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    Chemistry Module Form 4

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    mohd faisol
    The document provides information on the structure of the atom. It defines key terms like element, compound, molecule, ion, and states of matter. It describes the kinetic theory of matter and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases as well as diffusion. Atomic structure is discussed from early models by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to the current nuclear model. Electron configuration and the filling of electron shells is explained. Isotopes and their uses are also summarized.

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    Chemistry Module Form 4

    Uploaded by

    mohd faisol
    305 views17 pages
    The document provides information on the structure of the atom. It defines key terms like element, compound, molecule, ion, and states of matter. It describes the kinetic theory of matter and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases as well as diffusion. Atomic structure is discussed from early models by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to the current nuclear model. Electron configuration and the filling of electron shells is explained. Isotopes and their uses are also summarized.

    Original Description:

    Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

    Original Title

    Chemistry Module Form 4 (2)

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document provides information on the structure of the atom. It defines key terms like element, compound, molecule, ion, and states of matter. It describes the kinetic theory of matter and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases as well as diffusion. Atomic structure is discussed from early models by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to the current nuclear model. Electron configuration and the filling of electron shells is explained. Isotopes and their uses are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    305 views17 pages

    Chemistry Module Form 4

    Uploaded by

    mohd faisol
    The document provides information on the structure of the atom. It defines key terms like element, compound, molecule, ion, and states of matter. It describes the kinetic theory of matter and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases as well as diffusion. Atomic structure is discussed from early models by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to the current nuclear model. Electron configuration and the filling of electron shells is explained. Isotopes and their uses are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Atoms are made up of even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. Matter can exist in three main states - solid, liquid and gas - which differ in how closely packed and arranged the particles are.

    The main components of an atom are the protons and neutrons located in the nucleus, and the electrons that orbit around the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.

    The three main states of matter are solids, liquids and gases. In solids, particles are packed closely together in an orderly fixed position. In liquids, particles are packed closely but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move freely.

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    CHAPTER 2
    THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
    Element
    Matter
    Anything that
    occupies space & has
    mass.

    Substance that
    consists of only one
    type of atom.

    Compound
    Substance that contains
    two or more elements
    that are chemically
    bonded together.

    Kinetic Theory of Matter

    Type of Particles
    Atom
    Molecule
    Ion
    Atom
    Smallest particle of
    an element that can
    take place in chemical
    reaction.

    Ion
    Is a positive charged
    or negative charged
    particle.

    Matter is made up of
    tiny & discrete particle.
    Particle vibrate, moving
    & collide with each other.
    Particles move randomly.
    There are forces between
    the particle. Stronger the
    forces, particle close to
    each other.
    Higher the temperature,
    higher the kinetic energy
    of particle.

    Molecule
    A group of two or
    more atoms which are
    chemically bonded
    together.

    Physical State
    Solid
    Liquid
    Gas
    Subatomic Particles
    Electron
    Proton
    Neutron
    Diffusion
    Is a random movement
    between different
    particles from high
    concentration to lower
    concentration.

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Atom, Molecule & Ion

    Molecule (ELEMENT)
    Atom

    Atom

    +
    Atom

    Molecule (COMPOUND)
    Atom

    + -

    + + Cation

    Ionic Compound

    Anion

    Example: Formation of WATER

    Water Molecule

    +
    Oxygen Atom

    Hydrogen Atom

    A Glass of Water
    6

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(II) sulphate crystal.

    Difussion Rate:
    Reason:

    Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII).

    Difussion Rate:
    Reason:

    Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid.

    Difussion Rate:
    Reason:

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Particles
    Arrangement

    States

    SOLID

    Forces between
    particles

    Particles Motion

    Held together
    very strong

    Vibrate and rotate at


    fixed position

    Strong but weaker


    than solid

    Vibrate, rotate and


    move through liquid &
    collide against each
    other

    weak

    Vibrate, rotate and


    move freely

    Packed closely in
    orderly manner

    LIQUID
    Packed closely not in
    orderly arrangement

    GAS
    Far apart from each
    other

    Solid
    Shape :

    Liquid

    Gas

    Shape :

    Shape :

    Ability to be
    compressed:

    Ability to be
    compressed:

    Ability to be
    compressed:

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Change in the State of Matter

    Changes in the Heat Energy

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Heating of Naphthalene

    Cooling of Naphthalene

    1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner?
    2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene?
    3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why
    a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask?

    b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously?

    4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during


    a) melting? Give a reason.

    b) freezing? Give a reason.

    5. The melting point of sugar is 184oC. The melting point of sugar cannot be
    determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used
    instead?

    10

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    The Heating Curve of Naphthalene


    Temperature (oC)
    D

    Time (min)

    Melting Point
    Is the temperature at
    which a solid changes into
    a liquid at a particular
    pressure.

    Physical State
    AB =
    BC =
    CD =

    Why the temperature


    remains constant at BC?
    Heat energy ___________
    by the particles is used to
    overcome the force
    between the particles so
    that the solid turn into
    liquid.

    Also known as
    latent heat of
    fusion.

    Why the temperature


    increase from A to B?
    When solid is heated,
    heat energy is
    ________________.
    This cause particles to
    _________ kinetic energy
    and vibrate __________.

    Why the temperature


    increase from C to D?
    When liquid is heated,
    heat energy is
    ________________.
    This cause particles to
    _________ kinetic energy
    and move __________.

