Fourier Series Notes
Fourier Series Notes
Fourier Series Notes
Preliminaries
Periodic functions:
A function f (t ) is said to be periodic with period
Graph of f ( x) sin x
Page 1 of 39
Graph of f ( x) cos x
2
f t
k
sin k (t
k
2
, since
k
2
T
x
t
x
t i.e., t
or x
2
T
2 T
T
2
Then f (t ) f
x g ( x) is a function of x.
( x 2 ) f
x T ) f (t T ) f (t )
2
Consider g ( x 2 ) f
T
f
2
x g ( x)
x.
Graph of f ( x) x
Graph of f ( x) x
Graph of f ( x) cos x
Graph of f ( x) sin x
Graph of f ( x) x
Page 3 of 39
Products of two even and two odd functions are even and the product of an even
function with an odd function is odd.
a
Also,
a
2 f (t )dt , if f (t ) is even
f (t )dt 0
.
0,
if f (t ) is odd
uvdx uv u ' v
1
where u '
du
du '
du ''
, u ''
, u '''
,... and
dx
dx
dx
Example:
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
2
2 cos 2 x
x
sin
2
x
dx
2
x
4
8
cos
0, n 0
2n
t dt
T
T , n 0
sin
2n
t dt 0 for all n
T
cos
2m
2n
t sin
t dt 0 for all m and n
T
T
c T
c T
c T
Page 4 of 39
c T
c T
0, m n
2m
2n
cos
t cos
t dt T
T
T
2 , m n
0, m n
2m
2n
sin
t sin
t dt T
T
T
2 , m n
Also,
n 0, n even
n 0, n odd
, sin
cos
n1
n
2 1 2 , n odd
2 1 2 , n even
Page 5 of 39
Definition:
Let f (t ) be a periodic function of t with period T , and is defined in an interval
[c, c T ] . Then the expansion of the form
2n
2n
f (t ) a0 an cos
t bn sin
t , if exists called the Fourier series or
T
T
n 1
Fourier expansion of f (t ) . Here a0 , an and bn are called Fourier coefficients.
Eulers formulae:
Given a periodic function f (t ) with period T , represented in [c, c T ] by a Fourier
series,
2n
2n
f (t ) a0 an cos
t bn sin
t (1) , to determine
T
T
n 1
the coefficients a0 , an and bn , we proceed as follows,
c T
f (t )dt
2n
2n
a
0 an cos T t bn sin T t dt
n 1
c T
cT
2n
2n
a0 dt an cos
t dt bn sin
t dt
T
T
1
c
c
c
a0T 0
c T
1
a0
T
c T
f (t )dt (2)
2m
t integrating, we get
Multiplying (1) by cos
T
c T
2m
f (t )cos
t dt
T
Page 6 of 39
c T
2m
a0 cos
t dt
T
c T
cT
2n 2m
2n 2m
a
cos
t
cos
t
dt
b
t cos
t dt
n
n sin
T
T
T
T
n 1
c
c
T
0 am 0
2
2n
f (t )cos
t dt (3)
T
2
an
T
c T
2m
t integrating, we get
Multiplying (1) by sin
T
c T
2m
f (t )sin
t dt
T
c T
an
n 1
c T
2m
t dt
T
a sin
0
2n 2m
cos
t sin
t dt bn
T
T
0 0 bm
2
bn
T
c T
c T
2n 2m
sin
t sin
t dt
T
T
T
2
2n
f (t )sin
t dt (4)
T
The Fourier coefficients a0 , an and bn are given by the formulae (2), (3) and (4).
These are called the Eulers formulae for Fourier coefficients.
Note:
(1) For c
a0
1
T
T
2
T
2
T
, the formulae for the Fourier coefficients a0 , an and bn becomes
2
0,
if f (t ) is odd
T
f (t )dt 2 2
f (t )dt , if f (t ) is even
T 0
Page 7 of 39
an
T
2
2
T T
2
bn
T
2
2
T T
2
0,
if f (t ) is odd
T
2n
f (t )cos
t dt 4 2
2n
T
t dt , if f (t ) is even
f (t )cos
T
T 0
T2
4 f (t )sin 2n t dt , if f (t ) is odd
2n
f (t )sin
t dt T
.
T
0
T
0,
if f (t ) is even
T T
, is given by
2
2
T
2
T
2
2
4
2n
2n
t dt.
f (t ) a0 an cos
t where a0 f (t )dt and an f (t )cos
T0
T0
T
T
n 1
T T
, is given by
If f (t ) is odd, then the Fourier series expansion of f (t ) in
2 2
T
2
4
2n
2n
f (t ) bn sin
t where bn f (t )sin
t dt.
