Section A [40 marks]

Answer all the question in this section.

1

(a) Explain what is meant by the escape velocity from a planet.

or minimum
The speed of an object so that it has enough kinetic energy to
overcome the gravitational potential energy
or minimum velocity of a body to overcome the planet
gravity attraction / to escape to infinity / to leave the gravitational field

(b) (i) A planet has a density of 1.4 103 kg m3 and a radius of 3.5 1011 m. Calculate the
escape velocity from this planet.

1
2

mv 2

GMm or v 2GM or kinetic energy=change of potential

R
R

energy
v =

8
3

GR

Substitute M =

8 6.67 10

11

3
4
r
3

= 2.51 x 1038 kg
3.142 (3.5 10 ) 1.4 10 3
3
11 2

= 3.1 108 m s1

(ii) State why a body is unable to escape from this planet.

Escape velocity greater than light velocity
Or the planet is a Black Hole

2 A form of progressive wave which has frequency of 800 Hz and speed of 350 m s 1 can be
stated in the form of the following equation.
y = A sin ( t kx).

(a) Calculate the value of

(i) ,

= 2f
= 5030 (rad) s-1

(ii) k.

v or v = f
f
=

350
800

= 0.438 or 0.4375
k =

= 14.3 (rad) m1 or 14.4 (rad) m-1

(14.36)

,
k
5027
350 =
k

or

v=

5030
k
or k = 14.4 (rad) m-1

or 350=

k = 14.4 (rad) m-1

(b) What is the distance between the two positions which gives the phase difference rad?
kx

or
x=

2x

14.3

or

14.4

= 0.220 m or 0.218 m

or

x 1
2

1
2

0.438

= 0.219 m

3 The table below shows the Young modulus and the cross-sectional area of two types of
materials.

Young Modulus/
Pa

Cross-sectional area/
m2

Iron

1.00 1011

1.2 104

Steel

2.00 1011

2.0 104

Material

(a) Steel has a higher Young modulus compared to iron

physical property of steel?

What can you say about the

harder / stiffer / more rigid / more stronger / higher melting point

/Less extensible/ more difficult to stretch
(b) A load of 1500 kg requires a wire of 5.0 m long to be hung freely at one of its end. If the
extension cannot exceed 2.0 mm, show quantitatively which material from the table above is
suitable to make the wire.

F
F A
F

e=
or E
e
EA
Ae

e steel

= 1.8 mm

e iron = 6.1 mm
Steel (more suitable)

(a)

(i) State the SI unit for thermal conductivity.

W m1 K1 or kg m s-3 K-1
Must be kelvin

(ii) In an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of a material, the

measurement of the temperature gradient can be carried out on the condition that a steady state is
achieved. What is meant by the steady state?
The temperature gradient is constant
The temperature at any point along material is constant /no change/
stable
Rate of heat flow is constant/rate of heat flow in = rate of
heat flow out
(b) The diagrams (i) and (ii) below show the side views of two concrete walls of a room
which is the same dimensions with width L. The concrete wall in diagram (ii) has a layer of air
with width

L
3

at its middle. The thermal conductivity of air is

concrete.
3

1
5

of the thermal conductivity of

Outer
30 C

Inner
20 C

Outer
30 C

Inner
20 C

(i)

(ii)

If the outer and inner temperatures of the room are 30 C and 20 C respectively, calculate
the ratio of the rate of flow of heat through the cross-sectional area of the wall in diagram (i) to the
rate of flow of heat through the cross-sectional area of the wall in diagram (ii).
General form will do

For wall Diagram (i):

dQ
kA
dt
L

For wall Diagram (ii):

dQ'
A

dt
2
L 1L
3
3
k
1
k
5

3kA
7L

=
The ratio of heat flowing rate =

dQ '
A

dt
l
k

7
=2.33
3

5 In the circuit shown below, the emf of cells E1 and E2 are 2.0 V and 3.0 V respectively.
The capacitance of capacitor C is 10 F. Initialy switch S is open.

E1
2.0

E2
5.0

(a) What is the initial charge of capacitor C ?

Q = CV
= 10 2.0
= 20 C ( 2 sf )
or 2.0 x 10 5 C
(b) Explain qualitatively what will happen to the charge in capacitor C after the switch S is
closed.
Charge at C increases
because potential difference across C is increased after the switch S is closed
or the capacitor is charged further by E2
6 The diagram below shows a wire PQ of length . The wire falls freely and slides without any
contact with the sides of the wire frame. The wire and wire frame are in uniform magnetic field B
which is perpendicular to the plane of the wire frame. The wire frame has a resistor of
resistance R.

