
set member Denmark Denmark_ISP1 Denmark_ISP2 Denmark_Division
end

config firewall addgrp

Create IPv6 address groups from existing IPv6 addresses
Your company has 3 internal servers with IPv6 addresses that it would like to group together for the purposes of a
number of policies.
The preconfigured addresses to use will consist of:
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Web_Server-1
Web_Server-2
Web_Server-3
1. Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses and select Create New > Address Group.
Type
IPv6 Group
Group Name
Web_Server_Cluster
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Show in Address List
<enable>
Members
Web_Server-1
Web_Server-2
Web_Server-3
Comments
3. Select OK.
config firewall addrgrp6
edit Web_Server_Cluster
set member Web_Server-1 Web_Server-2 Web_Server-3
end

config firewall addgrp6
Example: Multicast address

The company has a large high tech campus that has monitors in many of its meeting rooms. It is common
practice for company wide notifications of importance to be done in a streaming video format with the CEO of the
company addressing everyone at once.
The video is High Definition quality so takes up a lot of bandwidth. To minimize the impact on the network the
network administrators have set things up to allow the use of multicasting to the monitors for these notifications.
Now it has to be set up on the FortiGate firewall to allow the traffic.
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The range being used for the multicast is 239.5.0.0 to 239.5.255.255
The interface on this FortiGate firewall will be on port 4
Category
Multicast Address
Name
Meeting_Room_Displays
Type
Multicast IP Range
Multicast IP Range
239.5.0.0-239.5.255.255
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Interface
port4
Visibility
<enable>
Comments
3. Select OK.
config firewall multicast-address
edit "meeting_room_display"
set associated-interface "port9"
set start-ip 239.5.0.0
set end-ip 239.5.255.255
set visibility enable
next
end
To verify that the address range was added correctly:

config firewall multicast-address
Example: Service category

Add a new category to the list of Service Categories
You plan on adding a number of devices such as web cameras that will allow the monitoring of the physical
security of your datacenter. A number of non-standard services will have to be created and you would like to keep
them grouped together under the heading of Surveillance
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services and select Create New > Category.
Name
Surveillance
Comments
For DataCenter Surveillance Devices
3. Select OK.
config firewall service category
Edit Surveillance
Set comment For DataCenter Surveillance Devices
end
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To verify that the category was added correctly:

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services. Select the Category Settings icon . A listing of the categories
should be displayed.
config firewall service category
show
This should bring up all of the categories. Check to see that the new one is displayed.
Example: TCP/UDP/SCTP service

To create and configure a TCP/UDP/STCP protocol type service.
You have set up some new web cams at work that send a constant live feed to a security service. Not only do
these cameras have a feed that can be sent offsite they can be remotely managed from a browser or an
application.
The ports that need to be opened to use all of the features of the web cams are:
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Management by browser - TCP on port 8000
Real time video feed - UDP on port 4000
Connection through vendor application - SCTP on port 1600
The IP address of the offsite service is 256.25.56.12 (Not a valid IP address. Used for example only)
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One service will be needed for the incoming connections
One service will be needed for the outgoing connections
The IT manager would like the service for the outgoing data stream to be tied to the destination of the
Surveillance service site so that service can only be used for that one vendor.
To add the incoming service

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services and select Create New > Service.
Name
WebCam_Connection-incoming
Comments
Service Type
Firewall
Show in Service List
Check in check box
Category
Surveillance
Protocol Type
TCP/UDP/SCTP
IP/FQDN
<Leave blank>
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Destination Port
Source Port
Protocol
Low
High
Low
High
TCP
8000
8000
65535
SCTP
16000
16000
65535
The source port range can be left blank as the default is 1 to 65635.
3. Select OK.
config firewall service custom
edit WebCam_Connection-incoming
Set protocol TCP/UDP/SCTP
Set tcp-portrange 8000
Set sctp-portrange 16000
Set visibility enable
end
To add the outgoing service

Name
WebCam_Connection-outgoing
Comments
Service Type
Firewall
Color
<Changing this value is optional>
Check in check box
Category
Surveillance
Protocol Type
TCP/UDP/SCTP
IP/FQDN
256.25.56.12
Destination Port
Source Port
Protocol
Low
High
Low
High
TCP
4000
4000
65535
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3. Select OK.
edit WebCam_Connection-incoming
Set protocol TCP/UDP/SCTP
Set category Surveillance
Set udp-portrange 4000
Set iprange 256.25.56.12
Set visibility enable
end

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services. Check that the services have been added to the service list and
that they are correct.
edit <the name of the service that you wish to verify>
This should bring up all of the details of the service.
Example: ICMP service

The Security Officer would like to block the use of the traceroute utility through the network. The IT manager
insists that ping and other ICMP utility must be allows for the task of diagnosing connectivity, so it is agreed that
only traceroute functionality will be blocked.
The ICMP type for traceroute is 30. There is no codes with the type.
Web-based Manager Instructions

Name
traceroute
Comments
Service Type
Firewall
Check in check box
Category
Uncategorized
Protocol Type
ICMP
Type
30
Code
<Leave blank>
3. Select OK.
146

edit traceroute
set protocol ICMP
set icmptype 30
end

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services. Check that the services have been added to the services list and
Example: ICMPv6 service

The IT Manager is doing some diagnostics and would like to temporarily block the successful replies of ICMP
Node information Responses between 2 IPv6 networks.
The ICMP type for ICMP Node informations responses is 140. The codes for a successful response is 0.
Web-based Manager Instructions

Name
diagnostic-test1
Comments
Service Type
Firewall
Check in check box
Category
Uncategorized
Protocol Type
ICMP6
Type
140
Code
3. Select OK.
edit diagnostic-test1
set protocol ICMP6
set icmptype 140
set icmpcode 0
end
147

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services. Check that the services have been added to the services list and
Example: Service group

The company provide email services for a number of different companies. They have a standard list
of services that they like to keep open to their customer's email servers, including webmail services.
The company prides itself on getting a customer up and going the same day so they use standard
templates for everything to make sure nothing is forgotten including the services that are available.
The services include:
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IMAP
IMAPS
POP3
POP3S
SMTP
SMTPS
HTTP
HTTPS
Email_Admin - a custom service for administration of the servers
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services and select Create New > Service Group.
Group Name
Cust_Email_Serv_Template
Comments
(Optional)
Type
Firewall
Members
(click to add...choose from the drop down)
IMAP
IMAPS
POP3
POP3S
SMTP
SMTPS
HTTP
HTTPS
Email_Admin
3. Select OK.
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config firewall service group

edit Cust_Email_Serv_Template
set member IMAP IMAPS POP3 POP3S SMTP SMTPS HTTP HTTPS Email_
Admin
next
end

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Services. Check that the service group has been added to the services list
and that it is correct.
Example: Virtual IP address

The company has an web server on the internal network that needs to be accessed from the Internet.
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The internal IP address is 192.168.50.37
The external IP address is 256.85.94.60 (for example use only. Not a valid IP address)
The external IP address is assigned by ISP "A" on WAN1
The port that needs to be mapped is 80
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects> Virtual IPs and select Create New.
2. Fill out the fields with the following information.
VIP Type
IPv4
Name
Web1-VIP
Comments
Virtual IP for the Forum Webserver
Interface
wan1
Type
(This field can only be changed in the CLI)
Source Address Filter
<disabled>
External IP Address/Range
256.85.94.60
Mapped IP Address/Range
192.168.50.37
Port Forwarding
<enabled>
Protocol
TCP
External Service Port
80
Map to Port
80
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3. Select OK.
config firewall vip
edit Web1-VIP
set comment Virtual IP for the Forum Webserver
set extintf wan1
set extip 256.85.94.60
set mappedip 192.168.50.37
set portforward enable
set protocol tcp
set extport 80
set mapped port 80
end
end

