Book 32 - Sequence and Series - Class 11
Book 32 - Sequence and Series - Class 11
Book 32 - Sequence and Series - Class 11
By a sequence, we mean an arrangement of numbers in a definite order according to some rule. We denote the
terms of a sequence by a1 , a2 , a3 ,.... etc., the subscript denotes the position of the term.
A sequence is either finite or infinite depending upon the number of terms in a sequence.
Arithmetic progression (A.P.) is a sequence in which each term except the first is obtained by adding a fixed
number (positive or negative) to the preceding term.
Thus, any sequence a1 , a2 , a3 ,....an ,..... is called an arithmetic progression if an1 an d , n N, where d is
called the common difference of the A.P., usually we denote the first term of an A.P by a and the last term by l .
n
2a n 1 d
2
n
a l , where l a n 1 d is the last term of the A.P.
2
If a, A and b are in A.P., then A is called the arithmetic mean of numbers a and b and
i.e.,
a1 a2 ... an
n
ab
2
If the terms of an A.P. are increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by the same constant, they still remain in
A.P.
(ii) a1k , a2 k , a3k ,... are also in A.P with common difference dk (k 0). and
common difference
a1 a2 a3
, , ... are also in A.P. with
k k k
d
( k 0).
k
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
(ii) a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 ,... and
a1 a2 a3
, , ,... are not in A.P.
b1 b2 b3
(ii) ar
ar k ar k
k ,0 k n r
2
(iii) If nth term of any sequence is linear expression in n, then the sequence is an A.P.
(iv) If sum of n terms of any sequence is a quadratic expression in n, then sequence is an A.P
A Geometric progression (G.P.) is a sequence in which each term except the first is obtained by multiplying
the previous term by a non-zero constant called the common ratio. Let us consider a G.P. with first non-zero
term a and common ratio r, i.e.,
a, ar , ar 2 ,..., ar n1 ,...
l
r
n 1
a r n 1
r 1
Sn an
if r 1
,
if r 1
If G and b are in G.P., then G is called the geometric mean of the numbers a and b and is given by
G ab
(i)
If the terms of a G.P. are multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant (k 0), then still remain in
G.P.
If a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., are in G.P., then a1 k , a2 k , a3 k ,... and
a1 a2 a3
, , ,... are also in G.P. with same common
k k k
ratio, in particularly
If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... are in G.P., then
1 1 1
, , ,... are also in G.P.
a1 a2 a3
(ii) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... and b1 , b2 , b3 ,... are two G.P.s, then a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3 ,... and
a1 a2 a3
, , ,... are also in G.P.
b1 b2 b3
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Important results on the sum of special sequences
(i)
n 1 2 3 ... n
n(n 1)
2
12 22 32 ... n2
n(n 1)(2n 1)
6
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1.
2.
an1
, for n 1, 2,3, 4,5
an
3.
In an A.P. if mth term is n and the nth term is m, where m m n, find the pth term.
4.
The sum of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio (3n + 8) : (7n + 15). Find the ratio of
their 12th terms.
5.
In an A.P., the first term is 2 and the sum of the first five terms is one-fourth of the next five terms. Show
that 20th term is 112.
6.
1
1
1
and qth term is , prove that the sum of first pq terms is pq 1 , where
q
p
2
p q.
7.
If the sum of first p terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of the first q terms, then find the sum of the first
( p q) terms.
8.
9.
a
b
c
(q r ) (r p) ( p q) 0
p
q
r
The ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an A.P. is m2 : n2. Slow that the ratio of mth and nth term is
(2m 1) :(2n 1).
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
10.
If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3n 2 5n and its mth term is 164, find the value of m.
11.
If
12.
Between 1 and 31, m numbers have been inserted in such a way that the resulting sequence is an A.P. and
the ratio of 7th and (m 1)th numbers is 5 : 9. Find the value of m.
13.
The difference between any two consecutive interior angles of a polygon is 5. If the smallest angle is
120, find the number of the sides of the polygon.
14.
a n bn
is the A.M. between a and b, then find the value of n.
a n1 b n1
13
and their product is 1.
12
16.
2
7
For what values of x, the numbers , x, are in G.P.?