T0
T
T
n 1
This expansion is called the Fourier Sine series expansion of f (t ) . Note that an
even periodic function has Fourier Sine series expansion.
2) For T 2 , the Fourier series expansion of f (t ) defined in c, c 2 is given
by
Page 8 of 39
f (t ) a0 an cos nt bn sin nt
n 1
1
a0
2
where
an
bn
and
For c
c2
f (t )dt ,
c2
f (t )cos ntdt
c2
f (t )sin ntdt.
f (t ) a0 an cos nt where a0
n 1
f (t ) bn sin nt where bn
n 1
f (t ) dt , a
f (t )cos nt dt.
0
f(t)
is
f (t )sin nt dt.
0
2n t
2n t
bn sin
3) Let f(t) has Fourier series expansion f (t ) a0 an cos
T
T
n 1
2n t
2n t
bn sin
which is called the nth harmonic in
T
T
the
Fourier
series
expansion
of
f(t)
for
b
an rn cos n , bn rn sin n or rn an2 bn2 and n tan 1 n the nth harmonic
an
Consider the terms an cos
becomes
rn cos n cos
2n t
2n t
2n t
rn sin n sin
rn cos
n .
T
T
T
Then
b
rn an2 bn2 is called the amplitude of the nth harmonic and n tan 1 n is
an
called phase angle of the nth harmonic.
Page 9 of 39
2n t
2n t
bn sin
The Fourier series expansion a0 an cos
is convergent.
T
T
n 1
Its sum is f(t) except at a point t0 at which f(t), is discontinuous and at t0, it
converges to the average of left and right hand limit of f(t) at t0. i.e., to
1
f(t 0 + 0) +f(t 0 - 0) .
2
f(t)
f (t0 +0)
f(t0 0)
t0
c+T
Parsevals identity:
If a periodic function f (t) has Fourier series expansion
2n t
2n t
f (t ) a0 an cos
bn sin
which is uniformly convergent in
T
T
n 1
2
[c, c + T ] then
T
c T
f (t ) dt 2a an2 bn2
2
0
n 1
2n t
2n t
f (t ) a0 an cos
bn sin
which is uniformly convergent.
T
T
n 1
c T
Consider
f (t )
c
dt
c T
n 1
f (t ) a0 an cos
Page 10 of 39
2n t
2n t
bn sin
dt
T
T
c T
c T
2n t
2n t
a0 f (t ) dt an f (t ) cos
dt bn f (t ) sin
dt since Fourier
T
T
n
1
c
c
c
T
T
a0 T a0 an an bn bn
2
2
n 1
T
2
2
2
2
a
0 an bn
2
n 1
2
Therefore,
T
c T
n 1
Problems:
1. Expand
Solution: Let
1
a0
2
. Then
2 2
( x x ) dx 2 0 x dx since, x is odd and x2 is even function.
2
1 x3
3 2
3 0 3
3
an
x x cos nx dx x
2
cos nx dx
sin nx
n
2x
cos nx
n
sin nx
2 2 sin n
sin n0
cos n
0
2
2
n
n
n
cos 0 2
0 2 3 sin n sin n0
n
n
Page 11 of 39
n
1
2
2
0 0 2 2 0 3 .0
n
n
4 1
n
bn
4
n 1
1 .
2
n
2 cos nx sin nx
=
x
1
2
n
2
cos n
1
=
0 2 sin n sin no
2
2
2
n
n 1
cos n
1 1 .
n
n
n
f x
2 4
2
n 1
n 1
2 1 cos nx 1 sin nx .
3
n
n 1 n
1
4
ii
Solution:
Here
f x is an even function.
Page 12 of 39
1
n
n 1
iii
2n 1
f x a0 an cos nx ,
where
n 1
a0
an
1
2
1
1
2
x dx
4
8
4 x
1
2
3 3
24
12
cos nxdx
1
=
4
sin nx
2 x
cos nx
n
2 1
0 2 cos 2n cos 0 0
n
1
4
1 2
1
2 2
2
4 n
n
f x
2
12
1
cos nx.