Magnetic field B

Wire frame

(a) State the direction of the induced current in the wire PQ. Use Lenzs law to explain your
answer.
The direction of the induced current: P to Q
The flow of the induced current should produce a force which is against the
direction of wire motion/ the induced current will oppose the increase in magnetic
flux linkage
(dependent given only if 1st mark is right)
(b) Deduce an expression of current I which is induced in terms of B, , R and velocity v of the
wire.
5

Induced emf = Bv
Induced current I =

Bv
R

7 The diagram below shows two pieces of Polaroids, P and Q, which are arranged such that the
polarisation axes make an angle between one another. A plane unpolarised incident light beam
with intensity I0 is applied to Polaroid P. The amplitude of light wave between Polaroid P and Q is
A, and the amplitude after Polaroid Q is

A
2

Polarisation axis
I0

Plane unpolarised
incident light

Polarisation axis

I1

I2

Amplitude A

Amplitude

A
2

(a) State, in terms of I0, the intensity I1 of the light beam between Polaroids P and Q.

I1

I0
2

(b) Calculate the angle between the polarisation axis of Polaroid P and that of Polaroid Q.

A
2

= A cos

= 60
(c) Deduce the intensity I2 of the light beam after the Polaroid Q in terms of I0.
I 1 A 2 or I amplitude2
I1 cos2 ( or general formula I = Io cos2 )

or I2 =
I2

or

I2 = (

22

Io
) cos 60 o
2

I 2 1 I1
4

1
8

I0

or

I2 = 0.125 Io

(a) What is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus?

The minimum/required energy/work done required to fully separate all the nucleon in

a nucleus
(b) Explain from the aspect of mass-energy why the binding energy has a negative value.

The mass and energy are equivalent according

6

to the Einstein Equation E = mc2 or E = (m)c2

m = nucleus mass total nucleon mass or final mass /initial mass
or
The nucleus mass = the mass of all nucleons + the binding energy
Known that the nucleus mass is smaller than its nucleon mass/ final mass is
less than the initial mass

Section B [60 marks]

Answer any four questions in this section.
9

(a) Define the term torque.

Torque = rF

Or r F

[2 marks]

r = the perpendicular distance from the

rotation axis to the force F
r is the distance from the rotational axis

to F/ r is the position vector

(b) The diagram below shows a solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolling without slipping
from rest state on an inclined plane at an angle with the horizontal. The moment of inertia of
the cylinder about its axis is

1
2

MR2.

(i) State the force which enables the cylinder to roll without slipping.

[1 mark]

Friction (static)
(ii) Copy the diagram above, mark and label the forces that act on the cylinder.
[3 marks]
Normal / reaction N

Friction F

Mg/weight w

Mg/w

RESTRICTED

(iii) By using Newtons law of motion, write the linear motion equation of the cylinder
which moves in the direction parallel with the plane.
[2 marks]
Mg sin
Mg sin F = Ma ................ (1)
(iv) By using Newtons law of motion for rotation, write the rotational motion equation
of the cylinder about its axis.
[1 mark]
RF

and g.

1
2

MR2

(2)

(v) Derive the expression of the linear acceleration a of the rolling motion in terms of
[2 marks]
8

From (2)

F=

1
2

F=

1
2

MR a
R

Ma into (1)
1
2

Mg sin

a
R

Ma = Ma
a=

2
3

sin

(vi) Calculate the nett force along the inclined plane on the cylinder in terms of , g
and M.
[1 mark]
Nett force = Mg sin F
= Mg sin
=

2
3

1
2

2
3

g sin

Mg sin

or
Nett force

= Ma
=M

2
3

g sin

(vii) If the coefficient of friction is =

1
2

tan , show with a suitable calculation that

the cylinder can roll without slipping.

[3 marks]

Friction F on the cylinder = F

=

1
Mg
3

sin

Maximum friction = N
=
=

1
2
1
2

tan Mg cos
Mg sin

maximum
Friction on the cylinder < limiting friction

10 (a) The diagram below shows a body of mass m connected to the end of a spring which has
spring constant k.
m

k
Wall

Smooth surface
x

When the body is displaced to perform an oscillation, its displacement from the equilibrium
position at any time t is x.
body.

(i) Derive, from Newtons law of motion, the equation of oscillatory motion of the
[2 marks]

F mx or F= ma
- kx mx
k
x
Note a
m
- kx = ma
(ii) Deduce an expression for the frequency of oscillation of the body.
Simple harmonic motion

x = 2x

or

2 =

10

k
m

[2 marks]

f= 1
2

k
m

(iii) Explain why the oscillatory motion of this body will finally stop.

[2 marks]

Energy loss because of : Air resistance

The work done to compress and extend the
spring/ internal damping/lost as heat in the spring
(b) A body of mass 2.0 kg moves in simple harmonic motion. The displacement x from the
equilibrium position at time t is given by x = 6.0 cos 0.22 t where x is in metres and t is in
seconds.
(i) What is the amplitude and the period of the simple harmonic motion?