7
2
17.
The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 16 and the sum of the next three terms is 128. Determine the first
term, the common ratio and the sum to n terms of the G.P
18.
Find four numbers forming a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than the first term by
9, and the second term is greater than the 4th by 18.
19.
If the pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are a, b and c, respectively. Prove that a q r b r p c pq 1.
20.
If the first and the nth term of a G.P. are a and b, respectively, and if P is the product of n terms, prove that
P 2 (ab) n .
21.
22.
The sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean, show that numbers are in the ratio
3 2 2 : 3 2 2 .
23.
If A and B be A.M. and G.M., respectively between two positive numbers, prove that the numbers are
A ( A G )( A G ).
24.
If A.M. and G.M. of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5, respectively, then obtain the quadratic
equation.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
1
1
If a, b, c are in G.P. and a x b y c z , prove that x, y, z are in A.P.
30.
Show that the sum of (m n) th and (m n) th terms of an A.P. is equal to twice the mth term.
31.
Let the sum of n, 2n,3n terms of an A.P. be S1 , S 2 and S3 , respectively, show that S3 3( S2 S1 )
a n1 b n1
may be the geometric mean between a and b.
a n bn
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
32.
33.
The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order, we obtain
an arithmetic progression. Find the numbers.
34.
A G.P. consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of all the terms is 5 times the sum of terms
occupying odd places, then find its common ratio.
35.
The sum of the first four terms of an A.P. is 56. The sum of the last four terms is 112. If its term is 11, then
find the number of terms.
36.
Let S be the sum, P the product and R the sum of reciprocals of n terms in a G.P. Prove that P 2 R n S n .
37.
The pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c, respectively. Show that (q r )a (r p)b ( p q )c 0
38.
If a
39.
40.
41.
The ratio of the A.M. and G.M. of two positive numbers a and b, is m : n. Show that
1 1
1 1 1 1
, b
, c
a b
b c c a
a : b m m2 n2 : m m2 n2 .
1 1 1
, , are in A.P. prove that a, c, e are in G.P.
c d e
42.
43.
44.
45.
If S1 , S 2 , S3 are the sum of first n natural numbers, their squares and their cubes, respectively, show that
9S 22 S3 (1 8S1 ).
46.
47.
Show that:
48.
A person writes a letter to four of his friends. He asks each one of them to copy the letter and mail to four
different persons with instruction that they move the chain similarly. Assuming that the chain is not broken
and that it costs 50 paise to mail one letter. Find the amount spent on the postage when 8th set of letter is
mailed.
49.
150 workers were engaged to finish a job in a certain number of days. 4 workers dropped out on second
day, 4 more workers dropped out on third day and so on. It took 8 more days to finish the work. Find the
number of days in which the work was completed.
13 13 23 13 23 33
...
1 1 3
1 3 5
1 22 2 32 ... n ( n 1) 2 3n 5
.
12 2 22 3 ... n 2 ( n 1) 3n 1
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
50.
Shamshad Ali buys a scooter for Rs 22000. He pays Rs 4000 cash and agrees to pay the balance in annual
installment of Rs 1000 plus 10% interest on the unpaid amount. How much will the scooter cost him?
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Explanation
1.
a1 1, a2 a1 2 1 2 3, a3 a2 2 3 2 5,
a4 a3 2 5 2 7, a5 a4 2 7 2 9.
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. The corresponding series is
1 3 5 7 9 ...
2.
1 a1 a2
an an1 an2 , n 2
a3 a2 a1 1 1 2
a4 a3 a2 2 1 3
a5 a4 a3 3 2 5
a6 a6 a4 5 3 8
For n 1,
3.
an 1 a2 1
1
an
a1 1
For n 2,
an 1 a3 2
2
an
a2 1
For n 3,
an 1 a4 2
an
a3 2
For n 4,
an 1 a5 5
an
a4 3
For n 5,
an 1 a6 8
an
a5 5
am a (m 1)d n,
(1)
an a (n 1)d m
(2)
a n m 1
Therefore,
(3)
(4)
a p a ( p 1)d
n m 1 ( p 1)(1) n m p
VMC/CBSE Notes
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
4.
