SFRA User Guide

M5100 SFRA Instrument Users Guide
Doble Engineering Company

85 Walnut Street
Watertown, Massachusetts 02472-4037
(USA)
www.doble.com
PN 500-0295
72A-1849-01 Rev. B
06/02
This Manual is solely the property of the Doble Engineering Company

(Doble) and, along with the M5100 SFRA software to which it applies, is
provided for the exclusive use of Doble Clients under contractual
agreement for Doble Test equipment and services, or have purchased the
product and are registered with Doble as end users.
In no event does the Doble Engineering Company assume the liability for
any technical or editorial errors of commission or omission; nor is Doble
liable for direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising
out of or the inability to use this Manual.
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by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in
subparagraphs (c)(1) and (c) (2) of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights Clause at FAR 52.227-19.
This manual is protected by copyright, all rights reserved. No part of this
book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by
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otherwise without written permission from the Doble Engineering
Company.
Doble, the Doble logo, and the M5100 SFRA Instrument are trademarks
of Doble Engineering Company.
Microsoft, Windows, Windows95, Windows98 and Windows NT are
registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States
and/or other countries.
LabVIEW is a trademark of the National Instruments Corporation.
Copyright 2002
By Doble Engineering Company
All Rights Reserved
Warranty
Equipment Limited
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manufactures to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a
period of one year from the date shipped from the factory.
During the one year warranty period, DOBLE will repair or replace, at its
option, any defective products or components thereof at no additional
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or component so returned and assumes the risk of loss during shipment.
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Some states do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for
incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or
exclusion may not apply.
For Equipment Maintenance, contact:
Customer Service Manager 617-293-2921
Doble Engineering Company
85 Walnut Street
Watertown, MA 02472 (USA)
Telephone: 617-926-4900
FAX: 617-926-0528
Email: [email protected]
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................ ix
Structure of This Guide........................................................................................................... ix
Document Conventions........................................................................................................... x
1. SFRA Introduction and Theory ..................................................................1-1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1-1
SFRA Theory ........................................................................................................................ 1-2
2. Getting Started with the M5100 SFRA Instrument ....................................2-1

M5100 SFRA Instrument Hardware ...................................................................................... 2-1
Controller ....................................................................................................................... 2-2
M5100 SFRA Instrument Accessories .............................................................................. 2-3
3. M5100 SFRA Software ...............................................................................3-1

M5100 SFRA Instrument Operating System .......................................................................... 3-1
M5100 SFRA Instrument Software ........................................................................................ 3-1
Menu Choices ................................................................................................................ 3-3
Test Initiation and Control .............................................................................................. 3-9
Test Status .................................................................................................................... 3-10
Data Display ................................................................................................................ 3-12
M5100 SFRA Office View Software .................................................................................... 3-18
PC Requirements .......................................................................................................... 3-18
Installation.................................................................................................................... 3-19
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
Contents
4. Setup and Operation ................................................................................. 4-1

Safety................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Safety Practices General Rules..................................................................................... 4-1
Grounding...................................................................................................................... 4-2
Personnel Safety ............................................................................................................. 4-2
SFRA Test Preparations ........................................................................................................ 4-3
Preparing the Transformer .............................................................................................. 4-3
Preparing the M5100 SFRA Instrument ........................................................................... 4-3
Calibrating ..................................................................................................................... 4-4
Creating the Test File...................................................................................................... 4-4
Connecting the Apparatus .............................................................................................. 4-6
Connection Diagrams..................................................................................................... 4-8
Perform a Test.................................................................................................................... 4-18
Initializing the Test ....................................................................................................... 4-18
Monitoring Test Status .................................................................................................. 4-20
Aborting a Test ............................................................................................................. 4-20
Data Management ............................................................................................................. 4-20
Saving Data.................................................................................................................. 4-21
Recalling Data.............................................................................................................. 4-22
Overlaying Plots........................................................................................................... 4-23
Printing ........................................................................................................................ 4-23
Powering Down ........................................................................................................... 4-23
5. Data Interpretation ................................................................................... 5-1

Frequency-dependant Transformer Equivalent Circuit .......................................................... 5-1
Diagnostic Significance of Frequency Ranges ...................................................................... 5-2
Per-phase Measurement ................................................................................................. 5-2
Inter-winding Measurement............................................................................................ 5-5
Analysis of Test Data............................................................................................................ 5-8
Initial Measurement........................................................................................................ 5-8
Subsequent Measurement............................................................................................... 5-8
Other Diagnostic Measurements .................................................................................... 5-9
ii
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
Appendix A. Application Tips ....................................................................... A-1

Summary of Verifying Functional Operation.........................................................................A-1
Cables ..................................................................................................................................A-2
Instrument Setup.............................................................................................................A-4
Calibration Test ..............................................................................................................A-4
Continuity Test ...............................................................................................................A-5
Open Circuit Test ...........................................................................................................A-6
Grounding............................................................................................................................A-7
Noise ...................................................................................................................................A-7
Appendix B. M5100 SFRA Instrument Specifications ....................................B-1

Index ..............................................................................................................I-1
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
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iv
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
Figures
Figure 1.1
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.15
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.18
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 5.1
Two-port Network ........................................................................................... 1-3

M5100 SFRA Instrument Front View................................................................ 2-1
M5100 SFRA Instrument Controller ................................................................. 2-2
M5100 SFRA Instrument Specimen Cable and Clamps .................................... 2-4
M5100 SFRA Instrument Main Screen ............................................................. 3-2
File Menu ........................................................................................................ 3-4
Open File Dialog Box...................................................................................... 3-4
Save File Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 3-5
Select Bands Choice Box ................................................................................. 3-6
Clear Graph Dialog Box .................................................................................. 3-7
Start and Abort Controls .................................................................................. 3-9
Start Test Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 3-9
Trigger Status Measurement OK..................................................................... 3-10
Trigger Status No Trigger ............................................................................... 3-10
Nameplate Screen ......................................................................................... 3-13
Display Band Selection Box........................................................................... 3-15
Graph Palette ................................................................................................ 3-15
Plot Legend with Plot Names......................................................................... 3-17
Plot Legend Right-click Menu Bar.................................................................. 3-17
Select Installation Type.................................................................................. 3-19
Choose SFRA Directory ................................................................................. 3-20
M5100 SFRA Software Installation Complete................................................. 3-20
M5100 SFRA Initial Screen .............................................................................. 4-4
Nameplate Screen ........................................................................................... 4-5
Chassis Ground Cable Wiring.......................................................................... 4-6
Cable Connections .......................................................................................... 4-7
M5100 SFRA Instrument Run Screen ............................................................. 4-18
M5100 SFRA Instrument Run Dialog Box ...................................................... 4-19
Save Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 4-21
Open File Dialog Box .................................................................................... 4-22
Per-Phase Measurement Magnitude of the Transfer Function ........................ 5-3
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
Figures
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure A.1
Figure A.2
vi
Per-Phase Measurement Phase of the Transfer Function ...............................

Inter-Winding Measurement Magnitude of the Transfer Function .................
Inter-Winding Measurement Phase of the Transfer Function .........................
High Frequency Effects on Cables ...................................................................
High Frequency Effects on Noise.....................................................................
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
5-4
5-6
5-7
A-3
A-8
Tables
Table 5.1
Table B.1
Table B.2
Table B.3
Table B.4
Table B.5
Table B.6
Table B.7
Table B.8
Power Transformer Failure Modes and Diagnostic Measurements ................... 5-9

Controller ........................................................................................................B-1
Analog Source .................................................................................................B-1
Analog Inputs ..................................................................................................B-2
M5100 SFRA Software .....................................................................................B-2
Data Collection ...............................................................................................B-2
Data Display ...................................................................................................B-3
Physical ...........................................................................................................B-3
Environmental .................................................................................................B-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
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viii
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
Preface
Structure of This Guide
This guide consists of five chapters, two appendices and an index.
Chapter 1 SFRA Introduction and Theory
Describes the method of Sweep Frequency
Response testing.
Chapter 2 Getting Started with the M5100 SFRA Instrument
Gives an overview of the M5100 SFRA Instrument
and its associated accessories.
Chapter 3 M5100 SFRA Software
Explains the features and functions of the M5100
SFRA software, as well as describing the
requirements and installation for use on a PC.
Chapter 4 Setup and Operation
Provides a detailed description on setting up the
test set, preparing the transformer for tests, test
connections, and obtaining results. Basically a
start-to-finish list of instructions for a crew planning
to do SFRA testing.
Chapter 5 Data Interpretation
Explains how to analyze the data once the testing is
complete.
Appendix A Application Tips
Discusses the role of cable impedance, grounding
and noise in instrument operation.
Appendix B M5100 SFRA Instrument Specifications
Lists the physical and environmental specifications
for the instrument.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
ix
Document Conventions
Document Conventions
Buttons, Picklist Items, Menu Items, etc.
Items that are selected by the user buttons, menu
items, etc. are shown in this text.
Windows
Windows referenced in the text are shown in this

text.
User-entered text
Text entered into M5100 fields is shown in this text.
Field Names/Displayed text

Messages displayed on windows and field names
are shown in this text.
NOTE
WARNING
The Note icon signifies information that is important to the user.
The WARNING icon signifies information that is necessary in order to

properly perform a function. Failure to follow information contained in
warnings could cause a hazardous condition.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
1. SFRA Introduction and Theory