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects> Virtual IPs. Check that the virtual IP address has been added to the list
and that it is correct.
config firewall vip
edit <the name of the vip that you wish to verify>
VIP group
The company has only a single external IP address but multiple servers with different functions running on its
internal LAN that need to be accessed from the Internet.
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The external IP address of the company on wan1 is 256.34.56.149 (for example use only. Not a valid IP address)
The webserver is on the internal LAN on 192.168.100.86
The webserver needs to answer on ports 80 443
The administration of the FortiGate firewall connects on port 4443 instead of 443
There is are also a separate email server, FTP server, and Terminal Server for specialised applications.
2 Virtual IPs have been created to map 256.34.56.149 to 192.168.100.86 on ports 80 and 443. The names are
webserver_80 and webserver_443 respectively.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects> Virtual IPsand select Create New > Virtual IP Group.
2. Fill out the fields with the following information.
Type
IPv4 VIP Group
Name
WebServer_Grp
Comments
(Optional)
Interface
wan1
Members
webserver_80
webserver_443
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config firewall vipgrp

edit WebServer_Grp
set member webserver_80 webserver_443
next
end

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Virtual IPs. Check that the virtual IP address group has been added to the
list and that it is correct.
config firewall vipgrp
edit <the name of the vip that you wish to verify>
Example: IP pool
Your company has an application server on the internal network that sends out regular data updates to an offsite
service. In order to make the service site more secure, they only accept connections from predefined IP address.
If the external IP address of the FortiGate firewall interface were used that would mean that the service would be
accepting sessions from just about any user in the network so a separate IP address need so be assigned for the
Network Address Translation.
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The external address that will be used is one that has been assigned to the company by the ISP on WAN2
The address is 256.100.42.129 (for example use only. Not a valid IP address)
The ARP interface cannot be set in the Web-based Manager but as this is the only
path that the traffic will be coming from the outside this should not be an issue. The
setting has been included in the CLI instructions so that you will now how to set it in a
situation where you want the ARP replies to be answered only on a specific interface.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > IP Pools.

IP Pool Type
IPv4 Pool
Name
App_Server1
Comments
Addresses assignment for this server only.
Type
One-to-One
External IP Range
256.100.42.129
ARP Reply
<enabled>
3. Select OK.
config firewall ippool
edit App_Server1
set comments ''Addresses assignment for this server only."
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set
set
set
set
set
end
type one-to-one
arp-reply enable
arp-intf wan2
startip 256.100.42.129
endip 256.100.42.129

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > IP Pools.
2. Check that the IP Pool has been added to the list of IP Pools and that the listed settings are correct.
edit <the name of the IP Pool you wish to verify>
Example: Central NAT table

The company has a server on the Development LAN that needs to communicate with a server at a remote site
over the Internet. One of the restrictions on the communications between these systems is that the IP address
and source port must be specific.
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The traffic going out on to the Internet must be NATed
The traffic is coming from a server with the IP address 192.168.150.86
An address called app-server has been created for the address 192.168.150.86 on the port1 interface
The external interface must be 256.23.45.67
An address called "app-server-ext" has been created for the address 256.23.45.67 on the wan1 interface
The originating traffic from the server originates in the port range from 2000 to 3000
The remote site requires that the source TCP port must be within the 12000 to 13000 range
The original address and Translated Address fields require values that are address names that are listed in the
address section of Firewall Objects.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > Central NAT > Create New .
Source Address
app-server
Translated Address
app-server-ext
Original Source Port
2000
Translated Port
12000-13000
3. Select OK.
config firewall central-nat
edit 0
set orig-addr app-server
set nat-ippool app-server-ext
set orig-port 2000
152
set nat-port 12000-13000

next
end
To verify that the table was added correctly:

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > Central NAT.
2. Check that the table has been added to the list of Central NAT Tables and that the listed settings are correct.
config firewall central-nat
4. Verify that the listing of tables includes the one that you have just configured, with the correct settings.
When configuring the Central NAT in the GUI you may notice that only those
addresses which have been configured to be associated with any interface are
displayed in the drop down menu for choosing a Source Address and yet the CLI will
allow any address to be used, not just those associated with any interface. This is
because by default the policies in the GUI use a function of cross referencing which
addresses are allowed based on which interface is involved in the policy. When
combined with the aspect of Central NAT that doesnt restrict to a specific interface.
This means the only addresses will be allowed are those associated with the any
interface. The CLI does not have this cross referencing function which is why the CLI
seems less restrictive. However, more care must be taken when using the CLI to make
sure that appropriate addresses are used.
Example: Firewall schedule - recurring

The Company wants to allow the use of Facebook by employees, but only during none business hours and the
lunch break.
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The business hours are 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
The Lunch break is 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.
The plan is to create a schedule to cover the morning business hours and the afternoon business hours and block
access to the Facebook web site during that time.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Objects > Schedule.

2. Select Create New > Schedule.
Type
Recurring
Name
Morning_Business_Hours
Days
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
Start Time
Hour = 9, Minute = 0
Stop Time
153
4. Select OK.
config firewall schedule recurring
edit Morning_Business_Hours
set day monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday
set start 09:00
set end 12:00
end
6. Create a second new schedule.

Type
Recurring
Name
Morning_Business_Hours
Days
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
Start Time
Stop Time
7. Select OK.
edit Afternoon_Business_Hours
set day monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday
set start 13:00
set end 18:00
end
To verify that the schedule was added correctly:

2. Check that the schedule with the name you used has been added to the list of recurring schedules and that the
listed settings are correct.
edit <the name of the schedule you wish to verify>
Example: Firewall schedule - one-time

The company wants to change over their web site image to reference the new year. They have decided to take
this opportunity to do some hardware upgrades as well. Their web site is business oriented so they have
determined that over New Years Eve there will be very limited traffic.
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They are going to need a maintenance window of 2 hours bracketing midnight on New Years Eve.

2. Select Create New > Schedule.
154
Type
One-time
Name
NewYearsEve_Maintenance
Start Date
2014/12/31 <use the built in calendar>
End Date
2015/01/01 <use the built in calendar>
Start Time
Hour: 23, Minute: 0
Stop Time
Hour: 1Minute: 0
Pre-expiration event log
<disable>
4. Select OK.
config firewall schedule onetime
edit maintenance_window
set start 23:00 2012/12/31
set end 01:00 2013/01/01
next
end

2. Check that the schedule with the name you used has been added to the list of recurring schedules and that the
listed settings are correct.
config firewall schedule onetime
edit <the name of the schedule you wish to verify>
group you wish to verify>
Example: Schedule group

In order to make the administration of the policies easier a group needs to be created.
2. Select Create New > Schedule Group.
Name
Business_Hours
Members
Morning_Business_Hours Afternoon_Business_Hours
4. Select OK.
edit Business_Hours
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set member Morning_Business_Hours Afternoon_Business _ours

end

2. Check that the schedule group with the name you used has been added to the list of schedule groups.
edit <the name of the schedule
Example: Proxy option

The company will be using a number of the Security Profiles features on various policies but wants to use as few
profiles as possible to make administration simpler. The decision has been made to have two profiles, the default
one and a single customized one that will be a combination of the settings required to cover the situations that
will not be covered by the default profile.
The company profile will have the following parameters:
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There are no FTP servers running on the site so there is no need for FTP.
The company has a non-standard IMAP implementation the uses port 1143.
The Comfort Clients is to be used with a ratio of 1 byte for every 15 seconds.
There is a lot of varied email traffic so there is to be no blocking of emails due to size beyond the settings on the
mail servers.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > Proxy Options.