[3 marks]

6.0 m
T=

= 9.1 s

(ii) Calculate the maximum acceleration of the motion.

[2 marks]

x max A 2 or r2

= 6(0.22)2
= 2.9 m s2

(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the body at time t = 3 seconds.

x = 6.0 cos 0.22(3)

= 2.89 m
v

A2 x 2

Kinetic energy =

1
2

mv2

1
2

(2)(0.22)2 [62 (2.89)2]

11

[4 marks]

= 13 J
Alternative :
dx
6.0(0.22 ) sin 0.22t
dt
t 3, v ( )6.0(0.22 ) sin 0.22 (3)
v

1
mv 2 = 13 J
2

11 (a)

(i) What is meant by the degree of freedom of a gas molecules?

[1 mark]

The degree of freedom independent ways or modes

for molecules to move or to acquire energy
(ii) Explain why the number of the degrees of freedom of a diatomic gas molecule is
different at temperatures 30 K, 300 K and 3000 K.
[3 marks]
At 30 K, translational (kinetic) energy only
At 300 K, translational and rotational (kinetic) energy
At 3000 K, translational, rotational and vibration (kinetic) energy
(b)

(i) State the law of equipartition of energy.

One mole
For one molecule, the mean kinetic energy for every
degree of freedom =

1
2

[1 mark]

kT or RT

(No need to explain the symbols except using other symbols.)

Or

energy of a molecule is equally shared by each degree of freedom

(ii) A molecule of an ideal gas has f degrees of freedom. By using the law of
equipartition of energy, deduce an expression for internal energy U of n moles of ideal gas.
[3 marks]
Mean kinetic energy of 1 molecule =
Mean kinetic energy of 1 mole

f
kT
2

For N molecules

kT or= N(f/2 kT)

= NA
2

=
12

f
RT
2

= nNA(f/2 kT)

U = total KE
or Of the
molecules

Internal energy of n mole, U =

f
nRT
2

(iii) If the pressure of the ideal gas is p, and its volume is V, deduce an expression for
internal energy U of the gas in term of f, p and V.
[2 marks]
pV = nRT
U=
=

f
nRT
2
f
pV
2

RESTRICTED
(c) A container of volume 2.00 103 m3 contains 8.00 g of helium gas at pressure
1.01 105 Pa.
(i) What is the internal energy of the gas?

Internal energy U

=
=

[2 marks]

f
pV
2
3
2

f=3

(1.01 10 5 )( 2.00 10 3 )

= 3.03 102
= 303 J ( 3 sf)

(ii) What is the mean kinetic energy of one molecule of helium gas?

Number of mole, n =

8.00
4.00

= 2.0
Mean kinetic energy of one molecule

303
2N A

= 2.52 1022 J(3 sf)

Alternative :
n = 2.0
pV
= 12.15 K
nR
KE = 3/2 kT
= 2.52 x 10 -22 J
T=

13

[3 marks]

12 (a) An electric field E is applied along a metal rod. Describe the movement of free electrons
before the electric field is applied, and when the electric field is applied.
[2 marks]
random velocity or random motion without electric field /mean velocity = 0
drift velocity or drift motion with electric field

(b) Explain microscopically why

(i) a metal electric conductor becomes hot when an electric current flows through it,
[2 marks]
Free electrons collide with lattice atoms / ion/particles
Kinetic energy of electrons transfer to the lattice atoms
or Make the kinetic energy of lattice atom increases

(ii) the resistivity of metal increases with a rise in temperature, while the resistivity of a
semiconductor decreases with an increase in temperature.
[4 marks]
Metal
When the temperature increases, lattice atoms vibrate stronger/
more vigorously
Free electron collision of metal is more rapid / mean free
time decreases / mean free path decreases
Semiconductor
Number of charge carrier increases
14

The effect of increasing the number of charge carriers

dominates/ more than/overcomes the effect of decreasing of the mean
free time

(c) The diagram below shows a thin strip of silver with a cross-sectional area of
1.00 mm 2.00 mm which carries a current of 14.0 A. A magnetic field of 1.50 T acts on the strip
in z-direction. Microvoltmeter connected to PQ show a reading of 2.24 V.

y
1.00 mm

14.0 A
2.00 mm

V Microvoltmeter
x

(i) Determine the electric pole at P.

[1 mark]

positive
(ii) Calculate the drift velocity of free electrons.
eEH = evB
or

or

FE = FM or VH =

[3 marks]
BI
net

VH
BAv
Blv
= vB or VH
t

2.24 10 6 = v 1.50
2.00 10 3
v = 7.47 104 m s1

(iii) Calculate the density of free electrons.