Introduction
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) testing has become a
valuable tool for verifying the geometric integrity of electrical apparatus,
especially transformers. The SFRA technique provides internal diagnostic
information using non-intrusive procedures. Over the last ten years, the
SFRA test method has been proven to provide accurate and repeatable
measurements.
Power transformers are specified to withstand the mechanical forces
arising from both shipping and subsequent in-service events, such as
faults and lightning. Transportation damage can occur if the clamping
and restraints are inadequate; such damage may lead to core and
winding movement. The most severe in-service forces arise from system
faults, and are axial and radial in nature. If the forces are excessive, radial
buckling or axial deformation can occur. With a core form design the
principal forces are radially directed, whereas in a shell form unit they
are axially directed, and this difference is likely to influence the types of
damage found.
Once a transformer has been damaged, even if only slightly, the ability to
withstand further short circuits is reduced. Utility personnel need to
effectively identify such damage. A visual inspection is costly and does
not always produce the desired results or the correct conclusion. During
a field inspection, the oil has to be drained and confined entry rules
apply. Since so little of the winding is visible, little damage is seen other
than displaced support blocks. Often, a complete tear down is required
to identify the problem. An alternative method is to implement
field-diagnostic techniques capable of detecting damage.
There is a direct relationship between the geometric configuration and
the distributed electrical elements, otherwise known as RLC networks, of
a winding and core assembly. This RLC network can be identified by its
frequency-dependent transfer function. Frequency Response Analysis
testing can be accomplished by the sweep frequency method (SFRA).
Changes in the geometric configuration alter the impedance network,
and in turn alter the transfer function. Changes in the transfer function
will reveal a wide range of failure modes.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
1-1
SFRA Theory
SFRA Theory
The primary objective of SFRA is to determine how the impedance of a
test specimen behaves over a specified range of frequencies. The
impedance is a distributive network of real and reactive electrical
components. The components are passive in nature, and can be modeled
by resistors, inductors, and capacitors. The reactive properties of a given
test specimen are dependent upon and sensitive to changes in frequency.
The change in impedance versus frequency can be dramatic in many
cases. This behavior becomes apparent when we model the impedance
as a function of frequency. The result is a transfer function representation
of the RLC network in the frequency domain.
Frequency response analysis is generally applied to a complex network
of passive elements. For practical purposes, we will only consider
resistors, inductors, and capacitors as passive circuit elements, and they
are assumed to be ideal. These three fundamental elements are the
building blocks for various physical devices, such as transformers,
motors, generators, and other electrical apparatus.
It is important to understand the difference between the physical device
and the mathematical model we intend to use. When large and complex
systems are electrically analyzed, we are often faced with a poorly
defined distributed network. A distributed network contains an infinite
amount of infinitely small RLC elements. For example, transmission lines
are generally distributed in nature. It is practical to model such
distributed systems by lumping the basic RLC components together,
resulting in a lumped network. Lumping elements together for a single
frequency is a trivial task, however, when system modeling requires
spanning over a significant frequency interval, then producing a suitable
lumped model becomes difficult.
When a transformer is subjected to SFRA testing, the leads are configured
in such a manner that four terminals are used. These four terminals can
be divided into two unique pairs, one pair each for the input and the
output. These terminals can be modeled in a two-terminal pair or a
two-port network configuration. Figure 1.1 illustrates a two-port network.
1-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Figure 1.1 Two-port Network

The impedances, Z11, Z22, Z12, and Z21, are formed by solving for the
open-circuit impedance for each lumped element. It should be noted that
the negative terminals are short-circuited when transformers are tested.
The transformer tank is common for both negative or lower terminals.
The transformer tank and lead ground shields must be connected
together to achieve a common-mode measurement. This assures that no
external impedance is measured. Applying the connection in this manner
helps reduce the effects of noise. It is very important to obtain a zero
impedance between the lower or negative terminals to assure a
repeatable measurement.
The transfer function of an RLC network is the ratio of the output and
input frequency responses when the initial conditions of the network are
zero. Both magnitude and the phase relationships can be extracted from
the transfer function. The transfer function helps us better understand the
input/output relationship of a linear network. The transfer function also
represents the fundamental characteristics of a network, and is a useful
tool in modeling such a system. The transfer function is represented in
the frequency domain and is denoted by the Fourier variable H(j),
where (j) denotes the presence of a frequency dependent function, and
= 2f. The Fourier relationship for the input/output transfer function is
given by:
H ( j ) =
Voutput ( j )
Vinput ( j )
When a transfer function is reduced to its simplest form, it generates a

ratio of two polynomials. The main characteristics, such as half-power
and resonance, of a transfer function occur at the roots of the
polynomials.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
1-3
SFRA Theory
The goal of SFRA is to measure the impedance model of the test

specimen. When we measure the transfer function H(j), it does not
isolate the true specimen impedance Z(j). The true specimen impedance
Z(j) is the RLC network, which is positioned between the instrument
leads, and it does not include any impedance supplied by the test
instrument. It must be noted that when using the voltage relationship,
H(j) is not always directly related to Z(j). For Z(j) to be directly related
to H(j), a current must be substituted for the output voltage and then
Ohms Law can be realized. However, SFRA uses the voltage ratio
relationship for determining H(j). Since the SFRA test method uses a 50
Ohm impedance match measuring system, the 50 Ohm impedance must
be incorporated into H(j). The next equation shows the relationship of
Z(j) to H(j):
H ( j ) =
Voutput
Vinput
50
Z ( j ) + 50
Often it is useful to plot the magnitude and phase relationship of the

transfer function in logarithmic format. The units of magnitude and phase
are in the decibels (dB) and degrees, respectively. The magnitude and
phase is represented as follows:
A(dB) = 20 log10 (H ( j ) )
A( ) = tan 1 (H ( j ) )
This format takes advantage of the asymptotic symmetry by using a

logarithmic scale for frequency. Plotting the phase relationship with the
magnitude data will help determine whether the system is resistive,
inductive, or capacitive. It is often useful to compare resonance in the
magnitude plots with the zero crossings in the phase relationship.
1-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
2. Getting Started with the M5100

SFRA Instrument
The M5100 SFRA Instrument comes complete with packaged hardware,
software, and cables. This chapter provides an introduction to the various
parts and accessories that comprise the M5100 SFRA Instrument.
M5100 SFRA Instrument Hardware

The M5100 SFRA Instrument measures and records the frequency
response characteristics of transformer windings. It accomplishes this
using the various hardware components packaged in a rugged field
instrument. The primary hardware components are a CPU controller, an
excitation source, and a measurement module. The M5100 SFRA
Instrument is also outfitted with an integrated keyboard and color screen
(Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1 M5100 SFRA Instrument Front View
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
2-1
Controller
Controller
The M5100 SFRA Instrument is outfitted with various indicators, ports
and connections (Figure 2.2).
USB Ports
External
Printer Port
Test Lead
Intensity Control
CPU Status LEDS
Network Port
Power On
Power Indicator
Keyboard
and Mouse
Ground
Figure 2.2 M5100 SFRA Instrument Controller
2-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
M5100 SFRA Instrument Accessories

Cables
The test leads are made from low loss RG-58 RF coaxial cable with the
shields grounded to the instrument chassis through a standard connector.
The M5100 SFRA Instrument requires a matched impedance signal
cable, and performs a single end measurement, that is, the signal is
measured with respect to the instrument ground. The shield of the signal
cable must be connected to the chassis using a 50 Ohm
impedance-matched RF BCN connector. Practical field experience
dictates the lead be 60 ft. in length. This length is the shortest length
useful to test the largest transformers from a location on the ground,
adjacent to the unit. Nevertheless, it is the lead length that determines the
maximum effective frequency.
NOTE
The cables and connectors supplied with the instrument should not be
modified in any manner.
Test lead connectors are large enough to clamp directly onto the bushing
terminals and will form a good connection.
Grounds
Grounding of signal cable shields, specimen, and instrument chassis is

important to achieving a reproducible result. Two grounding components
are provided with the M5100 SFRA Instrument:
Cable Shield Grounds - used to connect cable shield to the
transformer ground. These ground connections are located 12 ft.
back from the terminal connection on the measurement ends of
the cables.
Instrument Chassis Ground - used to connect the instrument
chassis to the ground plate of the transformer (Figure 2.3).
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
2-3
M5100 SFRA Instrument Accessories
Figure 2.3 M5100 SFRA Instrument Specimen Cable and Clamps
2-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
3. M5100 SFRA Software

This chapter discusses the installation and operation of the M5100 SFRA
software including:
M5100 SFRA Operating System
M5100 SFRA Instrument Software
M5100 SFRA Office View Software
M5100 SFRA Instrument Operating System

The M5100 SFRA Instrument comes with Microsoft Windows 2000
installed.

