AP Chemistry 2004 Free-Response Questions
AP Chemistry 2004 Free-Response Questions
AP Chemistry 2004 Free-Response Questions
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Ba
Cs
*La
57
Zr
Hf
72
91.22
Ta
73
92.91
Nb
41
50.94
Cr
74
95.94
Mo
42
52.00
Mn
Re
75
(98)
Tc
43
54.938
Actinide Series
*Lanthanide Series
Pr
Ce
Nd
60
(263)
Sg
106
Pa
Th
92
Np
93
(145)
Pm
61
(262)
Bh
107
91
90
59
58
Db
(262)
Rf
Ac
105
(261)
104
89
226.02 227.03
Ra
Fr
(223)
88
87
56
55
88.91
Sr
87.62
Rb
85.47
40
39
38
37
47.90
Ti
(244)
Pu
94
150.4
Sm
62
(265)
Hs
108
190.2
Os
76
101.1
Ru
44
55.85
Fe
Ni
Pd
46
58.69
Cu
Ag
47
63.55
Zn
Cd
48
65.39
Ar
18
Te
Xe
I
Sb
Sn
In
54
53
51
50
49
52
Kr
83.80
Br
79.90
Se
78.96
As
74.92
36
Ge
35
35.453 39.948
Cl
17
34
16
72.59
15
Ga
14
69.72
13
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Gd
64
(269)
110
Tb
65
(272)
111
Dy
66
(277)
112
207.2
Pb
82
208.98
Bi
83
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Pt
78
Yb
70
(209)
Po
84
Lu
71
(210)
At
85
(243)
Am
95
(247)
Cm
96
(247)
Bk
97
(251)
Cf
98
(252)
Es
99
(257)
Fm
100
(258)
Md
101
(259)
No
102
(260)
Lr
103
Eu
63
(266)
Mt
109
192.2
Ir
77
(222)
Rn
86
102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.91 131.29
Rh
45
58.93
Co
Sc
44.96
Ca
40.08
33
32
39.10
32.06
30.974
28.09
31
30
26.98
29
20
19
28
24.30
22.99
27
21
Mg
Na
26
S
P
Si
Al
12
Ne
20.179
F
19.00
O
16.00
11
9.012
6.941
Be
Li
25
10
24
4.0026
23
3
6
1.0079
He
INFORMATION IN THE TABLE BELOW AND IN THE TABLES ON PAGES 3-5 MAY BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING
THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION OF THE EXAMINATION.
Half-reaction
F2 ( g) + 2 e
Co
3+
+ e
Co
3+
+ 3 e
Au( s)
2 Cl
2 H 2 O(l )
Au
Cl 2 ( g) + 2 e
O 2 ( g) + 4 H
2 Hg
Hg
Ag
2+
Cu
Hg 2 2 +
0.92
Hg(l )
0.85
Ag( s)
0.80
2 Hg(l )
0.79
2+
+ e
2+
Cu
Cu
4+
Sn
+2
2+
+2
0.34
Cu
Sn
2+
0.15
0.15
+ 2 e
Pb( s)
0.13
2+
+ 2 e
Sn( s)
0.14
2+
+ 2 e
Ni( s)
0.25
2+
Co( s)
0.28
Tl( s)
0.34
Cd( s)
0.40
+2
+2
2+
e
e
+2
3+
2+
Cr
2+
0.41
+2
Fe( s)
0.44
3+
+3
Cr( s)
0.74
2+
+ 2 e
Zn( s)
0.76
+ 2 e
Mn( s)
118
.