    * label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP.
    11

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene


    Temperature (oC)
    E

    H
    Time (min)

    Freezing Point
    Is the temperature at
    which a liquid changes
    into a solid at a particular
    pressure.

    Why the temperature


    remains constant at FG?
    Heat energy ___________
    to the surroundings is
    exactly same as the heat
    energy released by
    particle to form the
    forces to become a solid.

    Physical State
    EF =
    FG =
    GH =

    How to avoid supercooling?

    Why the temperature


    decrease from E to F?
    When liquid is cooled,
    heat energy is
    ________________.
    This cause particles to
    _________ kinetic energy
    and move __________.

    Why the temperature


    decrease from G to H?
    When solid is cooled,
    heat energy is
    ________________.
    This cause particles to
    _________ kinetic energy
    and vibrate __________.

    * label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP.
    12

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    The Atomic Structure


    [Draw the atomic model & briefly explain]

    (1) John Dalton


    (1766 1844)

    (2) J.J. Thomson


    (1856 1940)

    (3) Ernest Rutherford


    (1871 - 1937)

    (5) James Chadwick


    (1891 - 1974)

    (4) Neils Bohr


    (1885 - 1962)

    13

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Subatomic Particles of an Atom

    NEUTRON
    PROTON
    Symbol : p
    Relative electric
    charge : +1
    Relative mass: 1

    Symbol : n
    Relative electric
    charge : 0
    Relative mass: 1

    ELECTRON
    Symbol : e
    Relative electric
    charge : -1

    NUCLEUS
    Proton + Neutron

    Relative mass: 0.0005

    NUCLEON NUMBER =
    Proton +
    Number

    Number of
    Neutron

    Definition
    NEUTRAL ATOM

    Atom Q has a proton number


    of 11 and a nucleon number of
    23. How many protons,
    electrons and neutrons are
    present in the atom?

    Number of proton
    is equal to the
    number of electron.

    Nucleon number is
    the total number of
    proton and neutrons
    in its atom.

    Definition
    Proton number is the
    number of protons in
    its atom.

    14

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Symbol of Elements
    Element

    Symbol

    Element

    Symbol

    Element

    Symbol

    Element

    Hydrogen

    Carbon

    Sodium

    Sulphur

    Helium

    Nitrogen

    Magnesium

    Chlorine

    Lithium

    Oxygen

    Aluminium

    Argon

    Beryllium

    Fluorine

    Silicon

    Potassium

    Boron

    Neon

    Phosphorus

    Calcium

    23
    11

    Na

    Also represented
    by sodium-23

    Symbol

    A fluorine atom has 9 protons and


    10 neutrons. What is the proton
    number and nucleon number of
    the atom? Represent the atom in
    the form of
    .

    Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons.


    What are the proton number
    and nucleon number of the
    atom? Represent the atom
    in the form of
    .

    15

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    ISOTOPES
    Atoms of the same
    element has same
    proton number but
    different number of
    neutron

    Nucleon
    Number

    Element
    Hydrogen-1

    Proton
    Number
    1

    No. of
    Electron

    Hydrogen-2
    Hydrogen-3
    Carbon-12

    Carbon-13
    Carbon-14
    Oxygen-16

    Why isotopes element


    has similar chemical
    properties?

    No. of
    Neutron

    Oxygen-17
    Oxygen-18
    Chlorine-35

    17

    Chlorine-37
    Bromine-80

    35

    Bromine-81

    To determine the
    rate of absorption
    of fertilisers by
    plants.

    To determine
    the age of
    artifact.

    USES OF
    ISOTOPES
    To detect the
    location of a
    tumor in the brain.

    To detect leaks in
    underground
    petroleum pipe.

    To treat
    cancer.
    16

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    The Electronic Structure of an Atom

    Maximum number
    of electron filled in
    the shell:
    1st = 2 electrons
    2nd = 8 electrons
    3rd = 8 electrons
    4th = 8 electrons

    Valence Electrons
    Electrons in the
    outermost
    occupied shell.

    For atoms with


    more than 20
    electrons, the third
    shell can filled up
    to 18 electrons.

    Electron
    Configuration
    Chlorine has
    proton number 17.

    The last shell filled


    with electrons
    known as the
    outermost
    occupied shell.

    Write the electron


    arrangement for
    potassium & state the
    valence electrons.

    17

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Element

    Proton
    Number

    Number of
    Electron

    Electron
    Configuration
    & Valence
    Electron

    Electronic Structure

    E.C =
    Hydrogen

    1
    V.E =

    Helium

    Lithium

    Beryllium

    Boron

    Carbon

    Nitrogen

    18

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Element

    Proton
    Number

    Oxygen

    Fluorine

    Number of
    Electron

    Electron
    Configuration
    & Valence
    Electron

    Electronic Structure

    Neon

    10

    Sodium

    11

    Magnesium

    12

    Aluminium

    13

    19

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Element

    Proton
    Number

    Silicon

    14

    Phosphorus

    Sulphur

    Chlorine

    Argon

    Number of
    Electron

    Electron
    Configuration &
    Valence
    Electron

    Electronic Structure

    15

    16

    17

    18

    20

    mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

    Element

    Proton
    Number

    Potassium

    19

    Calcium

    20

    Number of
    Electron

    Electron
    Configuration &
    Valence
    Electron

    Electronic Structure

    21

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