This section discusses the various components of the M5100 SFRA
software including the:
Menu Choices
Test Initiation and Control
Test Status
Data Display
The M5100 SFRA software operates from the main instrument screen and
automatically starts when the instrument is started. This screen is shown
in Figure 3.1 with call outs to its components.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
3-1
Main Menu
Graphical
View Tabs
Test Initiation
and Control
Plot
Legend
Cursor
Selection
Test Status
Graph
Palette
Cursor
Locations
Lock to Plot
Bring to Center
Figure 3.1 M5100 SFRA Instrument Main Screen

The M5100 SFRA Instrument main screen has four primary functions:
1. The menu bar contains the following:
File
Select Bands
Clear Graph
Analysis Mode
Frequency Scale
Calibrate
Help (not available through this function)
These items provide access to data management and instrument

configuration.
2. Test Initiation and Control consists of START and ABORT. These
buttons start and stop the collection of data.
3-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
3. Test Status displays several operational parameters while the

instrument is running including:
Current Frequency
Magnitude (Response)
Drive Amplitude
Vertical Range
Autorange
Clipping
The Trigger Status indicator displays any relevant error messages, and
tracks the percentage to test completion in bar graph form.
4. Data Display shows all collected and entered data. This area consists
of five plotting screens and one tabular screen, which are selected by
clicking the corresponding tab. The tab choices are:
Magnitude*
Phase*
Waveform*
Sub Band Magnitude
Sub Band Phase
Nameplate
*Zoom, cursor, and scaling controls are accessed in these tabs, as

well as trace properties, such as color and line style.
Menu Choices
Menu choices provide access to data management routines such as
recalling data and saving data, while other menu choices are used to
configure the operation of the instrument. The menu choices are:
NOTE
File
Select Bands
Clear Graph
Analysis Mode
Frequency Scale
Calibrate
Help (not available through this function)
The Menu Choices can be accessed by shortcut keys. The ALT key in
combination with the corresponding underlined letter selects the
desired menu choice.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
3-3
Menu Choices
File
The File pull-down menu includes Recall Data, Save Data, Print Screen,
and Quit Program (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2 File Menu
Recall Data
Select Recall Data and the Open File window appears (Figure 3.3). This
window is used to browse for the desired files.
Figure 3.3 Open File Dialog Box

Stored data is recalled using the Recall Data function. Data can be
recalled in parts or as a whole. Recalling data in parts allows data from
different sources to be viewed, overlaid, and combined. Data is stored in
an ASCII delimited format specific to the M5100 SFRA Instrument and is
designated with a .csv extension. The M5100 SFRA Instrument is capable
of having up to 9 traces open simultaneously for viewing, overlaying and
saving.
3-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Overlaying traces from different test dates is useful in comparing newly

acquired data to historical data. Data from similar units can also be
overlaid. Because data from multiple units can be overlaid, multiple
nameplates can be recalled and saved together, however only one
nameplate can be viewed at a time.
Save Data
Select Save Data and the Save File window appears (Figure 3.4). This
window is used to browse for the desired location to save files.
Figure 3.4 Save File Dialog Box

The M5100 SFRA software automatically generates a filename from field
information stored in the nameplate. However, once prompted to save
the file, any filename can be entered. It is recommended that the
filename be related to its test specimen.
Print Screen
Select Print Screen to print the current plot in portrait to the active
printer. One plot is printed per page and the filename is appended to the
top of the printed page. The plot, grid, and legend colors are inverted to
minimize printer resources.
Quit Program
Select Quit Program or click the

in the upper right-hand corner of
the M5100 SFRA software screen to exit. If data has not been saved, a
dialog box provides the option to save the data.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
3-5
Menu Choices
Select Bands
Select Select Bands to enter the test frequency range or so called

frequency bands. Select Bands can be used at any time, except when the
M5100 SFRA Instrument is collecting data. The M5100 SFRA Instrument
is limited to a specified test frequency while plotting the transfer function
of a given specimen. Figure 3.5 shows the choice box used for selecting
various test frequency bands.
Figure 3.5 Select Bands Choice Box

The choice box provides five selections; the default is 20 Hz to 2 MHz.
Application experience dictates that this default is the most practical. The
choice box allows multiple selections. If more than one check mark
exists, then the software uses the lowest and highest frequency from all
bands selected to determine an overall frequency band.
Example:
If the following test frequency bands are selected:

20 Hz to 20 kHz
200 Hz to 200 kHz
The M5100 SFRA Instrument will limit the test
frequency range to 20 Hz to 200 kHz.
Click DONE to finalize the settings.
3-6
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Clear Graph
NOTE
Click Clear Graph and Figure 3.6 appears. This dialog box is used to
clear plots and nameplates. Plots can be cleared one at a time or in
groups.
Once a plot is cleared it is deleted from memory.
Figure 3.6 Clear Graph Dialog Box

Plots can be cleared one at time or the SHIFT key can be used to select
any combination of plots to be cleared. As plots are selected for clearing,
they are highlighted.
Data, including plots and nameplates, can be cleared in one of three
ways:
Click Clear Selected Plots Only to delete all selected plots from
memory.
Click Clear All Plots to delete all active plots listed in the
left-hand plot queue.
Click Clear All Plots and Nameplate Data to delete all active
plots listed in the left-hand plot queue and any associated
nameplate data.
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Menu Choices
Analysis Mode
Select Analysis Mode to access its pull-down menu which includes:

RMS
Peak
These two choices present different methods for scaling waveforms. The
RMS value represents the effective energy in the waveform, while the
Peak represents the peak magnitude. Either method produces the same
transfer function. These choices can be selected at any time, even while
the test set is collecting data.
Frequency Scale
Select Frequency Scale to access its pull-down menu which includes:

Log
Linear
This function configures the x-axis scaling. The x-axis can be scaled in
either a logarithmic or linear format.
Calibrate
Select Calibrate to calibrate the instrument.

To provide the maximum accuracy, independent of temperature change
and environmental conditions, the M5100 SFRA Instrument needs to be
recalibrated periodically or as a function of environmental changes.
Selecting Calibrate produces a prompt requesting continuation or
cancellation. The prompt also requests that the unit be switched on for at
least 15 minutes prior to calibration and that all leads connected to the
M5100 SFRA Instrument be disconnected, with the exception of the
safety ground and power cable.
NOTE
Failure to properly disconnect leads may cause improper calibration.

The calibration process takes roughly 2 minutes.
During calibration, the M5100 SFRA software performs the following
operations:
Gain and offset are calibrated for each individual input range.
AC flatness is calibrated over the entire bandwidth to be within
specified tolerances.
Analog trigger levels are calibrated.
The time-to-digital converter is calibrated.
Help
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Help is not supported in this release.
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Test Initiation and Control

Test Initiation and Control consists of Start Test and Abort Test
(Figure 3.7).
Figure 3.7 Start and Abort Controls
Start Test
Click Start Test to start a test (or press the F1 function key). Once Start
Test is clicked the plot list dialog box shown in Figure 3.8 appears.
Figure 3.8 Start Test Dialog Box

Any of the nine available plots can be selected by clicking or scrolling on
the plot list. No specific plot or test order is required. However, as tests
are completed, the plots that have been used become inactive, and the
software grays-out these choices. Once the desired plot name is selected,
clicking on Start initiates the test.
Click Cancel to return to the main screen without starting the test.
NOTE
Using the Clear Graph function on the menu bar to delete any
unwanted plots reactivates those positions on the plot list. The Clear
Graph function deletes the data associated with that plot.
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Test Status
Abort Test
Click Abort Test to abort a test (or press the F2 function key).
The Abort Test function only affects the active trace; previous data traces
are not lost. Once a test is aborted, two options exist:
Keep all data associated with the aborted trace.
Disregard and delete all data associated with the aborted trace.
NOTE
The software saves these incomplete traces as if they are normal, so

they can be recalled in the future. If the aborted test has no value, then
it should be disregarded. If the data is disregarded, then only the data
associated with the specific trace is deleted. All data on the screen prior
to the aborted test is unaffected.
Test Status
The Test Status displays several operational parameters while the
instrument is running, including:
Trigger Status
Trigger Status
Test Status
Current Frequency
Magnitude (Response)
Drive Amplitude
Vertical Range
Autorange
Clipping
The Trigger Status indicator has two states (Figure 3.9 and Figure 3.10).
Figure 3.9 Trigger Status Measurement OK
Figure 3.10 Trigger Status No Trigger
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If the M5100 SFRA Instrument is actively collecting data, the Trigger

Status provides the Measurement OK message. The Trigger Status
indicates No Trigger if the instrument does not detect the excitation
source. If No Trigger is detected, the instrument continues to run until the
source is re-established or the test is aborted. Improperly placed leads
can cause the No Trigger message.
Test Status Indicator
The Test Status indicator produces a visual representation of the test

progress. A horizontal bar graph indicates the percentage to completion
for the test. The following operation labels appear while the M5100 SFRA
Instrument is running:
TEST RUNNING
TEST COMPLETED
TEST ABORTED
A typical test scan takes roughly four minutes.
Current Frequency
As the M5100 SFRA Instrument collects data, the active or Current

Frequency is displayed. This value is bound between 10 Hz and 10 MHz
and increments quickly during a test.
Response
As the M5100 SFRA Instrument collects data, the Response associated

with the Current Frequency is displayed. This value is expected to be
zero or negative and is in decibels (dB).
Drive Amplitude
The Drive Amplitude is the active level of the excitation source. The
arbitrary generator can provide up to 10 V when placed across a high
impedance. The arbitrary generator lowers its output when it experiences
lower impedances. The arbitrary generator output level varies depending
on the impedance of the specimen. It varies between 10 V for high
impedance specimens and 5 V for low impedance specimens.
Vertical Range
For the M5100 SFRA Instrument to be accurate, it scales the inputs as the
signal level changes. The Vertical Range changes with signal level and
indicates the present measuring range being used. The M5100 SFRA
Instrument automatically sets the Vertical Range. The range is set from
10.00 V to 25 mV in 10% increments, depending on the signal level
being measured. As the magnitude plot becomes more attenuated the
Vertical Range is expected to decrease. The Vertical Range is a good
indicator of the signal level being measured.
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Data Display
Autorange
As the signal level changes, the Vertical Range is expected to follow. The
Autorange indicates any change in the Vertical Range. Autorange is a
green light indicator that illuminates bright green when the active
Vertical Range changes. When no change takes place between discrete
measurements the Autorange indicator remains dark.
Clipping
Clipping indicates that one of the M5100 SFRA Instrument inputs