2. Create a new profile
Name
example_standard
Comments
<optional>
Log Oversized Files
<disabled>
Protocol port mapping:

Enable
Protocol
Inspection Ports
enabled
HTTP
Specify and <leave on default setting.>
enabled
SMTP
enabled
POP3
enabled
IMAP
Specify and 1143
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Enable
Protocol
Inspection Ports
not enabled
FTP
enabled
NNTP
enabled
MAPI
<leave on default setting.>
enabled
DNS
<leave on default setting.>
Common options
Comfort Clients
enabled
Interval (Seconds)
15
Amount(bytes)
Block Oversized File/Email
not enabled
Threshold(MB)
not enabled
Web options
Enabled Chunked Bypass
not enabled
Add Fortinet Bar
not enabled
Communication Port
<Unseen because Add Fortinet Bar is not enabled>
Email Options
Allow Fragmented
Messages
<not enabled>
Append Signature (SMTP)
<not enabled>
Email Signature Text
<Unseen because Append Signature is not enabled>
4. Select OK.
config firewall profile-protocol-options
edit example_standard
config http
set options clientcomfort no-content-summary
set comfort-interval 15
next
config ftp
set status disable
157
set options clientcomfort no-content-summary splice

next
config imap
set ports "1143"
set options fragmail no-content-summary
next
config mapi
next
config pop3
next
config smtp
set options fragmail no-content-summary splice
next
config nntp
set options no-content-summary splice
next
config ssh
set inspect-all enable
set log x11-filter ssh-shell exec port-forward
next
end
Oversized files
A couple of variations on the example could have to do with the processing of oversized files at a level other than
the default setting. The ways that it can be approached are:
Set a non default threshold size and block the files
Set a non default threshold size and not scan the files over the threshold but allow them to pass through the
FortiGate firewall.
In the following instructions:
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We will just use 2 MB as the new threshold.

In the CLI instructions we will limit the configuration to just the HTTP settings for the purposes of brevity and
simplicity.
Option 1
Option 1 can be done in the GUI.
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > Proxy Options.
2. Edit the profile that you wan the change in.
Common Options
Comfort Clients
enabled
158
Interval (Seconds)
15
Amount(bytes)
Block Oversized File/Email
enabled
Threshold(MB)
4. Select OK.
config http
set options clientcomfort no-content-summary oversize
set oversize-limit 2
next
end
Option 2
Option 2 can only be done in the CLI. Enter the following CLI command:
config http
set options clientcomfort no-content-summary
set oversize-limit 2
next
end
Example: DoS policy

The company wishes to protect against Denial of Service attach. They have chosen some where they wish to
block the attacks of the incidence goes above a certain threshold and for some others they are just trying to get a
baseline of activity for those types of attacks so they are letting the traffic pass through without action.
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The interface to the Internet is on WAN1
There is no requirement to specify which addresses are being protected or protected from.
The protection is to extend to all services.
The TCP attacks are to be blocked
The UDP, ICMP, and IP attacks are to be recorded but not blocked.
The tcp_syn_flood attachs threshold is to be changed from the default to 1000
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > DoS.

2. Create a new policy
159
Incoming Interface
wan1
Source Address
all
Destination Addresses
all
Service
ALL
Anomalies
Name
Status
Logging
Action
Threshold
tcp_syn_flood
enabled
enabled
Block
1000
tcp_port_scan
enabled
enabled
Block
<default value>
tcp_src_session
enabled
enabled
Block
<default value>
tcp_dst_session
enabled
enabled
Block
<default value>
udp_flood
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
udp_scan
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
udp_src_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
udp_dst_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
icmp_flood
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
icmp_sweep
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
icmp_src_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
icmp_dst_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
ip_src_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
ip_dst_session
enabled
enabled
Pass
<default value>
sctp_flood
not enabled
not enabled
Pass
<default value>
sctp_scan
not enabled
not enabled
Pass
<default value>
sctp_src_session
not enabled
not enabled
Pass
<default value>
sctp_dst_session
not enabled
not enabled
Pass
<default value>
4. Toggle the button next to Enable this policy to ON.

5. Select OK.
160
config firewall DoS-policy

edit 0
set status enable
set interface ''
config anomaly
edit "tcp_syn_flood"
set status enable
set log enable
set action block
set threshold 1000
next
edit "tcp_port_scan"
set status enable
set log enable
set action block
next
edit "tcp_src_session"
set status enable
set log enable
set action block
next
edit "tcp_dst_session"
set status enable
set log enable
set action block
next
edit "udp_flood"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "udp_scan"
set status disable
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "udp_src_session"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "udp_dst_session"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "icmp_flood"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "icmp_sweep"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "icmp_src_session"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "icmp_dst_session"
set status enable
161
set log enable

next
edit "ip_src_session"
set status enable
set log enable
next
edit "ip_dst_session"
set status enable
set log enable
next
end
next
end
162
Multicasting (also called IP multicasting) consists of using a single multicast source to send data to many
receivers. Multicasting can be used to send data to many receivers simultaneously while conserving bandwidth
and reducing network traffic. Multicasting can be used for one-way delivery of media streams to multiple receivers
and for one-way data transmission for news feeds, financial information, and so on.
Also RIPv2 uses multicasting to share routing table information, OSPF uses multicasting to send hello packets
and routing updates, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) uses multicasting to send routing
information to all EIGRP routers on a network segment and the Bonjour network service uses multicasting for
DNS.
A FortiGate unit can operate as a Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) version 2 router. FortiGate units support
PIM sparse mode (RFC 4601) and PIM dense mode (RFC 3973) and can service multicast servers or receivers on
the network segment to which a FortiGate unit interface is connected. Multicast routing is not supported in
transparent mode (TP mode).
To support PIM communications, the sending/receiving applications and all
connecting PIM routers in between must be enabled with PIM version 2. PIM can use
static routes, RIP, OSPF, or BGP to forward multicast packets to their destinations.
To enable source-to-destination packet delivery, either sparse mode or dense mode
must be enabled on the PIM-router interfaces. Sparse mode routers cannot send
multicast messages to dense mode routers. In addition, if a FortiGate unit is located
between a source and a PIM router, two PIM routers, or is connected directly to a
receiver, you must create a security policy manually to pass encapsulated (multicast)
packets or decapsulated data (IP traffic) between the source and destination.
A PIM domain is a logical area comprising a number of contiguous networks. The domain contains at least one
Boot Strap Router (BSR), and if sparse mode is enabled, a number of Rendezvous Points (RPs) and Designated
Routers (DRs). When PIM is enabled on a FortiGate unit, the FortiGate unit can perform any of these functions at
any time as configured.
Sparse mode
Initially, all candidate BSRs in a PIM domain exchange bootstrap messages to select one BSR to which each RP
sends the multicast address or addresses of the multicast group(s) that it can service. The selected BSR chooses
one RP per multicast group and makes this information available to all of the PIM routers in the domain through
bootstrap messages. PIM routers use the information to build packet distribution trees, which map each multicast
group to a specific RP. Packet distribution trees may also contain information about the sources and receivers
associated with particular multicast groups.
163
When a FortiGate unit interface is configured as a multicast interface, sparse mode is