2+
Mn
3+
+ 3 e
Al( s)
1.66
2+
+2
Be( s)
1.70
+2
Mg( s)
2.37
Be
Mg
Ca
2+
Na
2+
2+
Ba
Na( s)
2.71
+2
Ca( s)
2.87
Sr( s)
2.89
Ba( s)
2.90
Rb( s)
2.92
+2
2+
+2
+ e
Rb
+
+ e
K(ss)
2.92
+ e
Cs( s)
2.92
Li( s)
3.05
Cs
Li
Cu( s)
0.00
Zn
H 2 ( g)
Cd
Sr
0.52
Al
Cu( s)
2+
Co
Cr
0.53
0.14
Sn
Fe
2I
H 2 S ( g)
Pb
Cr
0.77
+2
2H
Tl
Fe
S( s) + 2 H
Ni
1.23
I 2 (s) + 2 e
+
1.36
+ 2 e
+2
1.50
1.07
3+
1.82
+2
Hg 2
2.87
+4
2+
Br
2+
2+
Br 2 (l ) + 2
Fe
2 F
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = hv
c = lv
h
p = mu
l =
mu
-2.178 10 -18
joule
En =
n2
= Ka K b
pH = log [ H + ], pOH = log [OH ]
14 = pH + pOH
Equilibrium Constants
[A ]
[ HA ]
Ka
Kb
Kw
Kp
[HB + ]
[ B]
pKa = log Ka , pKb = log Kb
K p = Kc ( RT )
Dn
S = standard entropy
H = standard enthalpy
G = standard free energy
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
S products - S reactants
= DH products - DH reactants
= DG products - DG reactants
DH
DG
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ea =
E
T
n
m
q
c
Cp
DG = DH - TD S
= - RT ln K = -2.303 RT log K
= -n E
1
A
ln k =
- ln A
t
= - kt
- 1 = kt
A0
- Ea 1
R
Tj
activation energy
k = rate constant
A = frequency factor
DG = DG + RT ln Q = DG + 2.303 RT log Q
q = mcDT
DH
Cp =
DT
ln A
(weak acid)
(weak base)
(water)
(gas pressure)
Kc (molar concentrations)
DS =
u = velocity
n = principal quantum number
m = mass
[OH ] [ HB + ]
[ B]
pH = pKa + log
energy
frequency
wavelength
momentum
EQUILIBRIUM
[H + ] [A ]
Ka =
[ HA ]
Kb =
=
=
=
=
+ ln A
n2 a I
J
V2 K
(V - nb) = nRT
PA = Ptotal X A , where X A =
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . .
m
n =
M
moles A
total moles
K = C + 273
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
m
D =
V
3kT
3 RT
=
urms =
M
m
1
2
KE per molecule = mu
2
3
KE per mole = RT
2
M2
r1
=
M1
r2
=
=
=
=
=
=
u =
P
V
T
n
D
m
urms
KE
r
M
p
i
Kf
Kb
A
a
b
c
Q
I
q
t
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
pressure
volume
temperature
number of moles
density
mass
velocity
root-mean-square speed
kinetic energy
rate of effusion
molar mass
osmotic pressure
van't Hoff factor
molal freezing-point depression constant
molal boiling-point elevation constant
absorbance
molar absorptivity
path length
concentration
reaction quotient
current (amperes)
charge (coulombs)
time (seconds)
A = abc
OXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY
[ C ] c [ D] d
[ A ] a [ B] b
, where a A + b B c C + d D
q
I =
t
Ecell = E cell
-
log K =
RT
0.0592
ln Q = E cell
log Q @ 25 C
n
n
nE
0.0592
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
1. Answer the following questions relating to the solubilities of two silver compounds, Ag2CrO4 and Ag3PO4 .
Silver chromate dissociates in water according to the equation shown below.
2 Ag+(aq) + CrO 2(aq)
Ag2CrO4(s)
4
3
O (g) Fe2O3(s)
2 2
DH f = 824 kJ mol1
2. Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron(III) oxide, as represented by the equation above. A 75.0 g sample of
Fe(s) is mixed with 11.5 L of O2(g) at 2.66 atm and 298 K.
(a) Calculate the number of moles of each of the following before the reaction begins.
(i) Fe(s)
(ii) O2(g)
(b) Identify the limiting reactant when the mixture is heated to produce Fe2O3(s). Support your answer with
calculations.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of Fe2O3(s) produced when the reaction proceeds to completion.