exceeds a voltage level greater than the maximum input level. Clipping
can cause incorrect measurements. Clipping can be caused by external
energy injection or possibly by the passive component properties of the
test specimen. In most test cases, assuming the specimen is isolated and
free from any interference, clipping wont occur. The clipping indicator
illuminates bright red if clipping is present.
Data Display
All collected data, whether it be magnitude or phase traces or nameplate
data, is displayed in this area. The Data Display consists of five plotting
screens and one tabular screen, which are selected using the
corresponding tabs.
Magnitude
The Magnitude plot displays the voltage in/voltage out relationship of the
two measured waveforms. Up to nine plots can be displayed at one time.
The X-axis is scaled in frequency (Hz), and the Y-axis is scaled in
decibels (dB).
Phase
The Phase plot displays the phase shift relationship of the two measured
waveforms. Up to 9 plots can be displayed at one time. The X-axis is
scaled in frequency (Hz), and the Y-axis is scaled in degrees.
Waveform
The Waveform plot is only active while a test is running and measures
the actual reference and measured waveforms. These two waveforms do
not provide any diagnostic information for the apparatus being tested,
however they can be used to verify the quality and integrity of the test
signals. The Waveform plot can be very useful in visually identifying any
interference issues that may exist.
Sub Band
Magnitude
The Sub Band Magnitude provides three separate scaled plots, which are
derived from the main Magnitude plot. These plots represent various
frequency ranges from low to high, where the top plot represents the
lower frequency range and bottom plot represents the higher frequency
range.
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The Sub Band Magnitude plots are scaled by the following frequency
ranges:
20 Hz to 20 kHz
200 Hz to 200 kHz
2 kHz to 2 MHz
Sub Band Phase
Similar to the Sub Band Magnitude plots, Sub Band Phase also provides
three separate scaled plots, however they are derived from the main
Phase plot. They share the same frequency scaled range as the Sub Band
Magnitude plots.
Nameplate
Figure 3.11 Nameplate Screen

Several fields are available for identifying the test specimen (Figure 3.11).
These fields either require text entries or entries from the pull-down
menus.
DETC
This represents the position of the no-load tap

changer. Typical values for the DETC are:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
A, B, C, D, E
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Data Display
LTC
This represents the position of the load tap

changer. Typical values for the LTC are:
16R, 15R, 14R, 1R, N, 1L, 14L, 15L, 16L
Nameplate to Edit/View
More than one nameplate can be associated with
one data file. This is useful for saving overlaid data
from different test specimens. The Nameplate to
Edit/View pull-down menu allows the user to
choose between all available nameplates for a
given test specimen.
It is in the Nameplate display where the plot names
can be edited. Any changes to the plot names are
carried through to all plots.
As the Nameplate information is entered the
M5100 SFRA software automatically generates a
filename. This is the filename that is saved when
Save is selected. Five fields are used to generate the
filename. As these fields are entered, they are
appended together:
Company
Location
Manufacturer
Serial Number
Test Date
Add New Nameplate Record/Delete This Template

Click Add New Nameplate Record or Delete This
Nameplate Record to add a new nameplate or
delete the current nameplate, respectively.
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Add Date & Time

Click Insert Date & Time to automatically add the
date and time. These entries are obtained from the
settings found in the Microsoft Windows 2000
operating system. This function is only available on
the instrument software and is not found on M5100
SFRA Office View Software version.
Display Band
The Display Band selection box offers a short cut to scaling the X-axis.
Figure 3.12 shows the available scaling options offered by Display Band.
Figure 3.12 Display Band Selection Box

Display Band offers a selection labeled User Defined, which allows the
user to set the X-axis minimum and maximum. Once the User Defined
option is selected, the plot minimum and maximum can be edited
directly on the plot. These values can be entered in one of three formats,
numeric, engineering, or scientific. For example, the numeric value 1000
could also be represented by the engineering format 1k or scientific
format 1e3.
Graph Palette
The Graph Palette (Figure 3.13) has three buttons: Zoom, Cursor
Movement, and Pan.
Zoom
Pan
Cursor
Movement
Figure 3.13 Graph Palette
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Data Display
Zoom Tool
Click the Zoom tool and the Zoom palette appears. The Zoom palette
contains the following operations:
Use the Zoom Ring to zoom in and out on the display. The
Zoom Ring provides the following options, clockwise from
the top left, to zoom in and out of the graph:
Use Zoom to Rectangle and click a point on the display as a
corner of the zoom area and drag the tool until the rectangle
covers the zoom area.
Use X-zoom to zoom in on an area of the graph along the
x-axis.
Use Y-zoom to zoom in on an area of the graph along the
y-axis.
Use Zoom In and click a point you want to zoom in on. Hold
down the Shift key to switch between Zoom In about Point
and Zoom Out about Point.
Use Zoom Out and click a point to zoom in to
Auto Scale
Use this option to return to the original view.
Cursor
Movement Tool
Use the Cursor Movement tool to move the cursor on the graph.
Pan
Use the Pan tool to pick up the plot and move it around on the display.
Cursors
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Two cursors are available and their controls are located to the right of the
plot screen. Either cursor can be turned on or off. A display below the
plot screen indicates the cursor position. Features such as lock to plot
and bring to center are available. Located near the cursor control are two
fields labeled Frequency Delta and Magnitude Delta. These two values
return the difference between the cursor for both axes when both cursors
are active.
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Plot Legend
The Plot Legend provides identification for each plot and allows the plots
to be configured for preference, such as color, line style, and line width.
Figure 3.14 shows the Plot Legend and Figure 3.15 shows the Plot
Legend right-click menu bar.
Figure 3.14 Plot Legend with Plot Names
Figure 3.15 Plot Legend Right-click Menu Bar

The plot names are matched to corresponding line styles. The menu box
is accessed by right-clicking on a specific plot name. Various plot style
parameters are configured from this menu.
Common Plots
Provides various common plot options, such as

line, points, or both.
Color
Lets you choose the plot color from the color

palette.
Line Style
Provides various solid and dashed line styles.
Line Width
Provides various line widths.
Anti-Aliased
Provides a choice to make line plots appear

smoother without changing the data.
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Bar Plots
Provides various bar plot options.
Fill Base Line
Provides the ability to fill specific regions around a

given plot or between two plots. Filling the area
between two plots can provide a better
visualization of difference and error.
Interpolation
Provides various interpolation options, including

plotting just data points. Interpolation style of the
plots are none, stepwise, linear, stepwise
horizontal, stepwise horizontally centered, or
stepwise vertically centered.
Point Style
Provides the point style of various types that can be

plotted. Sixteen point styles are available and are
displayed in the shortcut menu by selected Point
Style.
X Scale
Sets the index of X scale with which this plot is

associated.
Y Scale
Sets the index of Y scale with which this plot is

associated.

The M5100 SFRA software can also be installed on a PC for the purpose
of viewing previously recorded test data. The M5100 SFRA Instrument is
a standalone unit and cannot be controlled from a PC or laptop. The
software used for PC purposes is essentially the same software installed
on the M5100 SFRA Instrument with the exception that the PC software
does not have any of the hardware drivers necessary to operate the
M5100 SFRA Instrument.
PC Requirements
PC/laptop minimum requirements are:
IBM PC compatible, Pentium
Windows 98 or later, Windows NT 4.X or later; or
Windows 2000. For the Windows NT 4X operating system,
it should have Service Pack 4 (SP4) or higher installed.
32 MB RAM minimum
20 MB disk space to install
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Installation
The M5100 SFRA software has two versions, one that is pre-installed on
the instrument and the other that is used to view results on other PCs. The
M5100 SFRA installation program installs the M5100 SFRA software first
and then installs LabVIEW.
To install the M5100 SFRA software:
1. Insert the CD into the drive.
The autorun program presents the window shown in Figure 3.16.
Figure 3.16 Select Installation Type

2. Click the checkbox next to M5100 SFRA Office View Software to
install the PC-based version of the software.
3. Click Continue.
A window appears for choosing the target directory (Figure 3.17).
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Installation
Figure 3.17 Choose SFRA Directory

NOTE
To change the target directory click Browse. Select the new target
directory and click Next.
A dialog box appears (Figure 3.18 on page 3-20) indicating the
successful installation of the M5100 SFRA Office View software.
4. Click Finish to complete the process.
Figure 3.18 M5100 SFRA Software Installation Complete
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4. Setup and Operation

Safety
Safety cannot be overemphasized when working on or around high
voltage electrical apparatus. Companies that generate, transmit,
distribute, or utilize high voltage electricity should, and do, have precise
rules for safe practices and procedures for personnel whose working
responsibilities involve testing and maintenance of the various types of
high voltage apparatus, and their associated lines, cables and
conductors, as well as the associated accessories.
Safety Practices General Rules

The transformer under test should be completely de-energized and
isolated from the power system before performing any SFRA tests using
the M5100 SFRA Instrument.
The method of testing a high voltage apparatus (transformer) involves
exciting the apparatus with the M5100 SFRA Instrument. Care must be
taken to avoid contact with the apparatus being tested, its associated
bushing and conductors, and with the M5100 SFRA Instrument cables
and connectors.
The test crew must make a visual check to ensure that the apparatus
terminals are isolated from the power system. Because the apparatus
under test may fail, precautions (such as barriers or entrance restrictions
to the test area) must be taken to avoid harm in the event of a violent
failure.
All of your company rules for safe practice in testing must be strictly
conformed to, including all practices for tagging and isolating apparatus
during testing and maintenance work. State, local, and federal
regulations, e.g., OSHA, may also apply.
NOTE
Company rules and government regulations take precedence over