enabled on it by default to ensure that distribution trees are not built unless at least
one downstream receiver requests multicast traffic from a specific source. If the
sources of multicast traffic and their receivers are close to each other and the PIM
domain contains a dense population of active receivers, you may choose to enable
dense mode throughout the PIM domain instead.
An RP represents the root of a non-source-specific distribution tree to a multicast group. By joining and pruning
the information contained in distribution trees, a single stream of multicast packets (for example, a video feed)
originating from the source can be forwarded to a certain RP to reach a multicast destination.
Each PIM router maintains a Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB) that determines to which neighboring
PIM router join and prune messages are sent. An MRIB contains reverse-path information that reveals the path of
a multicast packet from its source to the PIM router that maintains the MRIB.
To send multicast traffic, a server application sends IP traffic to a multicast group address. The locally elected DR
registers the sender with the RP that is associated with the target multicast group. The RP uses its MRIB to
forward a single stream of IP packets from the source to the members of the multicast group. The IP packets are
replicated only when necessary to distribute the data to branches of the RPs distribution tree.
To receive multicast traffic, a client application can use Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 1
(RFC 1112), 2 (RFC 2236), or 3 (RFC 3376) control messages to request the traffic for a particular multicast
group. The locally elected DR receives the request and adds the host to the multicast group that is associated
with the connected network segment by sending a join message towards the RP for the group. Afterward, the DR
queries the hosts on the connected network segment continually to determine whether the hosts are active.
When the DR no longer receives confirmation that at least one member of the multicast group is still active, the
DR sends a prune message towards the RP for the group.
FortiOS supports PIM sparse mode multicast routing for IPv6 multicast (multicast6) traffic and is compliant with
RFC 4601: Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM). You can use the following command to
configure IPv6 PIM sparse multicast routing.
config router multicast6
set multicast-routing {enable | disable}
config interface
edit <interface-name>
set hello-interval <1-65535 seconds>
set hello-holdtime <1-65535 seconds>
end
config pim-sm-global
config rp-address
edit <index>
set ipv6-address <ipv6-address>
end
The following diagnose commands for IPv6 PIM sparse mode are also available:
diagnose ipv6 multicast status
diagnose ipv6 multicast vif
diagnose ipv6 multicast mroute
164
Dense mode
The packet organization used in sparse mode is also used in dense mode. When a multicast source begins to
send IP traffic and dense mode is enabled, the closest PIM router registers the IP traffic from the multicast source
(S) and forwards multicast packets to the multicast group address (G). All PIM routers initially broadcast the
multicast packets throughout the PIM domain to ensure that all receivers that have requested traffic for multicast
group address G can access the information if needed.
To forward multicast packets to specific destinations afterward, the PIM routers build distribution trees based on
the information in multicast packets. Upstream PIM routers depend on prune/graft messages from downstream
PIM routers to determine if receivers are actually present on directly connected network segments. The PIM
routers exchange state refresh messages to update their distribution trees. FortiGate units store this state
information in a Tree Information Base (TIB), which is used to build a multicast forwarding table. The information
in the multicast forwarding table determines whether packets are forwarded downstream. The forwarding table is
updated whenever the TIB is modified.
PIM routers receive data streams every few minutes and update their forwarding tables using the source (S) and
multicast group (G) information in the data stream. Superfluous multicast traffic is stopped by PIM routers that do
not have downstream receiversPIM routers that do not manage multicast groups send prune messages to the
upstream PIM routers. When a receiver requests traffic for multicast address G, the closest PIM router sends a
graft message upstream to begin receiving multicast packets.
FortiGate units operating in NAT mode can also be configured as multicast routers. You can configure a
FortiGate unit to be a Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) router operating in Sparse Mode (SM) or Dense
Mode (DM).
Multicast IP addresses
Multicast uses the Class D address space. The 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 IP address range is reserved for
multicast groups. The multicast address range applies to multicast groups, not to the originators of multicast
packets. The following table lists the reserved multicast address ranges and describes what they are reserved for:
Reserved Multicast address ranges

Reserved
Address Range
224.0.0.0 to
224.0.0.255
224.0.1.0 to
238.255.255.255
Use
Notes
Used for network protocols on local

networks. For more information, see RFC
1700.
In this range, packets are not forwarded

by the router but remain on the local
network. They have a Time to Live (TTL)
of 1. These addresses are used for
communicating routing information.
Global addresses used for multicasting

data between organizations and across
the Internet. For more information, see
RFC 1700.
165
Some of these addresses are reserved,

for example, 224.0.1.1 is used for
Network Time Protocol (NTP).
Reserved
Address Range
239.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Use
Notes
Limited scope addresses used for local

groups and organizations. For more
information, see RFC 2365.
Routers are configured with filters to

prevent multicasts to these addresses
from leaving the local system.
Creating multicast security policies requires multicast firewall addresses. You can add multicast firewall
addresses by going to Firewall Objects > Address > Addresses and selecting Create New > Multicast
Address. The factory default configuration includes multicast addresses for Bonjour (224.0.0.251-224.0.0.251,
EIGRP (224.0.0.10-224.0.0.100), OSPF (224.0.0.5-224.0.0.60), all_hosts (224.0.0.1-224.0.0.1), and all_routers
(224.0.0.2-224.0.0.2).
PIM Support
A FortiGate unit can be configured to support PIM by going to Router > Dynamic > Multicast and enabling
multicast routing. You can also enable multicast routing using the config router multicast CLI
command. When PIM is enabled, the FortiGate unit allocates memory to manage mapping information. The
FortiGate unit communicates with neighboring PIM routers to acquire mapping information and if required,
processes the multicast traffic associated with specific multicast groups.
The end-user multicast client-server applications must be installed and configured to

initiate Internet connections and handle broadband content such as audio/video
information.
Client applications send multicast data by registering IP traffic with a PIM-enabled router. An end-user could type
in a class D multicast group address, an alias for the multicast group address, or a call-conference number to
initiate the session.
Rather than sending multiple copies of generated IP traffic to more than one specific IP destination address, PIMenabled routers encapsulate the data and use the one multicast group address to forward multicast packets to
multiple destinations. Because one destination address is used, a single stream of data can be sent. Client
applications receive multicast data by requesting that the traffic destined for a certain multicast group address be
delivered to them end-users may use phone books, a menu of ongoing or future sessions, or some other
method through a user interface to select the address of interest.
A class D address in the 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range may be used as a multicast group address, subject
to the rules assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). All class D addresses must be assigned
in advance. Because there is no way to determine in advance if a certain multicast group address is in use,
collisions may occur (to resolve this problem, end-users may switch to a different multicast address).
To configure a PIM domain

1. If you will be using sparse mode, determine appropriate paths for multicast packets.
2. Make a note of the interfaces that will be PIM-enabled. These interfaces may run a unicast routing protocol.
3. If you will be using sparse mode and want multicast packets to be handled by specific (static) RPs, record the IP
addresses of the PIM-enabled interfaces on those RPs.
166
4. Enable PIM version 2 on all participating routers between the source and receivers. On FortiGate units, use the
config router multicast command to set global operating parameters.
5. Configure the PIM routers that have good connections throughout the PIM domain to be candidate BSRs.
6. If sparse mode is enabled, configure one or more of the PIM routers to be candidate RPs.
7. If required, adjust the default settings of PIM-enabled interface(s).
Multicast forwarding and FortiGate units