2
n 1 n
At x = 0, f 0
2
12
1
2
n 1 n
1 2 2 2
................. 1
2
4 12 6
n 1 n
At x , f x 0
0
2
12
n 1
n 1
1
cos n
2
n 1 n
1
n2
1
n2
2
12
n 1
2
12
..................... 2
Page 13 of 39
sin nx
n
2
n 1
2n 1
n 1
2n 1
2
6
2
8
2
12
2
4
x,
3. Expand f x 0,
x 2 ,
0 x 1
x 1
1 x 2
1 1 1
1 ..............
4
3 5 7
Solution:
-2
-1
f x is odd,
f x bn sin n x
n 1
2
Where bn f x sin n xdx
20
1
cos n x
sin n x
cos n x
sin n x
= x
1
x 2
1
2 2
2 2
n
n
n
0
n
1
Page 14 of 39
1
1 cos n
cos n 0 0 0 0
2 cos n
n
2
n
n 1
2
1 1
n
n
f x 2
n 1
n 1
sin n x
1
1
f 2
n
2 2
n 1
0
sin n
n 1
2 1 2
n 1
n 1
n 1
sin
n 1
sin
n
2
n is even
n is odd
n
2
n 1
1 1 1
1 .
2n 1
3 5 7
0,
t 0
,f
4. Expand f (t )
E sin t , 0 t
series.
2
t
f (t ), t as a Fourier
Solution:
Page 15 of 39
a0
1
T
T
2
T
2
f (t )dt
1
E sin tdt
2 0
E cos t E
.
2 0
an
T
2
2
E
f
(
t
)cos
n
tdt
sin 2tdt ,
n 1
2 0
E cos(1 n) cos(1 n)
1
1
, n 1
2
(1
n
)
(1
n
)
(1
n
)
1
E cos 2t
n 1
E 2
2
2E
2
, n is even
2 (1 n) 1 n n 1
.
0,
n is odd
Page 16 of 39
bn
2
T
Ew
Ew
2
Ew sin(n 1) wt sin(n 1) wt w
n 1
2 (n 1) w
(n 1) w 0
0, n 1
b1
0
Ew
sin 2 wt dt
Ew
2
(1 cos 2wt ) dt
0
Ew sin 2wt w
t
2
2 w 0
Ew
E
( 0)
2 w
2
E E
2 E cos 2wt cos 4wt
f (t ) sin wt
2
.....
2
2
2 1
4 1
evaluate
n
n 1
.
f(x)
f (t0 +0)
-2
Page 17 of 39
where
2
2
1 2
1 x3 4
a0 x dx
20
2 3 0 3
2
x 2 sin n x
2 2
4
cos n x sin n x
an x cos n x dx
2x
2
2 2
2 2
3 3
20
n
n
n
0 n
2
x 2 cos n x
2 2
sin n x
co s n x
bn x sin n x dx
2x
2 3 3
2 2
20
n
n
n 0
4
2
cos 2n 0 0 3 3 (cos 2n cos0)
n
n
4
.
n
4 4
4
f ( x) 2 2 cos n x
sin n x
3 n1 n
n
f (0) f (0) 4 4
4
2 2 cos0
sin 0
2
3 n1 n
n
40 4 4 1
2 2
2
3 n1 n
1
4 2 2
2
n
3
4
6
n 1
Page 18 of 39
1. f ( x) x,0 x 2 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x)
2. f ( x) e ,0 x 2 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x)and hencededuce that
x
2sinh
n 1
n2 1
1
3
2
4
n 1 n 1
5. f ( x) sin x ,0 x 2 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x)
6. f ( x) sin x,0 x 1, f ( x 1) f ( x)
7. f ( x) 2 x x 2 ,0 x 2, f ( x 2) f ( x)
8. f ( x) 2 x 2 x 2, f ( x 4) f ( x)
t
t a
1
9. f (t ) a
f (t T ) f (t )
0
a t T
x
x
2
2
10. f ( x)
f ( x 2 ) f ( x)
x
x 3
2
Page 19 of 39
f ( x), 0 x l
g ( x)
; g ( x 2l ) g ( x).
f
(
x
),
Graph of f ( x)
y
-l
x
l
2l
g ( x) a0 an cos
n1
l
n
x
l
2l
1
n
where a0 g ( x) dx and an g ( x) cos
x dx
l 0
l0
l
But for 0 x l , g ( x) f ( x). We have
2l
1l
n
a0 f ( x) dx and an f ( x) cos
x dx
l 0
l0
l
f ( x) g ( x) a0 an cos
n 1
n
x, for 0 x l.
l
f ( x), 0 x l
; g ( x 2l ) g ( x).
f
(
x
),
Also, if g ( x)
Graph of f ( x)
y
-l
x
2l
Page 21 of 39
g ( x) bn sin
n1
n
x
l
2l
n
x dx
where bn g ( x) sin
l 0
l
But for 0 x l , g ( x) f ( x). We have
2l
n
bn f ( x) sin
x dx
l 0
l
f ( x) g ( x) bn sin
n 1
n
x, for 0 x l.
l
f ( x) a0 an cos nx , where
n 1
Page 22 of 39
1
1
a0 f ( x)dx xdx .