Doble recommendations.
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Grounding
Grounding
The apparatus under test, its tank or housing, and the M5100 SFRA
Instrument must be solidly and commonly grounded or earthed. This also
applies to any mobile equipment being tested.
The M5100 SFRA Instrument test cable shields must also be grounded or
earthed to the same common point as the instrument.
CAUTION
Proper grounding techniques are a very important step in safety and in

ensuring reliable SFRA test results.
Personnel Safety
A pretest tailgate meeting is recommended. Frequently, other crews will
be working on non-test related tasks in close proximity to equipment
being tested. The tailgate meeting should include all personnel who will
be working in proximity to the area where testing will be performed. In
this meeting, the tests to be performed, the apparatus and the voltage test
levels involved, potential hazards involved with the work, and the
individual assignments should all be reviewed with the crew members.
Test personnel need to remain aware of the work activity taking place
around them and alert to the possibility that non-test personnel may enter
the test area.
A consistent and uniform set of signals, both visual and verbal, should be
agreed upon, and should be followed by all of the crew members during
testing.
While making the various types of connections involved in the tests, it
may be necessary for personnel to climb up on the apparatus, but no one
should remain on the apparatus during the test itself.
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SFRA Test Preparations

SFRA test preparations consist of:
Preparing the Transformer

Preparing the M5100 SFRA Instrument
Calibrating
Creating the Test File
Connecting the Apparatus
Preparing the Transformer

The transformer to be tested must be completely isolated from the power
system. This requires that all bushings of all windings be disconnected
from any bus and insulators. This ensures that the measurements
performed are not adversely affected by interference. It is desired to
measure only the RLC network of the transformer.
In order to maintain consistency and repeatability of measurements, all
terminals that are not under test should be isolated and floating. A
frequency response could be measured with the remaining terminals
grounded, however it could not be compared to a response that was
measured with floating terminals since a different RLC response would
be measured.
NOTE
It is Doble Engineerings recommended procedure to measure the

response with all remaining terminals isolated and floating.
Preparing the M5100 SFRA Instrument

Turn on the power switch located on the back of the M5100 SFRA
Instrument.
The M5100 SFRA software should automatically launch from the
desktop.
If not, to initiate the program:
Double-click on the M5100 SFRA icon or go to START,
PROGRAMS, DOBLE M5100, M5100 v.1.1 to open the software.
Wait for the main testing screen to appear. The Magnitude tab should
be highlighted (Figure 4.1 on page 4-4).
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Calibrating
Figure 4.1 M5100 SFRA Initial Screen
Calibrating
Before performing any SFRA testing, a calibration must be performed on
the instrument after it has been on for approximately 15 minutes. The
calibration routine needs to be performed only once for any particular
testing session, not before each individual test.
For more information regarding calibration of the M5100 SFRA
Instrument, refer to the Calibrate section in Chapter 3 M5100 SFRA
Software.
Creating the Test File

1. Click on the Nameplate tab to bring up the transformers nameplate
information (Figure 4.2).
General nameplate data is entered here. The filename to save results
is created in the Nameplate to View/Edit field by automatically using
the key nameplate fields (company name, location, mfr., serial
number and date). It is not necessary to fill in all of these key fields in
order to save the data file, however it is highly recommended.
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2. Enter all appropriate nameplate information. Any fields which have a

pull-down list have a down arrow. These include: mfr., reason,
# windings, # phases, winding config., MVA/KVA).
3. Enter Plot Names for all appropriate test connections to be
performed. To fill in the test connection, simply click on the first plot
name. It is highlighted. The unused designation is deleted when the
new connection is filled in.
Once the Plot Names are filled in, the screen is complete. A
completed nameplate screen is shown in Figure 4.2.
NOTE
The actual test connections are dependent upon the configuration of

the transformer under test.
Figure 4.2 Nameplate Screen
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4-5

The M5100 SFRA Instrument is equipped with a signal cable, response
cable, and a ground cable.
To perform apparatus connections:
1. Attach the 30 chassis ground cable clamp to the grounding plate on
the transformer and insert the cam-lock connector into the
instrument, twisting in a clockwise rotation to insure locking of the
connection. Gently attempt to pull this connection straight out to
verify the locking has occurred (Figure 4.3).
Instrument Connection
Grounding Plate Connection
Figure 4.3 Chassis Ground Cable Wiring

2. Attach the signal and response cables to the instrument and then to
the appropriate bushings.
Use the diagrams starting in Connection Diagrams on page 4-8 to
assist in wiring.
3. Connect the color coded cables to the M5100 SFRA instrument by
matching the corresponding BNC connector (Figure 4.4).
4-6
Yellow
Excitation Source Cable
Black
Measurement Cable
Red
Reference Cable
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4. Connect the main cable clamps, red and black, to the bushing
terminals of interest. Also, connect the ground clips for each cable,
red and black, to the corresponding bushing flange.
NOTE
Remember, proper grounding techniques ensure reliable test data.
Figure 4.4 Cable Connections

NOTE
To minimize the chance of the conductors becoming energized due to

static electricity, Doble Engineering Company recommends attaching
all test set leads to the instrument while the other end of the leads are
still on the ground. Attaching the leads to the transformer bushings first
increases the risk of operator injury.
NOTE
All three connectors on the M5100 SFRA Instrument have colored dots
indicating where like colored leads are connected. Connectors with no
markings should not have cables connected to them.
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Connection Diagrams
Connection Diagrams
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Connection Diagrams
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Connection Diagrams
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Connection Diagrams
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Connection Diagrams
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Perform a Test
Perform a Test
Various tasks are encountered when running a test with the M5100 SFRA
Instrument. These include:
Initializing the Test
Monitoring Test Status
Aborting a Test
Initializing the Test

To perform a test:
1. Select the Magnitude tab. At this point the graphical display
resembles Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5 M5100 SFRA Instrument Run Screen

Notice that the test connections (top right) are now listed as they were
entered under the Nameplate tab. Each of the connections is
color-coded for easy identification of the traces during testing and
overlay.
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2. Verify the connection of the M5100 SFRA Instrument cables to the

first desired test connection.
In Figure 4.5 the signal cable (yellow) should be connected to the H1
bushing terminal, and the response cable (black) should be
connected to the H2 bushing terminal.
3. Verify that the M5100 SFRA Instrument cable shield wire and the
M5100 SFRA Instrument chassis are both grounded solidly to the
transformer tank ground.
4. Click on Start Test or F1.
A dialog box appears indicating the various test connections that are
available (Figure 4.6).
5. Select the desired test configuration by clicking on the connection
and then click START.
Figure 4.6 M5100 SFRA Instrument Run Dialog Box

The M5100 SFRA Instrument begins the test.
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The M5100 SFRA software has two indicators on the user interface that
show the status of the current test being run. The Trigger Status should
indicate Measurement OK and Test Running should be flashing.
The Test Status field shows the percentage of the current test completed
and upon completion of the test, Test Complete and 100% Complete are
shown in the bottom right hand corner of the screen.
For more information regarding the status and progress indicators, refer
to Chapter 3 M5100 SFRA Software.
Response results begin appearing as soon as the test set begins receiving
the data and the software continues to plot the results in real-time until
the test is complete.
Aborting a Test
Click Abort Test or press the F2 function key to abort the test.
The Abort Test function only affects the active trace; previous data
traces are not lost. Once a test is aborted, two options exist:
Keep all data associated with the aborted trace.
Disregard and delete any data associated with the aborted trace.
Keeping data from an aborted test results in incomplete traces on the
screen. The software saves these incomplete traces as if they are normal,
so they can be recalled in the future. If the aborted test has no value then
it should disregarded. If the data is disregarded, then only the data
associated with the specific trace is deleted. All data on the screen prior
to the abort test is unaffected.
Data Management
Data management consists of:
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Saving Data
Recalling Data
Remote
Printing
Shut Down
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Saving Data
Once a full scan of all the test connections is completed, data is saved to
either the hard disk or USB storage device, such as a floppy drive or flash
card.
To save data:
1. Select the File menu and choose Save Data.
The dialog box in Figure 4.7 appears.
Figure 4.7 Save Dialog Box

2. Select the appropriate directory in which to save from the Save in
field.
The filename is already filled in from the Nameplate Data screen
which was completed earlier. If the filename is not filled in or is
incomplete, choose Cancel and return to the Nameplate Data tab to
properly fill in the nameplate information. Once completed, return to
the Save Data window.
3. Click Save. The data is now stored for future use.
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Recalling Data
Recalling Data
Stored data can be recalled by using the Recall Data function. Data can
be recalled in parts or in whole, which allows the data from different
sources to be viewed, overlaid, and combined. Data is stored in ASCII
delimited format specific to the M5100 SFRA Instrument and is
designated with a .csv extension. The M5100 SFRA Instrument is capable
of recalling and saving up to 9 traces at once.
The Recall Data function is useful when comparing newly acquired data
to historical data. Overlaying traces from different test dates allows an
effective comparison to be made. The overlaying of data traces is not
limited to data from the same unit.
Because data from multiple units can be overlaid, multiple nameplates
can be viewed, recalled, and saved together. When recalling data, it is
possible to load and view several nameplates, however only one can be
viewed at a time.
To recall data:
1. Select Recall Data and the window shown in Figure 4.8 appears.
Figure 4.8 Open File Dialog Box

2. Browse to and select the files to open.
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Overlaying Plots
If it is desired to view multiple traces or multiple traces from different
files:
1. Use the Recall Data procedure to open a file.
2. Repeat as required for up to 9 plots.
Once all plots are chosen from all files, the data is displayed under the
Magnitude tab. All plots are overlaid with the various color-coded
connections shown. This allows for overlaying results between different
phases of different transformers for comparison purposes.
To clear any of the plots during viewing, refer to Clear Graph
on page 3-7 of Chapter 3.
Printing
To print the M5100 SFRA results:
Choose the File menu and select the Print Screen option.
This prints only the active screen to the Windows default printer. The
filename is printed at the top of the page. To print other screens
within the same file, choose the appropriate tab to display the screen
and then choose the Print Screen option again.
Powering Down
The M5100 SFRA Instrument uses Windows 2000 as its operating system.
Windows 2000 requires that all programs be closed, and the software
shut down before powering down the instrument. To exit the M5100
SFRA software and shutdown the instrument:
1. Select File from the menu bar and then select Quit.
The M5100 SFRA software closes.
2. Click Start and click Shut Down.
Windows 2000 ends all tasks and notifies the user to power down the
instrument.
NOTE
If the M5100 SFRA Instrument is incorrectly powered down, the

operating system will go through a lengthy hard drive scan the next
time the instrument is powered up.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
4-23
4-24
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5. Data Interpretation
Frequency-dependant Transformer Equivalent Circuit
The power transformer equivalent circuit is a very complicated network
of distributed resistive, capacitive and inductive elements. These include:
Capacitance between the neighboring turns of the same winding.

