Earthmoving Materials Operations
Earthmoving Materials Operations
Earthmoving Materials Operations
Lecture 02
EARTHMOVING PROCESS
EARTHMOVING IS THE PROCESS OF MOVING SOIL OR ROCK
FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER AND PROCESSING IT SO
THAT IT MEETS CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS OF LOCATION,
ELEVATION, DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT, AND SO ON
EARTHMOVING ACTIVITIES
Excavating / loading / hauling / placing (dumping and
spreading) / compacting / grading / finishing
Lecture 02
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT INFLUENCES ON THE EFFICIENCY &
PROFITABILITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
Lecture 02
PRODUCTION OF EARTHMOVING
EQUIPMENT
BASIC RELATIONSHIP FOR ESTIMATING THE PRODUCTION OF ALL
EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT
Where,
Vol. per cycle average vol. of material moved per equipment
Cycles per hour the number of cycles actually achieved expected perhour
Lecture 02
PRODUCTION OF EARTHMOVING
EQUIPMENT (CONTD)
JOB EFFICIENCY FACTORS FOR EARTHMOVING OPERATIONS
Lecture 02
Lecture 02
EARTHMOVING MATERIALS:
GENERAL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
TRAFFICABILITY
Ability of a soil to support the weight of
vehicles under repeated traffic
Function of soil type and moisture conditions
Factors impacting soil trafficability
Soil strength / Slipperiness / Stickiness / Slope
/ Stoniness
MOISTURE CONTENT
100
Lecture 02
2mm
Lecture 02
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Two principal soil classification systems are used for design
and construction in the United States
Unified System
AASHTO System (American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials)
In both systems, soil particles 3 in. or larger in diameter are
removed before performing classification tests.
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10
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)
STEP 1. DETERMINE ATTERBERG LIMITS
Plasticity index (PL) = Liquid limit (LL) - Plastic limit (PL)
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
AASHTO SYSTEM
AASHTO SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION
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Typical gradation curves for coarse-grained soils. (U.S. Army Engineer School)
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
FIELD IDENTIFICATION
UNIFIED SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION : FIELD IDENTIFICATION
in. (6mm) passing materials :
< 50% : gravel
50% : sand
Weight
passing
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
FIELD IDENTIFICATION (CONTD)
DRY STRENGTH TEST AND PLASTICITY
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
FIELD IDENTIFICATION (CONTD)
SOIL SHAKING TEST
Place soil in palm of hand
Add water gradually and knead the soil until it
begins to get sticky
Form a ball about in. (19mm) in diameter
Hold the ball in one hand and tap the back of
the hand with the other
If the ball becomes wet and shiny, it is mostly
fine sand or silt
No reaction suggests clay
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CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOILS
EARTHWORK OPERATION
BASIC RULE OF EARTHWORKS OPERATION
Cut for the high
Fill for the low
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10
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPICAL SOIL VOLUME CHANGE DURING EARTHMOVING
Most excavated materials are found to increase in volume
after excavation (bulking or loosing)
When compacted in the in-situ volume, soils occupy less
volume (shrinkage)
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SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
SOIL CONDITIONS
Bank: Material in its natural state before disturbance. Often
referred to as in-place or in-situ. A unit volume is
identified as a bank cubic yard (BCY) or a bank cubic meter
(BCM).
Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded. A unit
volume is identified as a loose cubic yard (LCY) or loose cubic
meter (LCM).
Compacted: Material after compaction. A unit volume is
identified as a compacted cubic yard (CCY) or compacted
cubic meter (CCM).
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11
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
SWELL
% =
(
(
1 100
EXAMPLE
Find the swell of a soil that weight 1661 kg/m3 in its natural
state and 1186 kg/m3 after excavation.
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SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
SHRINKAGE
% = 1
(
(
)
)
100
EXAMPLE
Find the shrinkage of a soil that weight 1661 kg/m3 in its
natural state and 2077 kg/m3 after compaction
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12
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
LOAD FACTORS
(
(
)
)
or
1
1+
(
(
or
=1
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SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
LOAD AND SHRINKAGE FACTORS
EXAMPLE
A soil weighs 1163 kg/LCM, 1661 kg/BCM, and 2077 kg/CCM
Find the load factor and shrinkage factor for the soil
How many bank cubic meters (BCM) and compacted cubic
meters (CCM) are contained in 593330 loose cubic meters of
this soil?
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13
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
TYPICAL SOIL WEIGHT AND VOLUME CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS*
SPOIL BANKS
OR
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PILES
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14
SPOIL BANKS
OR
PILES (CONTD)
SPOIL BANKS
OR
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PILES (CONTD)
15
SPOIL BANKS
OR
PILES (CONTD)
SPOIL BANKS
OR
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PILES (CONTD)
EXAMPLE 1
Find the base width and height of a triangular spoil bank
containing 76.5 BCM if the pile length is 9.14 m, the soil's
angle of repose is 37, and its swell is 25%.
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16
SPOIL BANKS
OR
PILES (CONTD)
EXAMPLE 2
Find the base diameter and height of a conical spoil pile that
will contain 76.5 BCM of excavation if the soil's angle of
repose is 32and its swell is 12%.
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17
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18
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1 +
2
2
1
6
+
2
+4
19
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20
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ab
h1 h2 h3 h4
4
ab
V h1 2 h2 3 h3 4 h4
4
V5
21
ab
h1 h2 h4
6
ab
V h1 2 h2 3 h3 8 h8
6
V6
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22
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
12.5
7.5
20
20
*Average
Area
Area (m2)
(m2)
21.6
29.4
25.5
**Vol. of
soil
(m3)
510.0
Filling of soil
Area
(m2)
8.3
1.3
Average
Area
(m2)
Vol. of
soil
(m3)
Compaction
factor
(C)
4.8
96.0
0.9
Revised
Vol.
(m3)
Calculated
Soil (m3)
Excess (+)
Short (-)
106.7
403.3
963.3
1366.6
106.7
Total
* Average area is the average of previously and currently measured areas
**Volume of soil = Average area x distance
1
Revised vol. of soil = vol. of soil / compaction factor
2
"+" means cutting of soil while "-" imply filling of soil
3
Cumulative vol. of soil
4
At the same station no, select small vol. of soil betwwen cutting and filling of soil
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23
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24
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26