0
0
2
2
2
2 x sin nx
( cos nx)
an f ( x)cos nxdx x cos nxdx
(1)
0
0
n
n2
0
n even
0,
2 (1) n 1
.
4
n 2 2 , n odd
n
4 cos x cos3x
f ( x) x 2
.
2
2 1
3
f ( x) bn sin nx , where
n 1
2
2
2 x( cos nx)
( sin nx)
an f ( x)sin nxdx x sin nxdx
(1)
0
0
n
n2
0
2 (1) n 0 2
n 1
(1) .
n
n
2
f ( x) x (1) n1 sin nx.
n 1 n
Page 23 of 39
l
x
,
0
l
2
2. Expand f ( x)
as half range Fourier cosine and sine
x
l
1 ,
xl
l
2
series. Also draw the graph of the corresponding periodic extensions of
f ( x).
Solution:
1
f ( x) a0 an cos
n1
n
x
l
2l
l
1
1 x
x
Where a0 f ( x) dx dx 1 dx
l0
l 0 l
l
l
2
l
2 l
x 2 1
1
2l
2l
l
1
l 4
2
2l
l
2
n
2 x
n
n
x
an f ( x) cos
x dx cos
x dx 1 cos
x dx
l 0
l
l 0l
l
l
l
l
2
l
2
n
2cos
cos
n
n2 2
2
Page 24 of 39
8
n 2 2 , n 2, 6, 10, 14, ...
f ( x)
1 8 1
2
1
6
2 2 cos
x 2 cos
x
4 2
l
6
l
l
2
x
f ( x) bn sin
n1
n
x
l
2l
n
x dx
Where an f ( x) sin
l 0
l
2l
l
2 x
n
x
n
sin
x dx 1 sin
x dx
l 0l
l
l
l
l
2
0, n even
n 1
2 2 sin
x 4
n
2
n 2 2 1 2 , n odd
4
Page 25 of 39
f ( x)
4 1
1
3
1
5
sin
x
sin
x
sin
x
2 12
l
32
l
52
l
x
Expand f ( x) 1 ,0 x l as a Fourier cosine and sine series. Also draw the
l
graph of the corresponding periodic extensions of f ( x).
Solution:
-l
Let f ( x) a0 an cos
n 1
n
x.
l
2
1
Then a0 f ( x)dx .
l 0
2
2
n
2 x
n
an f ( x)cos xdx 1 cos xdx
l 0
l
l 0
l
l
l
n even
0,
2
n
2 2 1 (1) 4
.
n
,
n
odd
n 2 2
1
4
(2n 1)x
f ( x) 2
cos
.
2
2 n1 (2n 1)
l
Page 26 of 39
-l
2l
Let f ( x) bn sin
n 1
n
x.
l
2
n
2
x
n
2
Then bn f ( x)sin xdx (1 )sin xdx
l 0
l
l 0
l
l
n
l
2
n
sin x.
l
n 1 n
Thus f ( x)
Problems:
Obtain the half range Fourier Cosine and sine series expansions of the
functions. Also draw the graph of corresponding periodic extensions.
1) f ( x) x sin x,0 x .
2) f ( x) x( x),0 x .
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
x
,
0
2
f ( x)
.
x,
x
2
f ( x) 2 x,0 x 2 .
f ( x) cos x,0 x l .
l
f ( x) sin x,0 x l .
l
If f ( x) is piecewise continuous for 0 x l , having half range expansions
Page 27 of 39
f ( x) a0 an cos
n 1
n
n
x & f x bn sin x then show that
l
l
n 1
2
2
2
f ( x) dx 2a0 an 2 &
l 0
n 1
l
2
2
f ( x) dx bn 2 .
l 0
n 1
l
(, ). i, e., f ( x) dx exists.