Capacitance between the turns of different windings.
Capacitance between the turns and the ground.
Turns self-inductance.
Turns mutual inductance.
Conductor dc resistance.
Resistance that accounts for dielectric losses in insulation.
Resistance that accounts for eddy losses in conducting and
magnetic components.
Depending on the test leads connection, the equivalent circuit involved

in the measurement represents an individual phase of the winding, the
space between phases in a given winding or the space between the
windings. Size of the conductors, diameters of the coils, distance
between the coils, distance between the windings, number of turns, type
of the core, winding configuration, type and thickness of insulation,
geometry and size of supporting material are among the factors that
define the elements of the equivalent circuit. Furthermore, each element
is specific to the transformer design and even influenced by the ability of
the manufacturing shop to replicate the units of the same design.
Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the geometry of
core-winding configuration and the network of distributed resistive,
capacitive and inductive elements.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-1
Diagnostic Significance of Frequency Ranges
Since reactance of capacitive and inductive elements is frequency

dependent, the contribution of each element to the overall network
impedance varies with frequency making the equivalent circuit unique at
each frequency. Therefore, the signature that represents the changing
continuum of the network impedance with frequency uniquely describes
the geometry of the core-winding configuration for a given unit and
carries a wealth of diagnostic information. The network impedance,
which is the ratio of the output and input signals, is often referred to as
the transfer function. The frequency response analysis (SFRA) uses the
transfer function behavior over the specified range of frequencies as the
transformer diagnostic signature. Being a complex variable, the transfer
function is described by the magnitude and the phase angle.
Diagnostic Significance of Frequency Ranges

Diagnostics of frequency ranges are discussed on two levels:
Per-phase Measurement
Inter-winding Measurement
As the name implies, the per-phase measurement targets the individual
phase of a given winding. At low frequencies, the influence of
capacitance is negligible and the winding behaves as an inductor.
Therefore, the attenuation (described by the magnitude of the transfer
function) and the phase shift (described by the phase of the transfer
function) of the low-frequency sinusoidal signals, passing through the
winding, are determined by inductive and resistive nature of the network.
The inductive characteristics are determined by the magnetic circuit of
the core and the resistive characteristics are dominated by the resistance
of the output measuring cable. An example of transfer function
magnitude and phase for a per-phase measurement is shown in
Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2. In Figure 5.2 the phase angle is around
80 degrees, indicating the inductive nature of the total impedance (in the
region below 1 kHz). For a three-legged core-type unit, the magnetic flux
coupled with the outer phase (H1-H3 or H3-H2 in Figure 5.1) faces a
different reluctance than the flux coupled with the middle phase (H2-H1
in Figure 5.1). Therefore, the corresponding magnitude traces, in the low
frequency range, differ as well, i.e., the traces for the two outer phases
5-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
correlate very closely and are shifted from the middle-phase trace. The
presence of the residual magnetism may have an effect on relationship
between the traces. This is the same phenomenon that, during exciting
current and loss measurement, creates a pattern of two high similar and
one lower reading under normal conditions and a slightly distorted
pattern in the presence of residual magnetism.
Figure 5.1 Per-Phase Measurement

Magnitude of the Transfer Function
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-3
Figure 5.2 Per-Phase Measurement Phase of the Transfer Function

As the frequency of the input signal increases, the capacitive effects
begin to dominate and the phase angle quickly becomes close to
+90 degrees (in the region above 1 kHz). Now, the attenuation and the
phase shift of the high-frequency sinusoidal signals, passing through the
winding, are determined by inductive and capacitive nature of the
network. However, in high-frequency region, the inductive
characteristics are determined by the leakage flux coupling and the
capacitive characteristics are determined by the various capacitance
elements associated with individual turns. The propagation characteristic
of the winding becomes complex as a result of the many resonance
frequencies found in the high-frequency range. However, since the
winding responses become less dependant on the magnetic circuit of the
core, the traces of the three phases converge and become quite similar.
5-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
As the frequency increases even further (over 100 kHz in Figure 5.2), the
sinusoidal signals travel mostly outside the winding and reflect the other
elements found in the transformer, e.g., leads, support insulation, etc. The
magnitude and the phase of the transfer function in that frequency region
are influenced by the inductive/capacitive/resistive nature of these
elements.
Although most of the low-frequency magnitude responses exhibit a
typical shape, there is no typical form responses in the high-frequency
region. These vary greatly with design of the unit. Therefore, the
frequency ranges noted in description of Figure 5.1 on page 5-3 and
Figure 5.2 on page 5-4, are different for different units.
As the name implies, the inter-winding measurement targets the space
between two windings in a given phase (Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4
on page 5-7). In this measurement, the influence of the magnetic circuit
of the core is excluded by floating the remaining transformer terminals.
For frequency ranges up to 100 kHz, the attenuation and the phase shift
of sinusoidal signals, passing through the winding, are determined by the
capacitive nature of the network. The capacitive characteristics are
determined by the various capacitance elements associated with
individual turns. This produces traces for three phases that are quite
similar.
As the frequency increases further (over 100 kHz in Figure 5.4
on page 5-7), the sinusoidal signals travel mostly outside the winding and
reflect the other elements found in the transformer, e.g., leads, support
insulation, etc. The magnitude and the phase of the transfer function in
that frequency region are influenced by the inductive/capacitive/resistive
nature of these elements.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-5
Figure 5.3 Inter-Winding Measurement

Magnitude of the Transfer Function
5-6
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Figure 5.4 Inter-Winding Measurement

Phase of the Transfer Function
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-7
Analysis of Test Data

Topics concerned with analysis of test data include:
Initial Measurement
Subsequent Measurement
Other Diagnostic Measurements
Initial Measurement
Present state of the art is such that analysis of SFRA data is based only on
a subjective comparison of traces. For the initial measurement, the traces
are analyzed for changes between responses of the three phases of the
same transformer and changes between responses of transformers of the
same design. Obviously, for the single-phase unit, only the later
comparison is applicable.
The appearance of new features or major resonance frequency shifts are
a cause for concern. When tapped windings are involved, it is useful to
perform measurements on at least two tap positions, to assess whether
differences in the trace originate from the tapped or untapped sections of
the winding.
When interpreting differences observed between phases, bear in mind
that for many windings there may be minor design differences associated
with the disposition of internal connections between windings, bushings
and tap-changers. These differences could introduce small differences
between phases in the frequency response. Therefore, for the initial
measurement, if minor differences between phases are observed, it is not
possible to make an unambiguous conclusion about the presence of
winding deformation. Fortunately, responses obtained for units of the
same design can often serve as a reference data for each other.
Subsequent Measurement
For the subsequent measurement, the traces are analyzed for changes
between the initial and subsequent response. Considerations described
for the initial measurement apply here as well.
5-8
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02

Each FRA diagnostic measurement has failure modes it is most sensitive
to as its purpose in life. Therefore, understanding the significance of each
measurement and knowing its associated failure modes is essential for a
successful diagnostic investigation. Table 5.1 relates the typical failure
modes with various diagnostic measurements. This table also shows that
no single method can cover the multitude of problems occurring in
transformers.
Table 5.1 Power Transformer Failure Modes and

Diagnostic Measurements
Failure Mechanism
Failure Mode
Diagnostic
Measurement
Windings
Electromagnetic forces caused
by overcurrent conditions
change the geometry of the
winding, and so changing the
measured leakage reactance.
Winding
distortion
FRA, leakage
reactance
Windings
Turn-to-turn
winding failure:
a) one or more
turns are
short-circuited
completely.
b) two or more
parallel strands of
different turns are
short-circuited.
FRA, exciting
current and
loss, DGA
Strands within the

same turn are
short-circuited.
Leakage loss,
DGA
Insulation failure creates a

circuit coupled with the main
flux. The resulting circulating
current creates a load
component in the measured
exciting current and loss.
Windings
Insulation failure creates a
circuit coupled with the leakage
current contributes a load
component to the measured
leakage loss.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-9

Diagnostic Measurements (Continued)
5-10
Failure Mechanism
Failure Mode
Diagnostic
Measurement
LTC windings
Insulation failure or miswiring
affects the current circulating
through a preventive
autotransformer in the bridging
position, or through a series
autotransformer or a series
transformer in all LTC positions.
The change in the circulating
current influences the load
component in the measured
Open circuit,
shorted turns or
high resistance
connections in
the LTC
preventive
autotransformer,
series
autotransformer
or series
transformer.
FRA, exciting
current and
loss
LTC contacts
Contact problems affect the
current circulating through the
preventive autotransformer in
bridging positions. The change
in the circulating current
influences the load components
of the exciting current and the
loss measured in the bridging
positions.
Misalignment,
mechanical
problems, coking
and wear of LTC
and DETC
contacts.
Exciting
current and
loss, DGA
DETC contacts
Contact problems change the
resistance of the current path.
Misalignment,
mechanical
problems, coking
and wear of LTC
and DETC
contacts.
DC winding
resistance,
DGA
Conductors
Movement of conductors results
in the breaking of strands and
the deterioration of terminations
changing the resistance of the
current path.
Open circuit,
broken strands,
termination
problems
Exciting
current and
loss, DC
winding
resistance,
DGA
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02