In both transparent mode and NAT mode you can configure FortiGate units to forward multicast traffic.
For a FortiGate unit to forward multicast traffic you must add FortiGate multicast security policies. Basic
multicast security policies accept any multicast packets at one FortiGate interface and forward the packets out
another FortiGate interface. You can also use multicast security policies to be selective about the multicast traffic
that is accepted based on source and destination address, and to perform NAT on multicast packets.
In the example shown below, a multicast source on the Marketing network with IP address 192.168.5.18 sends
multicast packets to the members of network 239.168.4.0. At the FortiGate unit, the source IP address for
multicast packets originating from workstation 192.168.5.18 is translated to 192.168.18.10. In this example, the
FortiGate unit is not acting as a multicast router.
Multicast forwarding and RIPv2

RIPv2 uses multicast to share routing table information. If your FortiGate unit is installed on a network that
includes RIPv2 routers, you must configure the FortiGate unit to forward multicast packets so that RIPv2 devices
can share routing data through the FortiGate unit. No special FortiGate configuration is required to share RIPv2
data, you can simply use the information in the following sections to configure the FortiGate unit to forward
multicast packets.
RIPv1 uses broadcasting to share routing table information. To allow RIPv1 packets
through a FortiGate unit you can add standard security policies. Security policies to
accept RIPv1 packets can use the ANY predefined firewall service or the RIP
predefined firewall service.
167
Example multicast network including a FortiGate unit that forwards multicast packets
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NAT IP: 192.168.18.10
Configuring FortiGate multicast forwarding

You configure FortiGate multicast forwarding from the Command Line Interface(CLI). Two steps are required:
l
l

This second step is only required if your FortiGate unit is operating in NAT mode. If your FortiGate unit is operating
in transparent mode, adding a multicast policy enables multicast forwarding.
168
There is sometimes a confusion between the terms forwarding and routing. These
two functions should not be taking place at the same time.
It is mentioned that multicast-forward should be enabled when the FortiGate unit is in
NAT mode and that this will forward any multicast packet to all interfaces. However,
this parameter should NOT be enabled when the FortiGate unit operates as a
multicast router (i.e. with a routing protocol enabled. It should only be enabled when
there is no routing protocols activated.

You need to add security policies to allow packets to pass from one interface to another. Multicast packets require
multicast security policies. You add multicast security policies from the CLI using the config firewall
multicast-policy command. As with unicast security policies, you specify the source and destination
interfaces and optionally the allowed address ranges for the source and destination addresses of the packets.
You can also use multicast security policies to configure source NAT and destination NAT for multicast packets.
Keep the following in mind when configuring multicast security policies:
l
The matched forwarded (outgoing) IP multicast source IP address is changed to the configured IP address.
Source and Destination interfaces are optional. If left blank, then the multicast will be forwarded to ALL interfaces.
Source and Destination addresses are optional. If left un set, then it will mean ALL addresses.
The nat keyword is optional. Use it when source address translation is needed.

Multicast forwarding is enabled by default. In NAT mode you must use the multicast-forward keyword of
the system settings CLI command to enable or disable multicast forwarding. When multicastforward is enabled, the FortiGate unit forwards any multicast IP packets in which the TTL is 2 or higher to all
interfaces and VLAN interfaces except the receiving interface. The TTL in the IP header will be reduced by1.
Even though the multicast packets are forwarded to all interfaces, you must add security policies to actually allow
multicast packets through the FortiGate. In our example, the security policy allows multicast packets received by
the internal interface to exit to the external interface.
Enabling multicast forwarding is only required if your FortiGate unit is operating in NAT
mode. If your FortiGate unit is operating in transparent mode, adding a multicast
policy enables multicast forwarding.
Enter the following CLI command to enable multicast forwarding:

set multicast-forward enable
end
If multicast forwarding is disabled and the FortiGate unit drops packets that have multicast source or destination
addresses.
169
You can also use the multicast-ttl-notchange keyword of the system settings command so that
the FortiGate unit does not increase the TTL value for forwarded multicast packets. You should use this option
only if packets are expiring before reaching the multicast router.
set multicast-ttl-notchange enable
end
In transparent mode, the FortiGate unit does not forward frames with multicast destination addresses. Multicast
traffic such as the one used by routing protocols or streaming media may need to traverse the FortiGate unit, and
should not be interfere with the communication. To avoid any issues during transmission, you can set up
multicast security policies. These types of security policies can only be enabled using the CLI.
The CLI parameter multicast-skip-policy must be disabled when using multicast
security policies. To disable enter the command
set multicast-skip-policy disable
end
In this simple example, no check is performed on the source or destination interfaces. A multicast packet received
on an interface is flooded unconditionally to all interfaces on the forwarding domain, except the incoming
interface.
To enable the multicast policy

config firewall multicast-policy
edit 1
set action accept
end
In this example, the multicast policy only applies to the source port of WAN1 and the destination port of Internal.
To enable the restrictive multicast policy

edit 1
set srcintf wan1
set dstinf internal
set action accept
end
In this example, packets are allowed to flow from WAN1 to Internal, and sourced by the address 172.20.120.129,
which is represented by the address object "example_addr-1".
To enable the restrictive multicast policy

edit 1
set srcintf wan1
set srcaddr example_addr-1
set dstinf internal
set action accept
end
This example shows how to configure the multicast security policy required for the configuration shown. This
policy accepts multicast packets that are sent from a PC with IP address 192.168.5.18 to destination address
170
range 239.168.4.0. The policy allows the multicast packets to enter the internal interface and then exit the
external interface. When the packets leave the external interface their source address is translated to
192.168.18.10
edit 5
set srcaddr 192.168.5.18 255.255.255.255
set srcintf internal
set destaddr 239.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
set dstintf external
set nat 192.168.18.10
end
This example shows how to configure a multicast security policy so that the FortiGate unit forwards multicast
packets from a multicast Server with an IP 10.10.10.10 is broadcasting to address 225.1.1.1. This Server is on
the network connected to the FortiGate DMZ interface.
171

edit 1
set srcintf DMZ
set srcaddr 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.255
set dstintf Internal
set dstaddr 225.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
set action accept
edit 2
set action deny
end
Multicast routing examples

This section contains the following multicast routing configuration examples and information:
l

The example Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) configuration shown below has been tested
for multicast interoperability using PIM-SM between Cisco 3750 switches running 12.2 and a FortiGate-800
running FortiOS v3.0 MR5 patch 1. In this configuration, the receiver receives the multicast stream when it joins
the group 233.254.200.1.
172
Example FortiGate PIM-SM topology
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The configuration uses a statically configured rendezvous point (RP) which resides on the Cisco_3750_1. Using a
bootstrap router (BSR) was not tested in this example. See Example PIM configuration that uses BSR to find the
RP for an example that uses a BSR.
Configuration steps
The following procedures show how to configure the multicast configuration settings for the devices in the
example configuration.
l
Cisco_3750_1 router configuration
To configure the FortiGate-800 unit

version 12.2
!
hostname Cisco-3750-1
173
!
switch 1 provision ws-c3750-24ts
ip subnet-zero
ip routing
!
ip multicast-routing distributed
!
spanning-tree mode pvst
no spanning-tree optimize bpdu transmission
spanning-tree extend system-id
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 169.254.100.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface FastEthernet1/0/23
switchport access vlan 182
switchport mode access
!
!
interface Vlan172
ip address 10.31.138.1 255.255.255.0
ip pim sparse-mode
ip igmp query-interval 125
ip mroute-cache distributed
!
interface Vlan182
ip address 169.254.82.250 255.255.255.0
ip pim sparse-mode
!
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 169.254.82.1
ip http server
ip pim rp-address 169.254.100.1 Source-RP
!
ip access-list standard Source-RP
permit 233.254.200.0 0.0.0.255

version 12.2
!
!
ip subnet-zero
ip routing
!
!
!
174
!
witchport mode access
!
interface Vlan138
ip address 10.31.138.250 255.255.255.0
ip pim sparse-mode
!
interface Vlan182
ip address 169.254.82.1 255.255.255.0
ip pim sparse-mode
!
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.31.138.253
ip route 169.254.100.1 255.255.255.255 169.254.82.250
ip http server
!
!
permit 233.254.200.0 0.0.0.255
To configure the FortiGate-800 unit

1. Configure the internal and external interfaces.
l
Internal
Go to System > Network > Interfaces.
Select the internal interface.
Verify the following settings:
Type:
Physical Interface
Addressing mode:
Manual
IP/Network Mask:
10.31.138.253 255.255.255.0
Administrative Access:
PING
Select OK.
l
External
Go to System > Network > Interfaces.
Select the external interface.
175
Verify the following settings:

Type:
Physical Interface
Addressing mode:
Manual
IP/Network Mask:
10.31.130.253 255.255.255.0
Administrative Access:
HTTPS and PING
Select OK.
2. Add a firewall addresses.
Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses.
l
RP
Select Create New.