(1)
where A(s )
n x
n x
fl ( x) a0 an cos
bn sin
(2)
l
l
n 1
Where
Page 28 of 39
by
Fourier
series
as
1
1
n t
1
n t
a0 fl (t ) dt , an fl (t )cos
dt , bn f l (t )sin
dt
2l l
l l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
1
1
n t
n x 1
n t n x
fl ( x) fl (t ) dt fl (t )cos
dt cos
fl (t )sin
dt sin
2l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
n1
1
1
n t
n x
n t
n x
fl ( x) fl (t ) dt fl (t )(cos
cos
sin
sin
) dt
2l l
l n1 l
l
l
l
l
l
Let sn
n
l
Then sn sn1 sn
or
1 sn
On substitution we get
1 sn
1
f
(
t
)
dt
fl ( x)
1
f l ( x)
2
l
l
1
fl (t ) dt sn cos sn x fl (t )cos snt dt sin sn x f l (t )sin snt ) sn
n1
l
l
Let l ,then fl ( x) f ( x) .
l
fl (t ) dt sn 0
l
sn 0.
1
f ( x) cos sx f (t )cos stdt sin sx f (t )sin stdt ds
0
1
A( s)cos sx B( s)sin sx ds
0
Where A( s )
f (t ) cos st dt
B( s)
f (t )sin st dt
f ( x)
f (t ) cos s( x t ) dt ds (3)
f (t ) sin s( x t ) dt ds 0 (4)
f (t ) cos s( x t ) i sin s ( x t dt ds
f (t ) eis ( xt ) dt ds
Page 30 of 39
A( s )
f (t ) cos st dt 2 f (t ) cos st dt
0
B( s)
f (t )sin st dt 0
f ( x)
A(s) cos sx ds
f (t ) cos st
cos sx dt ds
0 0
A( s )
f (t ) cos st dt 0
A( s )
f ( x)
f (t )sin st dt 2 f (t )sin st dt
0
B(s)sin sx ds
0
f (t ) sin st
sin sx dt ds
0 0
Page 31 of 39
Fourier transforms
Consider the Fourier integral representation of the function f ( x) given by
1
f ( x)
2
f (t ) eis ( xt ) dt ds
e
2
2
1
Let F ( s )
Then f ( x)
isx
1
2
f (t ) e ist ) dt ds
f (t )e ist dt (1)
1
2
F ( s )e
isx
ds (2)
The integral defined by (1) is called the Fourier transform of the function f ( x)
and is denoted by F f ( x). Given F (s) F f ( x) , the formula (2) defined
F f ( x) F (s).
Note (2): If F f ( x) F (s), then f ( x) F 1 F ( s) is called spectral
representation of F ( s ) and F ( s ) is called spectral density of f ( x ). Here s is
called the frequency of the transform. The graph of F (s) is called amplitude
2
F c1 f ( x) c2 g ( x) c1F f ( x) c2 F g ( x)
Page 32 of 39
Proof: Consider F ( s a)
2
1
f (t )e i ( sa )t dt
f (t )e ist eiat dt
f (t )e e
iat
ist
dt
F eiax f ( x)
(3) If F f ( x) F (s) then F f ( x a) e isa F ( s )
Proof: Exercise
(4) If F f ( x) F (s) then F f (ax)
1 s
F
a a
Proof: Exercise
(5) If F f ( x) F (s) then
(iii)
1
F ( s a) F ( s a)
2
i
F f ( x)sin ax F (s a) F (s a)
2
F f ( x) F ( s )
(iv)
F f ( x) F (s)
(v)
F f ( x) F ( s )
(i)
(ii)
F f ( x) cos ax
dn
(vi) F x f ( x) i
F (s)
ds n
( n)
n
(vii) F f ( x) (is) F f ( x)
n
Page 33 of 39
Convolution:
For functions f ( x) & g ( x), we define the convolution of f ( x) & g ( x), denoted by
1
f g ( x) as f g ( x)
f (t ) g ( x t )dt; provided the integral exists.
2
Note that f g g f .
Convolution Theorem:
F f g ( x) F f ( x) F g ( x).
Proof:
Consider
1
F f g ( x)
( f g )( x)e isx dx
1
isx
1
f
(
t
)
g
(
x
t
)
dt
e dx
2
2
1
ist
is ( x t )
f
(
t
)
e
g
(
x
t
)
e
dx
dt
2
2
Let x t u . Then
1
ist
is ( u )
F f g ( x)
f
(
t
)
e
g
(
u
)
e
du
dt
2
2
1
1
ist
is ( u )
f
(
t
)
e
dt
g
(
u
)
e
du
2
2
F f ( x) F g ( x).
Parsevals Identity:
If F f ( x) F (s) then
| f ( x) |
dx
| F (s) |
Proof:
Page 34 of 39
ds .