Diagnostic Measurements (Continued)
Failure Mechanism
Failure Mode
Diagnostic
Measurement
Core
Movement or over excitation of
the magnetic system creates a
circuit coupled with the main
current contributes a load
component to the measured
Overheating due
to (abnormal)
circulating
currents in the
core, clamping
components and
through multiple
core grounds.
FRA, exciting
current and
loss
Moisture, aging, contaminants,

poor maintenance, and
manufacturing defects leads to
insulation deterioration.
Dielectric
breakdown of
insulation.
Power factor
and
capacitance
(including
measurements
on bushings),
oil tests, DGA
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
5-11
5-12
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Appendix A. Application Tips

Summary of Verifying Functional Operation
The Calibration Test verifies the proper calibration of the M5100 SFRA
Instrument and is performed first as a part of a standard practice. It is
required that the instrument be calibrated only after it had been powered
up for fifteen minutes in a reasonable ambient temperature environment.
The M5100 SFRA Instrument prompts the operator through the
procedure, which includes assuring that the Test Specimen Cable is
disconnected from the system during the procedure and ending in
confirmation of a successful calibration or instructions for a
non-successful results.
The Cable Continuity Test is performed next. It verifies the proper
condition of the Test Specimen Cable, which is connected to the M5100
SFRA Instrument and then short circuited by connecting alligator clamps.
Since there is no attenuation, signal loss between the Source/Reference
and Measure, the resulting data graph plots along the 0dB horizontal line
as frequency increases.
The Open Circuit Cable Test is performed next. It is performed for two
reasons:
To confirm that the M5100 SFRA Instrument recognizes an open
circuit condition for any or all of the connections of the Test
Specimen Cable.
To train the operator to recognize this condition and correct it,
which results in more efficient and accurate accumulation of
good SFRA test data.
For all open circuit cables, Source/Reference and Measure in any
combination, the NO TRIGGER - Check Ref Signal results and no plot of
data occurs. When the Measure cable is the disconnected lead, an
infinite attenuation is being measured and the result is a data plot that
shows (-)85db to (-)115 dB with deviations that are caused by noise.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
A-1
Cables
Cables
RG-58 50 Ohm impedance matched test leads are used. The SFRA
measurement requires a matched impedance signal cable, and performs
a single-ended measurement, i.e., the signal with respect to the
instrument ground. Thus, the shield of the signal cable must be
connected to the chassis via RF BCN connectors.
Practical field experience dictates the leads be 60 ft. in length. This
length has been selected as being the minimum length required to test
the largest transformers from a location on the ground adjacent to the
unit. Nevertheless, it is the lead length that determines the maximum
effective frequency. At lengths of 60 ft., the cable approximates the
wavelengths of the higher measurement frequencies, and there is
probably little to be gained from the 2-10 MHz scan. As long as the cable
is less than of a wavelength in length, the short cable approximation
can be used. At lengths greater than of a wavelength, phasing effects
start to occur. It turns out that at 60 ft., the frequency cutoff with respect
to wavelength is approximately 2 MHz. Figure A.1 on page A-3
illustrates the effects of the cables at higher frequencies; different
attenuation levels are plotted to compare what influence the cables have
on the noise to signal ratio. The attenuation was accomplished using a 50
Ohm impedance matching resistor divider network.
It is important for the operator to not only recognize any problems with
the cables, but to be prepared to confirm a problem further by, for
example, having an ohmmeter available when a cable is recognized by
the M5100 SFRA Instrument as having an open circuit condition. The
connections to the apparatus must be contaminant free, metal-to-metal
junctions. This assures not only reliable and efficient SFRA data
collection, but helps to reduce the effects of noise and interference
inherent in a substation environment. Remember that a ba connection to
the apparatus can appear as an open circuit cable.
A-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Figure A.1 High Frequency Effects on Cables

Since time is usually critical when testing a transformer, it is important to
verify the proper operation of the M5100 SFRA Instrument, its cabling
system and software, prior to connecting to the apparatus. This is
comprised of the following:
Instrument Setup on page A-4

Calibration Test on page A-4
Continuity Test on page A-5
Open Circuit Test on page A-6
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
A-3
Instrument Setup
Instrument Setup
To cable the instrument:
1. Attach the 30 Chassis Ground Cable clamp to the grounding plate on
the transformer and insert the cam-lock connector into the
instrument, twisting in a clockwise rotation to insure locking of the
connection.
Gently attempt to pull this connection straight out to verify that
locking has occurred. Refer to Figure 4.3 on page 4-6.
2. Check that the Power On/Off rocker switch is in the Off position and
connect the power cord from the M5100 SFRA Instrument to an
appropriate AC power source.
3. Turn on the power switch located on the back of the M5100 SFRA
Instrument.
The M5100 SFRA software should automatically launch from the
desktop. If not, to initiate the program, do one of the following:
Double-click on the M5100 SFRA icon, or
Go to START|PROGRAMS|DOBLE M5100|M5100 v.1.1. to
open the software.
Wait for the main testing screen to appear.
Calibration Test
The Calibration Test assures that the M5100 SFRA Instrument provides
accurate test data.
Before performing any SFRA testing, a calibration must be performed on
the instrument after it has been on for approximately 15 minutes. The
calibration routine needs to be performed only once for any particular
testing session, not before each individual test.
To do this:
1. Select Calibrate from the Text Bar.
A dialog box appears reminding the operator that the instrument
should be at room temperature for a minimum of fifteen minutes.
A-4
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
2. Click OK to continue or CANCEL to allow warm up time before

proceeding.
A dialog box appears stating Disconnect All Test Leads - Press OK
When Ready To Start Automatic Scope Calibration.
3. Since no test leads are connected, select OK
A dialog box appears stating Performing Scope Card Calibration
Sequence - Please Stand By. This procedure takes about two minutes
to perform.
When the calibration procedure is completed, another dialog box
appears stating Scope Calibration Complete.
4. Select OK to proceed.
If there is a failure in the calibration procedure, the operator is
prompted and is directed to contact the Doble Engineering Service
Department.
Continuity Test
The Cable Continuity Test verifies that the Specimen Cable is free of open
circuit conductors and faulty connectors.
To connect the test Specimen Cable:
1. Connect the yellow, red, and black marked cables to the instrument.
2. Connect the RED and BLACK main clips together, shorting them.
These are the large clamps at the end of the cables.
3. Connect the RED and BLACK ground shield clips together, shorting
them.
These are the smaller clips, which are attached directly on the cable.
They are located approximately of the distance toward the end of
the cables.
4. Press F1 or select START TEST to start the test.
A dialog box appears that asks the operator to select a plot for data
storage, the default is unused1.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
A-5
Open Circuit Test
5. Select START
The Trigger Status indicates Measurement OK and Test Running
begins flashing above the Test Status % Bar.
The default color of unused1 is WHITE, therefore a WHITE trace
begins to form along the 0.00 dB horizontal line and continues until it
begins to deviate negatively at the highest frequencies.
See Figure A.1 on page A-3, to compare the results. If there is a
dissimilarity, (e.g. deviations of the trace into (-)dB regions prior to the
highest frequencies) there may be a problem with the cables. To fix
this:
a. Check the cables for any visual damage along their length, as
well as the connector and alligator clips.
b. Redo the connections and repeat the test.
If the problem repeats, contact the Doble Engineering
617.926.4900 for further assistance.
Open Circuit Test

The Open Circuit Cable Test recognizes how the M5100 SFRA Instrument
responds to open circuit conditions for the Source YELLOW and
Reference RED cables with alert messages and the graphic display of an
open circuit for the Measure BLACK cable. To perform this test:
1. Connect the RED and BLACK marked cables to the instrument,
leaving the yellow cable disconnected.
2. Press F1 or select START TEST to start the test.
A dialog box appears that asks the operator to select a plot for storing
the data, the default is unused1.
3. Click START.
The Trigger Status indicates Measurement OK and Test Running
begins flashing above the Test Status % Bar for approximately 2-3
seconds, after which the Trigger Status changes to flashing RED and a
message stating NO TRIGGER - Check Ref Signal appears. No
graphing of data occurs.
Refer to Figure A.1 on page A-3 to view the NO TRIGGER - Check
Ref Signal.
A-6
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
4. Press F2 or select ABORT TEST to reset the M5100 SFRA Instrument.

The Test Status states Test Aborted and a dialog box appears asking
Do you wish to keep the current data or clear it?.
5. Click Clear.
6. Reconnect the Source YELLOW cable.
7. Repeat the procedure for the Reference RED cable, with the same
results.
8. Repeat the procedure for the Source YELLOW, Reference RED and
the Measure BLACK cables with the same results.
Although it would be rare for all three cables to have open circuit
conditions, it would be more common an occurrence that the cables
were not to be connected. So knowledge of the M5100 SFRA
Instruments response will assist the operator in recognizing the
problem and correcting for it.
Grounding
NOTE
Proper grounding of the test instrument is essential.