[3 marks]

I = nA ve
14.0 = n 2.00 10 3 1.00 10 3 7.47 10 4 1.60 10 19
n = 5.86 10 28 m3
or 5.85 x 10 28 m-3
15

Alternative :

BI
net
Substituting
n = 5.86 10 28 m3 or 5.85 x 1028 m-3
VH=

13 (a)

(i) Write the lens makers formula. Explain the symbols that you use.
1 1
1
( n 1)

f
r1 r2

or

[1 mark]

1 1
1 n2

1
f n1
r1 r2

with correct symbol explanations

n / n1 / n2
r1 / r2
Any one of the n and any one of the r
(ii) The diagram below shows the lens of a students spectacles which is made of glass
of refraction index 1.57.

Lens surfaces X and Y have radii of curvature 15.0 cm and 13.0 cm respectively. Determine
the focal length of the lens. State whether the lens is the converging or diverging type.
[4 marks]
1
1
1
(1.57 1)

f
15.0 13.0

[ or

1
1
1
(1.57 1)

f
15
.
0
13
.0

r2 = 13.0 cm
r2 = 13.0 cm]

f = 171 cm
diverging

(iii) The student wears the spectacles and dives in water of refraction index 1.33 to see
an object in the water. Explain quantitatively why the student is unable to see the object in the
water clearly.
[3 marks]

1 1.57 1

f ' 1.33

1 1

15
.0 13.0

f ' ()540 cm

Focal length of lens has changed

(b) A glass rod of 50.0 cm long has convex ends with radii of curvature r1 = 5.00 cm and
r2 = 4.00 cm respectively. The refraction index of the glass rod is 1.40. An object O at a distance
of 30.0 cm from the X end of the glass rod is shown in the diagram below.
16

Determine the image position when the object O is observed from the Y end side of the glass
rod. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate your answer.
[7 marks]

n1 n 2 (n 2 n1 )

u v
r

(b)

1.00 1.40 1.40 1.00

30.0
v1
5.00
v1 = 30.0 cm
u2 = (50.0 30.0) = 20.0 cm
1.4
1 1.40 1.00

20.0 v2
4.00

v2 = 33.3 cm( 3 sf )
( Alternative

n1 n2 (n2 n1 )

u v
r

1.00 1.40 1.40 1.00

30
v1
5.00

v1 = 30 cm
u2 = -20 cm

1.4
1 1.00 1.40

20.0 v2
4.00

v2 = 33.3 cm( 3 sf )

Ray

I1
O

17

I2

14 (a) Explain how X-ray is diffracted at high intensity in certain directions by a crystal.
[3 marks]
Atoms as secondary source or
X-ray is diffracted by atoms or 2d sin or diagram
path difference = n / in phase
Constructive interference happen

(b) The diagram below shows atoms in a crystal.

The distance a between atoms is 5.63 1010 m. The distance between atom planes is d.
(i) Calculate the value of d.

[2 marks]

(5d)2 = a2 + 4a2
a
d=
= 2.52 1010 m
5

RESTRIC
a

d
a

a
Sin + cos2 = 1

1
a
2

a
2.52 1010 m
5

sin =

d
a

tan =
sin =

1
5

1
d

------------------ 1
5 a
a
2.52 1010 m ---------- 1
d=
5

(ii) A beam of X-ray with wavelength of range 0.800 1010 m to 1. 50 1010 m is directed
at a glancing angle of 50.0 to the atomic planes which are shown in the diagram. Determine the
wavelengths which are diffracted at high intensity by the atomic planes.
[4 marks]

18

2d sin = n

2( 2.52 10 10 ) sin 50
n

n=3

3 = 129 pm = 1.29 1010 m (3 sf)

n=4

4 = 96.5 pm = 0.965 1010 m

(c) Radiation emission from a radioactive source is random and spontaneous. Explain what
is meant by random and spontaneous.
[2 marks]
Random:

dN
N
dt

or same probability
or cannot be predicted which or when a decay can happen
or number of particles emitted is not constant,
or time interval between successive emission is not constant
Spontaneous:

is not planned
or cannot control
or is not influence by surrounding state
or happen by itself
or no stimulation required

(d) The diagram below shows the radiation which is emitted from a radioactive source in a
strong uniform magnetic field.
(i) Explain why all the lines of radiation P are of nearly the same length.

[1 mark]

Is emitted with same ( kinetic) energy / same speed

(ii) Explain why the radius of curvature of radiation R varies.

Different kinetic energy / different speed
Centripetal force / magnetic force depends on the speed
19

[2 marks]

mv 2
mv
Bev r
r
Be

/ r depends on v

(iii) Determine the direction of the magnetic field.

[1 mark]

v
B

or

-particle
Or

-particle

direction: (Enter) into the paper

20
CONFIDENTIAL