Use the following settings:
Category:
Address
Name:
RP
Type:
Subnet
Subnet/IP Range:
169.254.100.1/32
Interface:
Any
Visibility:
<enabled>
Select OK.
l
Multicast source subnet
Select Create New.

Category:
Address
Name:
multicast_source_subnet
Type:
Subnet
Subnet/IP Range:
169.254.82.0/24
Interface:
Any
Visibility:
<enabled>
Select OK.
176
3. Add destination multicast address

Go to Policy & Objects> Objects > Addresses.
Select Create New.
Category:
Multicast Address
Name:
Multicast_stream
Type:
Broadcast Subnet
Broadcast Subnet:
233.254.200.0/24
Interface:
Any
Visibility:
<enabled>
Select OK.
4. Add standard security policies to allow traffic to reach the RP.
Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > IPv4.
l
1st policy
Select Create New

Incoming Interface:
internal
Source Address:
all
Outgoing Interface:
external
Destination Address:
RP
Schedule:
always
Service:
ALL
Action:
ACCEPT
Select OK.
l
2nd policy
Select Create New

Incoming Interface:
external
Source Address:
RP
177
Outgoing Interface:
internal
all
Schedule:
always
Service:
ALL
Action:
ACCEPT
Select OK.
5. Add the multicast security policy.
Go to Policy & Objects > Policy > Multicast.
Select Create New.
Incoming Interface:
external
Source Address:
multicast_source_subnet
Outgoing Interface:
internal
multicast_stream
Protocol:
Any
Action:
ACCEPT
Select OK.
6. Add an access list. (CLI only)
config router access-list
edit Source-RP
config rule
edit 1
set prefix 233.254.200.0 255.255.255.0
set exact-match disable
next
end
7. Add some static routes.

Go to Router > Static > Static Routes.
l
Route 1
Select Create New.

Destination IP/Mask:
0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
178
Device:
internal
Gateway:
10.31.130.250
Distance:
<default>
Priority:
<default>
Select OK.
l
Route 2
Select Create New.

Destination IP/Mask:
169.254.0.0/16
Device:
external
Gateway:
10.31.138.250
Distance:
<default>
Priority:
<default>
Select OK.
8. Configure multicast routing.
Go to Router > Dynamic > Multicast.
Add the following Static Rendezvous Point(s):
169.254.100.1
l
Route 1
Select Create New.

Interface:
internal
PIM Mode:
Sparse Mode
DR Priority:
<not needed in this scenario>
RP Candidate:
RP Candidate Priority:
Select OK.
l
Route 2
Select Create New.
179

Interface:
external
PIM Mode:
Sparse Mode
DR Priority:
RP Candidate:
RP Candidate Priority:
Select OK.

version 12.2
!
!
ip subnet-zero
ip routing
!
!
!
!
!
interface Vlan128
ip address 10.31.128.130 255.255.255.252
ip pim sparse-mode
!
interface Vlan130
ip address 10.31.130.250 255.255.255.0
ip pim sparse-mode
!
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.31.130.1
ip http server
!
!
permit 233.254.200.0 0.0.0.255
180

Using the example topology shown below, you can trace the multicast streams and states within the three
FortiGate units (FGT-1, FGT-2, and FGT-3) using the debug commands described in this section. The command
output in this section is taken from FortiGate unit when the multicast stream is flowing correctly from source to
receiver.
PIM-SM debugging topology

10
.16
6.0
.0/
2
e
rc
ou .1
t S 55
as .2
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Checking that the receiver has joined the required group

From the last hop router, FGT-3, you can use the following command to check that the receiver has correctly
joined the required group.
FGT-3 # get router info multicast igmp groups
IGMP Connected Group Membership
Group Address Interface Uptime Expires Last Reporter
239.255.255.1 port3 00:31:15 00:04:02 10.167.0.62
Only 1 receiver is displayed for a particular group, this is the device that responded to the IGMP query request
from the FGT-3. If a receiver is active the expire time should drop to approximately 2 minutes before being
refreshed.
Checking the PIM-SM neighbors

Next the PIM-SM neighbors should be checked. A PIM router becomes a neighbor when the PIM router receives a
PIM hello. Use the following command to display the PIM-SM neighbors of FGT-3.
181
FGT-3 # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode neighbour

Neighbor Interface Uptime/Expires Ver DR
Address Priority/Mode
10.132.0.156 port2 01:57:12/00:01:33 v2 1 /
Checking that the PIM router can reach the RP

The rendezvous point (RP) must be reachable for the PIM router (FGT-3) to be able to send the *,G join to
request the stream. This can be checked for FGT-3 using the following command:
FGT-3 # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode rp-mapping
PIM Group-to-RP Mappings
Group(s): 224.0.0.0/4, Static
RP: 192.168.1.1
Uptime: 07:23:00
Viewing the multicast routing table (FGT-3)

The FGT-3 unicast routing table can be used to determine the path taken to reach the RP at 192.168.1.1. You
can then check the stream state entries using the following commands:
FGT-3 # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode table
IP Multicast Routing Table
(*,*,RP) Entries: 0
(*,G) Entries: 1
(S,G) Entries: 1
(S,G,rpt) Entries: 1
FCR Entries: 0
(*,*,RP)
Entries
This state may be reached by general joins for all groups served by a specified RP.
(*,G) Entries
State that maintains the RP tree for a given group.
(S,G) Entries
State that maintains a source-specific tree for source S and group G.
(S,G,rpt)
Entries
State that maintains source-specific information about source s on the RP tree for G.
For example, if a source is being received on the source-specific tree, it will normally
have been pruned off the RP tree.
FCR
The FCR state entries are for tracking the sources in the <*, G> when <S, G> is not
available for any reason, the stream would typically be flowing when this state exists.
Breaking down each entry in detail:

(*, 239.255.255.1)
RP: 192.168.1.1
RPF nbr: 10.132.0.156
RPF idx: port2
Upstream State: JOINED
Local:
port3
Joined:
Asserted:
FCR:
182
The RP will always be listed in a *,G entry, the RPF neighbor and interface index will also be shown. In this
topology these are the same in all downstream PIM routers. The state is active so the upstream state is joined.
In this case FGT-3 is the last hop router so the IGMP join is received locally on port3. There is no PIM outgoing
interface listed for this entry as it is used for the upstream PIM join.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1)
RPF nbr: 10.132.0.156
RPF idx: port2
SPT bit: 1
Local:
Joined:
Asserted:
Outgoing:
port3
This is the entry for the SPT, no RP IS listed. The S,G stream will be forwarded out of the stated outgoing
interface.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1, rpt)
RP: 192.168.1.1
RPF nbr: 10.132.0.156
RPF idx: port2
Upstream State: NOT PRUNED
Local:
Pruned:
Outgoing:
The above S,G,RPT state is created for all streams that have both a S,G and a *,G entry on the router. This is
not pruned in this case because of the topology, the RP and source are reachable over the same interface.
Although not seen in this scenario, assert states may be seen when multiple PIM routers exist on the same LAN
which can lead to more than one upstream router having a valid forwarding state. Assert messages are used to
elect a single forwarder from the upstream devices.
Viewing the PIM next-hop table