1
1
i.e.,
f
(
t
)
g
(
x
t
)
dt
F ( s )G ( s )eisx ds
2
2
For x 0, we get
f (t ) g (t )dt
F (s)G(s)ds
Let g ( x) f ( x) or g ( x) f ( x) .
ThenG ( s) F g ( x) F f ( x) F f ( x) F ( s).
f (t ) g (t )dt
f (t ) f (t )dt
F (s) F (s)ds
| f (t ) |2 dt | F ( s) |2 ds
Problems:
1, | x | a
1) Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
. Hence deduce that
0, | x | a
sin t
t dt 2 and
sin t
t dt 2 .
2
Solution:
1
F f ( x)
f ( x)eisx dx
1
1 e
2 sin as
1eisx dx
F ( s)
s
2 a
2 is a
a
isx
Page 35 of 39
1
1
2 sin as
isx
f ( x)
F
(
s
)
e
s cos sx i sin sx ds
2
2
2 sin as
sin as
cos sxds
sin sx is an odd function of s
0 s
s
0,
| x | a
sin as
cos sxds f ( x) ,
| x | a
s
2
2
0
1
2 2 0 4 , | x | a
For x 0, f ( x) 1.
sin as
ds .
s
2
0
t
dt
Let as t or s . ds .
a
a
On substitution, we get
sin t dt
0 t / a a 2
or
sint
dt
.
0 t
2
By Parseval's identity,
| f ( x) |
dx
| F ( s) |
ds
2 sin as
4 sin as
i.e., 1dx
ds
ds
s
0 s
a
a
sin as
0 s ds 2
2
sin t
For a 1, we get
ds .
t
2
0
2
Page 36 of 39
a x
F{xe
F{e
a x
a x
cos xt
dt and
2
t2
1
}
2
a x
isx
dx
a x
cos sxdx
e ax
a cos sx s sin sx 0
2
2
a s
2
e o
2 a
(0 2 2 (a))
F ( s)
a s
a2 s2
2
1
f ( x)
2
1
2
F ( s) e
isx
ds
a
(cos sx i sin sx)ds
a2 s2
2 a cos sx
2 2 ds
0 a s
cos sx
cos xt
f ( x) a x
2 2 ds 2 2 dt
e
a s
a t
2a
2a
0
0
Since
dn
F{x f ( x)} i
F ( s)
ds n
2 d
a
2 2as
1 d
a x
a x
for n 1, F{xe } i
F{e } i
i
ds
ds a 2 s 2
(a 2 s 2 )2
n
a2 x2
Page 37 of 39
x2
2
is
F{e
1
}
2
e
e
1
dx
2
(a x
e
2 2
isx )
dx
is
s2
ax 2
2a 4a
dx
is
ax
2a
dx
Let ax
a 2 x 2 isx
s2
2
4a
1
2
a2 x2
is
dt
t then dx
2a
a
s2
4 a2
t
e
s2
4 a2
dt
2e
a a 2
t
e dt
2
t 2 y or t y
Put
1 21
dt y dy
2
s2
4 a2
s2
4 a2
s2
4 a2
e y 12
e
1 e
2
y
dy
2 0 2
a 2 2 a 2
e
For a
1
or
2
F{e a x } F{e
2 2
s2
4 a2
e
a 2
2a 1
x
} e
1 x
4) Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0
sin x
0 x dx
Page 38 of 39
x 1
and hence evaluate
x 1
1
F{ f ( x)}
2
f ( x) e
isx
1
dx
2
(1 x)cos sx dx
2
sin sx cos sx
2 (1 cos s)
2
F ( s)
(1 x)
s
s 0
s2
1
1
f ( x)
2
F (s) e
isx
ds
(1 cos s)
(cos sx i sin sx)ds
s2
2 (1 cos s)
(1 x )
cos
sx
ds
f
(
x
)
2
0
s2
2
x 1
x 1
(1 cos sx)
ds (1 0)
2
0
s
2
2
2
2sin ( s / 2)
ds
2
0
s
2
Let s / 2 t or s 2t ds 2dt
For x 0,
2 sin 2 t
2
dt
or
4t 2
2
sin t
dt
2
t
2
Exercises:
1. Obtain the Fourier transform of
1 x 2 x 1
x cos x sin x
f ( x)
and hence evaluate
cos( x / 2)dx
3
0
x
1
x
0
x
2. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0
x a
x a0
a 2 x 2
3. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0
Page 39 of 39
x a
x a