As discussed in the introduction of two-port networks, zero impedance
across the negative or lower terminal is desired. Proper grounding
isolates the measured transfer function to the transformer and removes
any unwanted ground impedance or cable effects.
The following verification is recommended: The bushing flange must be
solidly grounded to the transformer tank. Often, a small impedance is
present. Also, the ground clips must solidly bite into the respective
bushing flanges. Any paint or contamination on this surface can affect the
measurement.
Noise
Noise and interference can be introduced into a measurement through
various means. Noise and interference influences a measurement by any
of the following:
Generated by the measurement instrument and coupled directly.
Stray electrostatic and electromagnetic fields.
Connection characteristics of the leads.
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
A-7
Noise
For simplification purposes, noise and interference should be considered

separately. Noise has two categories: white or broadband and 1/f or low
frequency noise.
Because SFRA testing takes place in harsh electrical and mechanical
environments, on average, the white noise floor appears at 80 dB.
Measurements below 80 dB are often contaminated with a hash like
appearance. However, averaging techniques have been proven useful in
reducing the effects of white noise below 80 dB.
1/f noise is a phenomena which has a linear effect on lower frequencies.
1/f noise appears as a pole affecting frequencies below 300 Hz, which
are heavily attenuated. Figure A.2 illustrates the effect of 1/f noise. The
test specimen is a 400 kOhm load.
Figure A.2 High Frequency Effects on Noise

Due to the sensitive nature of the M5100 SFRA Instrument, interference
cannot be avoided. Any interference with a broadband less than 10 MHz
can affect the measurement. Interference, such as mechanical vibration,
power line pick-up (50 Hz and 60 Hz), and RF (AM/FM broadcasts), are
usually present during testing. They are most noticeable when the
measured output signal is attenuated. Power line pick-up often has
several harmonics included.
A-8
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Appendix B. M5100 SFRA Instrument

Specifications
Table B.1 lists the controller specifications.
Table B.1 Controller
Item
Description
Processor
Pentium III 866 MHz w/256 MB SDRAM
Operating System
Microsoft Windows 2000
Communication
1 serial, 1 parallel, 2 USB, 10 BaseT Ethernet
Data Storage
15 GB Hard Drive, USB 3.5 Floppy Drive,

Optional CDROM 24X Max
Keyboard
87 Key Ultra Low Profile
Mouse
Two Button Touchpad PS/2
Display
SVGA, 10.4 Color TFT, 640 X 480
Table B.2 lists the analog source specifications.

Table B.2 Analog Source
Item
Description
Channels
Frequency Range
10 Hz 10 MHz
Voltage Output
10 V peak-to-peak at 50 Ohms
Output Coupling
DC
Output Impedance
50 Ohms
Protection
Short circuit protected
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
B-1
Table B.3 lists the analog input specifications.

Table B.3 Analog Inputs
Item
Description
Channels
Sampling
Simultaneously
Frequency Range
10 Hz 10 MHz
Bandwidth
10 MHz max
Max Sample Rate
100 MS/s
Input Impedance
50 Ohms
Input Protection
42 VDC continuous
Calibration Interval
Internal (24 hr.), External (5 years)
Table B.4 lists the M5100 SFRA software specifications.

Table B.4 M5100 SFRA Software
Item
Description
Instrument
M5100 SFRA Field
PC
M5100 SFRA PC for Windows 98/2000/NT 4.0
Table B.5 lists the data collection specifications.

Table B.5 Data Collection
B-2
Item
Description
Test Method
Sweep frequency
Frequency Range
10 Hz 10 MHz
Number of Points
1250 logarithmically spaced
Accuracy
1 dB > 80 dB
IF Bandwidth
10% of active frequency
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Table B.6 lists the data display specifications.

Table B.6 Data Display
Item
Description
Scaling
Linear/Log
Frequency Range
10 Hz 10 MHz, User defined within frequency

range
Plotting
Frequency vs. Magnitude/Phase
Table B.7 lists the physical specifications.

Table B.7 Physical
Item
Description
Instrument Weight
28 lbs. / 12.7 kg
Dimensions
10.0 x 16.0 x 15.5 in. / 25.4 x 40.6 x 39.4 cm
Transport Shock
High impact, molded, flame retardant, ABS

meets National Safe Transit Association testing
specification No. 1A for immunity to severe
shock and vibration.
AC Input Voltage
90 265 VAC universal
AC Input
Frequency
50 or 60 Hz
AC Protection
5A circuit breaker
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
B-3
Table B.8 lists the environmental specifications.

Table B.8 Environmental
B-4
Item
Description
Operating Ambient
Temperature
0 to 50 C
(IEC-60068-2-1 and IEC-60068-2-2)
Operating Relative
Humidity
10% to 90% non-condensing

(IEC-60068-2-56)
Storage Ambient
Temperature
20 to 70 C
(IEC-60068-2-1 and IEC-60068-2-2)
Storage Relative
Humidity
5% to 90% non-condensing
(IEC-60068-2-56)
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02
Index
A
Abort test 3-10
Accessories
cables 2-3
grounds 2-3
Analysis mode 3-8
initial measurement 5-8
subsequent measurement 5-8
Anti-Aliased 3-17
Autorange 3-12
B
Bar plots 3-18
C
Cables 2-3
Cables, tips A-2
Calibrate 3-8
Calibration 4-4
Clear graph 3-7
Clipping 3-12
Color 3-17
Common plots 3-17
Controller 2-2
Current frequency 3-11
Cursor movement tool 3-16
Cursors 3-16
D
Data display 3-12
Data Management
4-20
DETC 3-13
Diagnostic significance of frequency ranges, explained 5-2
Display band 3-15
Document Conventions 1-x
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
I-1
Drive Amplitude 3-11
F
File 3-4
Fill base line 3-18
Frequency scale 3-8
Frequency-dependant transformer equivalent circuit, explained 5-1
G
Graph palette 3-15
Grounding, tips A-7
Grounds 2-3
Guide, structure 1-ix
I
Interpolation 3-18
L
Line style 3-17
Line width 3-17
LTC 3-14
M
M5100 SFRA Instrument
accessories 2-3
controller 2-2
hardware 2-1
operating system 3-1
software 3-1
3-18
installation 3-18, 3-19
PC requirements 3-18
M5100 SFRA Software
abort test 3-10
analysis mode 3-8
autorange 3-12
calibrate 3-8
clear graph 3-7
clipping 3-12
current frequency 3-11
cursor movement tool 3-16
cursors 3-16
I-2
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
data display 3-12

display band 3-15
drive amplitude 3-11
File 3-4
frequency scale 3-8
graph palette 3-15
magnitude 3-12
menu choices 3-3
nameplate 3-13
pan 3-16
phase 3-12
plot legend 3-17
print screen 3-5
quit 3-5
recall data 3-4
response 3-11
save data 3-5
select bands 3-6
start test 3-9
sub band magnitude 3-12
sub band phase 3-13
test initiation and control 3-8
test initiation, control 3-9
test status 3-10
test status indicator 3-11
trigger status 3-10
vertical range 3-11
waveform 3-12
zoom tool 3-16
Magnitude 3-12
Menu choices 3-3
N
Nameplate 3-13
Nameplate to edit/view 3-14
Noise, tips A-7
O
Operating system 3-1
P
Pan 3-16
Phase 3-12
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I-3
Plot legend 3-17

Point style 3-18
Print screen 3-5
Q
Quit Program 3-5
R
Recall data 3-4
Response 3-11
S
Safety
4-1
general rules 4-1
grounding 4-2
personnel 4-2
Save data 3-5
Select bands 3-6
SFRA Test Preparations
4-3
apparatus connection 4-6
diagrams 4-8
test file creation 4-4
SFRA theory
1-2
introduction 1-1
Software 3-1
Start test 3-9
Sub band magnitude 3-12
Sub band phase 3-13
T
Test
4-18
aborting 4-20
initializing 4-18
monitoring 4-20
overlaying plots 4-23
power down 4-23
printing 4-23
recalling data 4-22
saving data 4-21
I-4
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Test status 3-10

Test Status Indicator 3-11
Trigger Status 3-10
V
Vertical range 3-11
W
Waveform 3-12
X
X scale 3-18
Y
Y scale 3-18
Z
Zoom tool 3-16
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02
I-5
I-6
72A-1849-01 Rev. B 6/02

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What is the purpose of the manual?

What is the purpose of the manual?

What warranty does Doble provide for its products?

What warranty does Doble provide for its products?

M5100 SFRA Instrument Users Guide

Doble Engineering Company

This Manual is solely the property of the Doble Engineering Company

Doble Engineering Company (DOBLE) warrants the products that it

THIS SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT

Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so the

DOBLEs entire liability and Purchasers exclusive remedy shall be:

1. SFRA Introduction and Theory ..................................................................1-1

2. Getting Started with the M5100 SFRA Instrument ....................................2-1

3. M5100 SFRA Software ...............................................................................3-1

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4. Setup and Operation ................................................................................. 4-1

5. Data Interpretation ................................................................................... 5-1

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M5100 SFRA Instrument Users Guide

Appendix A. Application Tips ....................................................................... A-1

Appendix B. M5100 SFRA Instrument Specifications ....................................B-1

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Two-port Network ........................................................................................... 1-3

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Per-Phase Measurement Phase of the Transfer Function ...............................

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Power Transformer Failure Modes and Diagnostic Measurements ................... 5-9

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72A-1849-01 Rev. B 06/02

Windows referenced in the text are shown in this

Text entered into M5100 fields is shown in this text.

Field Names/Displayed text

The Note icon signifies information that is important to the user.

The WARNING icon signifies information that is necessary in order to

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1. SFRA Introduction and Theory

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M5100 SFRA Instrument Users Guide

Figure 1.1 Two-port Network

When a transfer function is reduced to its simplest form, it generates a

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The goal of SFRA is to measure the impedance model of the test

Often it is useful to plot the magnitude and phase relationship of the

This format takes advantage of the asymptotic symmetry by using a

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2. Getting Started with the M5100

M5100 SFRA Instrument Hardware

Figure 2.1 M5100 SFRA Instrument Front View

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CPU Status LEDS

Figure 2.2 M5100 SFRA Instrument Controller

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M5100 SFRA Instrument Users Guide

M5100 SFRA Instrument Accessories

Grounding of signal cable shields, specimen, and instrument chassis is

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M5100 SFRA Instrument Accessories