The PIM next-hop table is also very useful for checking the various states, it can be used to quickly identify the
states of multiple multicast streams
FGT-3 # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode next-hop
Flags: N = New, R = RP, S = Source, U = Unreachable
Destination Type Nexthop Nexthop Nexthop Metric Pref Refcnt
Num Addr Ifindex
_______________________________________________________________
10.166.0.11 ..S. 1 10.132.0.156 9 21 110 3
192.168.1.1 .R.. 1 10.132.0.156 9 111 110 2
Viewing the PIM multicast forwarding table

Also you can check the multicast forwarding table showing the ingress and egress ports of the multicast stream.
FGT-3 # get router info multicast table
Flags: I - Immediate Stat, T - Timed Stat, F - Forwarder installed
Timers: Uptime/Stat Expiry
Interface State: Interface (TTL threshold)
183
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1), uptime 04:02:55, stat expires 00:02:25

Owner PIM-SM, Flags: TF
Incoming interface: port2
Outgoing interface list:
port3 (TTL threshold 1)
Viewing the kernel forwarding table

Also the kernel forwarding table can be verified, however this should give similar information to the above
command:
FGT-3 # diag ip multicast mroute
grp=239.255.255.1 src=10.166.0.11 intf=9 flags=(0x10000000)[
] status=resolved
last_assert=2615136 bytes=1192116 pkt=14538 wrong_if=0 num_ifs=1
index(ttl)=[6(1),]

If you check the output on FGT-2 there are some small differences:
FGT-2 # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode table
(*,*,RP) Entries: 0
(*,G) Entries: 1
(S,G) Entries: 1
FCR Entries: 0
(*, 239.255.255.1)
RP: 192.168.1.1
RPF nbr: 0.0.0.0
RPF idx: None
Local:
Joined:
external
Asserted:
FCR:
The *,G entry now has a joined interface rather than local because it has received a PIM join from FGT-3 rather
than a local IGMP join.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1)
RPF nbr: 10.130.0.237
RPF idx: internal
SPT bit: 1
Local:
Joined:
external
Asserted:
Outgoing:
external
The S,G entry shows that we have received a join on the external interface and the stream is being forwarded out
of this interface.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1, rpt)
RP: 192.168.1.1
184
RPF nbr: 0.0.0.0

RPF idx: None
Upstream State: PRUNED
Local:
Pruned:
Outgoing:
External
The S,G,RPT is different from FGT-3 because FGT-2 is the RP, it has pruned back the SPT for the RP to the
first hop router.

FGT-1 again has some differences with regard to the PIM-SM states, there is no *,G entry because it is not in
the path of a receiver and the RP.
FGT-1_master # get router info multicast pim sparse-mode table
(*,*,RP) Entries: 0
(*,G) Entries: 0
(S,G) Entries: 1
FCR Entries: 0
Below the S,G is the SPT termination because this FortiGate unit is the first hop router, the RPF neighbor always
shows as 0.0.0.0 because the source is local to this device. Both the joined and outgoing fields show as external
because the PIM join and the stream is egressing on this interface.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1)
RPF nbr: 0.0.0.0
RPF idx: None
SPT bit: 1
Local:
Joined:
external
Asserted:
Outgoing:
external
The stream has been pruned back from the RP because the end-to-end SPT is flowing, there is no requirement
for the stream to be sent to the RP in this case.
(10.166.0.11, 239.255.255.1, rpt)
RP: 0.0.0.0
RPF nbr: 10.130.0.156
RPF idx: external
Upstream State: RPT NOT JOINED
Local:
Pruned:
Outgoing:

The example topology shown and described below shows how to configure destination NAT (DNAT) for two
multicast streams. Both of these streams originate from the same source IP address, which is 10.166.0.11. The
example configuration keeps the streams separate by creating 2 multicast NAT policies.
In this example the FortiGate units have the following roles:
185
FGT-1 is the RP for dirty networks, 233.0.0.0/8.
FGT-2 performs all firewall and DNAT translations.
FGT-3 is the RP for the clean networks, 239.254.0.0/16.
FGT-1 and FGT-3 are functioning as PM enabled routers and could be replaced can be any PIM enabled router.
This example only describes the configuration of FGT-2.

FGT-2 performs NAT so that the receivers connected to FGT-3 receive the following translated multicast
streams.
l
If the multicast source sends multicast packets with a source and destination IP of 10.166.0.11 and 233.2.2.1;
FGT-3 translates the source and destination IPs to 192.168.20.1 and 239.254.1.1
If the multicast source sends multicast packets with a source and destination IP of 10.166.0.11 and 233.3.3.1;
FGT-3 translates the source and destination IPs to 192.168.20.10 and 239.254.3.1
Example multicast DNAT topology

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To configure FGT-2 for DNAT multicast

1. Add a loopback interface. In the example, the loopback interface is named loopback.
edit loopback
set vdom root
set ip 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
set type loopback
next
end
186
2. Add PIM and add a unicast routing protocol to the loopback interface as if it was a normal routed interface. Also
add static joins to the loopback interface for any groups to be translated.
config router multicast
config interface
edit loopback
set pim-mode sparse-mode
config join-group
edit 233.2.2.1
next
edit 233.3.3.1
next
end
next
3. In this example, to add firewall multicast policies, different source IP addresses are required so you must first add
an IP pool:
edit Multicast_source
set endip 192.168.20.20
set interface port6
set startip 192.168.20.10
next
end
4. Add the translation security policies.

Policy 2, which is the source NAT policy, uses the actual IP address of port6. Policy 1, the DNAT policy, uses an
address from the IP pool. The source and destination addresses will need to be previously created address
objects. For this example, 233.3.3.1 255.255.255.255 will be represented by "example-addr_1" and 10.166.0.11
255.255.255.255 will be represented by "example-addr_2". You will likely want to use something more intuitive
from your own network.
edit 1
set dnat 239.254.3.1
set dstaddr example-addr_1
set dstintf loopback
set nat 192.168.20.10
set srcaddr example-addr_2
set srcintf port6
next
edit 2
set dnat 239.254.1.1
set dstaddr 233.2.2.1 255.255.255.255
set dstintf loopback
set nat 192.168.20.1
set srcaddr 10.166.0.11 255.255.255.255
set srcintf port6
next
end
5. Add a firewall multicast policy to forward the stream from the loopback interface to the physical outbound
interface.
This example is an any/any policy that makes sure traffic accepted by the other multicast policies can exit the
FortiGate unit.
187

edit 3
set dstintf port7
set srcintf loopback
next
end

This example shows how to configure a multicast routing network for a network consisting of four FortiGate-500A
units (FortiGate-500A_1 to FortiGate-550A_4). A multicast sender is connected to FortiGate-500A_2. FortiGate500A_2 forwards multicast packets in two directions to reach Receiver 1 and Receiver 2.
The configuration uses a Boot Start Router (BSR) to find the Rendezvous Points (RPs) instead of using static
RPs. Under interface configuration, the loopback interface lo0 must join the 236.1.1.1 group (source).
This example describes:
l
Commands used in this example
Configuration steps
Example debug commands
PIM network topology using BSR to find the RP