(d) The standard free energy of formation,
answer.
(ii) Which is more responsible for the spontaneity of the formation reaction at 298 K, the standard enthalpy
of formation, DH f , or the standard entropy of formation, DS f ? Justify your answer.
The reaction represented below also produces iron(III) oxide. The value of
1
O (g) Fe2O3(s)
2 2
DH f , of FeO(s).
Absorbance
0.600
0.200
0.150
0.075
Time
(min)
0.0
35.0
44.2
?
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this part only.
Do not turn to the other part of the test until you are told to do so.
(a) A solution of copper(II) sulfate is spilled onto a sheet of freshly polished aluminum metal.
(b) Dimethyl ether is burned in air.
(c) A 0.1 M nitrous acid solution is added to the same volume of a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution.
(d) Hydrogen iodide gas is bubbled into a solution of lithium carbonate.
(e) An acidic solution of potassium dichromate is added to a solution of iron(II) nitrate.
(f) Excess concentrated aqueous ammonia is added to a solution of nickel(II) bromide.
(g) A solution of sodium phosphate is added to a solution of aluminum nitrate.
(h) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium sulfide.
(a) When the student combined a sample of solution Q with a sample of solution X , a precipitate formed. A
precipitate also formed when samples of solutions Q and Y were combined.
(i) Identify solution Q .
(ii) Write the chemical formulas for each of the two precipitates.
(b) When solution Q is mixed with solution R , a precipitate forms. However, no precipitate forms when
solution Q is mixed with solution S.
(i) Identify solution R and solution S.
(ii) Write the chemical formula of the precipitate that forms when solution Q is mixed with solution R .
(c) The identity of solution X and solution Y are to be determined using only the following solutions: 1.0 M
Pb(NO3)2 , 1.0 M NaCl , and 1.0 M K2CO3 .
(i) Describe a procedure to identify solution X and solution Y.
(ii) Describe the observations that would allow you to distinguish between solution X and solution Y.
(iii) Explain how the observations would enable you to distinguish between solution X and solution Y.
6. An electrochemical cell is constructed with an open switch, as shown in the diagram above. A strip of Sn and a
strip of an unknown metal, X, are used as electrodes. When the switch is closed, the mass of the Sn electrode
increases. The half-reactions are shown below.
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e Sn(s)
X3+(aq) + 3 e X(s)
E = 0.14 V
E = ?
(a) In the diagram above, label the electrode that is the cathode. Justify your answer.
(b) In the diagram above, draw an arrow indicating the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit when
the switch is closed.
, is +0.60 V, what is the standard reduction potential, in volts, for the
(c) If the standard cell potential, Ecell
X3+/X electrode?
(d) Identify metal X.
(e) Write a balanced net-ionic equation for the overall chemical reaction occurring in the cell.
(f) In the cell, the concentration of Sn2+ is changed from 1.0 M to 0.50 M, and the concentration of X3+ is
changed from 1.0 M to 0.10 M.
(i) Substitute all the appropriate values for determining the cell potential, Ecell , into the Nernst equation.
(Do not do any calculations.)
(ii) On the basis of your response in part (f) (i), will the cell potential, Ecell , be greater than, less than, or
equal to the original Ecell
? Justify your answer.
(e) Samples of CO(g) and CO2(g) are placed in 1 L containers at the conditions indicated in the diagram
below.
(i) Indicate whether the average kinetic energy of the CO2(g) molecules is greater than, equal to, or less
than the average kinetic energy of the CO(g) molecules. Justify your answer.
(ii) Indicate whether the root-mean-square speed of the CO2(g) molecules is greater than, equal to, or less
than the root-mean-square speed of the CO(g) molecules. Justify your answer.
(iii) Indicate whether the number of CO2(g) molecules is greater than, equal to, or less than the number of
CO(g) molecules. Justify your answer.
END OF EXAMINATION
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