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Commands used in this example

This example uses CLI commands for the following configuration settings:
l
Adding a loopback interface (lo0)
Defining the multicast routing
Adding the NAT multicast policy
Adding a loopback interface (lo0)

Where required, the following command is used to define a loopback interface named lo0.
edit lo0
set vdom root
set ip 1.4.50.4 255.255.255.255
set allowaccess ping https ssh snmp http telnet
set type loopback
next
end
Defining the multicast routing

In this example, the following command syntax is used to define multicast routing.
The example uses a Boot Start Router (BSR) to find the Rendezvous Points (RPs) instead of using static RPs.
Under interface configuration, the loopback interface lo0 must join the 236.1.1.1 group (source).
config interface
edit port6
next
edit port1
next
edit lo0
set rp-candidate enable
config join-group
edit 236.1.1.1
next
end
set rp-candidate-priority 1
next
end
set multicast-routing enable
set bsr-allow-quick-refresh enable
set bsr-candidate enable
set bsr-interface lo0
set bsr-priority200
end
end
Adding the NAT multicast policy

In this example, the incoming multicast policy does the address translation.
189
The NAT address should be the same as the IP address of the of loopback interface. The DNAT address is the
translated address, which should be a new group.
edit 1
set dstintf port6
set srcintf lo0
next
edit 2
set dnat 238.1.1.1
set dstintf lo0
set nat 1.4.50.4
set srcintf port1
next
Configuration steps
In this sample, FortiGate-500A_1 is the RP for the group 228.1.1.1, 237.1.1.1, 238.1.1.1, and FortiGate-500A_4
is the RP for the other group which has a priority of1. OSPF is used in this example to distribute routes including
the loopback interface. All firewalls have full mesh security policies to allow any to any.
l
In the FortiGate-500A_1 configuration, the NAT policy translates source address 236.1.1.1 to 237.1.1.1
In the FortiGate-500A_4, configuration, the NAT policy translates source 236.1.1.1 to 238.1.1.1
Source 236.1.1.1 is injected into network as well.
The following procedures include the CLI commands for configuring each of the FortiGate units in the example
configuration.
To configure FortiGate-500A_1
config interface
edit port5
next
edit port4
next
edit lan
next
edit port1
next
edit lo999
next
edit lo0
set rp-candidate-group 1
next
end
190

end
end
2. Add multicast security policies.

edit 1
set dstintf port5
set srcintf port4
next
edit 2
set dstintf port4
set srcintf port5
next
edit 3
next
end
3. Add router access lists.

config router access-list
edit 1
config rule
edit 1
set prefix 228.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
set exact-match enable
next
edit 2
set prefix 237.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
next
edit 3
set prefix 238.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
next
end
next
end
config interface
edit "lan"
next
edit "port5"
next
edit "port2"
next
edit "port4"
next
edit "lo_5"
191

config join-group
edit 236.1.1.1
next
end
next
end
end

edit 1
set dstintf lan
set srcintf port5
next
edit 2
set dstintf port5
set srcintf lan
next
edit 4
set dstintf lan
set srcintf port2
next
edit 5
set dstintf port2
set srcintf lan
next
edit 7
set dstintf port1
set srcintf port2
next
edit 8
set dstintf port2
set srcintf port1
next
edit 9
set dstintf port5
set srcintf port2
next
edit 10
set dstintf port2
set srcintf port5
next
edit 11
set dnat 237.1.1.1
set dstintf lo_5
set nat 5.5.5.5
set srcintf port2
next
edit 12
set dstintf lan
set srcintf lo_5
next
edit 13
set dstintf port1
set srcintf lo_5
192
next
edit 14
set dstintf
set srcintf
next
edit 15
set dstintf
set srcintf
next
edit 16
next
end
port5
lo_5
port2
lo_5
config interface
edit port5
next
edit port6
next
edit lo0
next
edit lan
next
end
end
end

edit 1
set dstintf port5
set srcintf port6
next
edit 2
set dstintf port6
set srcintf port5
next
edit 3
set dstintf port6
set srcintf lan
next
edit 4
set dstintf lan
set srcintf port6
193
next
edit 5
set
set
next
edit 6
set
set
next
end
dstintf port5
srcintf lan
dstintf lan
srcintf port5
config interface
edit port6
next
edit lan
next
edit port1
next
edit lo0
config join-group
edit 236.1.1.1
next
end
next
end
set bsr-allow-quick-refresh enable
set bsr-priority 1
end
end

edit 1
set srcintf lan
set dstintf port6
set srcaddr all
set dstaddr all
set action accept
set schedule always
set service ANY
next
edit 2
set srcintf port6
194
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 3
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 4
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 5
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 6
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 7
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
next
edit 8
set
set
set
set
dstintf lan
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf port1
dstintf port6
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf port6
dstintf port1
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf port1
dstintf lan
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf lan
dstintf port1
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf port1
dstintf port1
srcaddr all
dstaddr all
action accept
schedule always
service ANY
srcintf
dstintf
srcaddr
dstaddr
port6
lo0
all
all
195
set action accept

set schedule always
set service ANY
next
edit 9
set srcintf port1
set dstintf lo0
set srcaddr all
set dstaddr all
set action accept
set schedule always
set service ANY
next
edit 10
set srcintf lan
set dstintf lo0
set srcaddr all
set dstaddr all
set action accept
set schedule always
set service ANY
next
end
196
Copyright 2015 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet, FortiGate, FortiCare and FortiGuard, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet,
Inc., in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company
names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and
actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein
represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written
contract, signed by Fortinets General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified
performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For
absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinets internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any
commitment related to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances may change such that any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate.
Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations,and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify,
transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.

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FortiOS Handbook - Firewall

Monday, June 15, 2015

Services and TCP ports

GUI and CLI - what you may not know

Building firewall objects and policies

Example: IPv6 address group

Resolved bug 0257589 (wild card values in FQDN address objects)

Resolved bug 0256490 (srcaddr and dstaddr objects in multicast policies)

Cross reference links removed

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

The FortiGate unit is integrated into your network.

The operation mode (NAT or Transparent) has been configured.

Network interfaces have been configured.

DNS settings have been configured.

The system time settings have been configured.

If you are using FortiCloud, it is properly configured.

How this guide is organized

"Firewall objects" describes the following:

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

FortiGate Firewall Components

Authentication server-based (Active Directory, RADIUS, LDAP)

IPv4 and IPv6 protocol support

The features of FortiOS include but are not limited to:

Traffic shaping and per-IP traffic shaping (advanced)

Services (such as AOL, DHCP and FTP)

Quality of Service (QoS)

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

How does a FortiGate protect your network?

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

How packets are handled by FortiOS

Interfaces and zones

Network layer or packet filter firewalls

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

Application layer firewalls

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

Protects the anonymity of the originating computer

The two computers never deal directly with each other

Proxies can perform a number of roles including:

Bypassing Filters and Censorship

Logging and eavesdropping

Gateways to private networks

Accessing service anonymously

Gateway Network Firewall

To a more complete system that includes:

Gateway Network Firewall

Denial of Service Attack Protection

Data Leak Prevention

Endpoint Control of Security Applications

WiFi Access Management

Authentication Integration into Gateway Security

FortiView for FortiOS 5.2

Advantages of using security profiles

Avoidance of multiple installations.

Hardware requirements are fewer.

Fewer hardware maintenance requirements.

Less space required.

Easier support and management.