Let a1 , a2 and d1 , d 2 be the first terms and common difference of the first and second arithmetic
progression, respectively. According to the given condition, we have
Sum to n terms of first A.P.
3n 8
n
2a1 n 1 d1
3n 8
2
n
7
n 15
2a2 n 1 d 2
2
or
2a1 n 1 d1
3n 8
2a2 n 1 d 2 7 n 15
Now
(1)
2a1 22d1
3 23 8
2a2 22d 2 7 23 15
a1 11d1
12th term of first A.P.
7
th
Therefore
First term = 2
Let d be the common difference of the A.P.
Therefore, the A.P. is 2, 2 + d, 2 + 2d, 2 + 3d,
Sum of first five terms 10 10d
Sum of next five terms 10 35d
According to the given condition,
10 10d
1
10 35d
4
40 40d 10 35d
30 5d
d 6
p th term a20 a p 1 d
q th term aq a q 1 d
VMC/CBSE Notes
1
q
1
p
(1)
(2)
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Subtracting (2) from (1), we obtain
p 1 d q 1 d
1 1
q p
p 1 q 1 d
p q d
pq
pq
pq
pq
1
pq
pq q
a p 1
1 1 1
1
q q pq pq
S pq
pq
2a
2
pq 1 d
pq 2
1
pq 1
2 pq
pq
1
pq 1
2
1
1 1
1
pq 1 pq
2
2 2
2
1
pq 1
2
1
pq 1 .
2
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
Sp
p
2a
2
Sq
q
2a q 1 d
2
p 1 d
p 1 d
p 2a
q
2a q 1 d
2
p 1 d
VMC/CBSE Notes
q 2a q 1 d
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
2ap pd p 1 2aq qd q 1
2a p q d p p 1 q q 1 0
2a p q d p 2 p q 2 q 0
2a p q d p q p q
2a p q d p q p q 1 0
2a d p q 1 0
S p q
pq
2a
2
S p q
2a
pq
2a p q 1
2
p q 1
2a
p q 1
p q
(1)
q 1 .d
[From (1)]
pq
2a 2a
2
=0
Thus, the sum of the first ( p q) terms of the A.P. is 0.
8.
Let a1 and d be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
Sp
p
2a1
2
2a1 p 1 d
Sq
q
2a1 q 1 d b
2
2a1 q 1 d
Sr
r
2a1 r 1 d c
2
2a1 r 1 d
p 1 d
2a
p
2b
q
2c
r
(1)
(2)
(3)
p 1 d q 1 d
VMC/CBSE Notes
2a 2a
p
q
10
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
d p 1 q 1
2aq 2bq
pq
2 aq bp
pq p q
(4)
q 1 d r 1 d
2b 2c
q
r
d q 1 r 1
d q r
2b 2c
q
r
2br 2qc
qr
2 br qc
qr q r
(5)
pq p q qr q r
qr p q aq bq pq p q br qc
r aq bq q r p br qc p q
b c
q r
p q
a
b
c
q r q r p q p q 0
p
q
r
a
b
c
q r r p p q 0
p
q
r
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
According to the given condition,
Sum of m terms m 2
2
Sum of n terms
n
m
2a m 1 d
m2
2
2
n
n
2a n 1 d
2
VMC/CBSE Notes
11
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
2a m 1 d m
2a n 1 d n
(1)
2a (2n 2)d 2n 1
2a ( m 1) d 2m 1
2a ( n 1) d 2n 1
(2)
m th term of A.P. a m 1 d
n th term of A.P. a n 1 d
(3)
n th term of A.P. 2n 1
Thus, the given result is proved.
10.
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
am a (m 1)d 164
Sum of n terms, Sn
n
2a n 1 d
2
n
2a nd d 3n 2 5n
2
Here,
(1)
na n 2 .
d
3n 2 5n
2
d 6
d
5
2
a 3 5
a 8
m 1 26
m 27
VMC/CBSE Notes
12
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Thus, the value of m is 27.
11.
A.M. of a and b
ab
2
12.
(a b) a n1 b n1 2 a n b n
a n ab n1 ba n1 b n 2a n 2b n
ab n1 a n1b a n b n
ab n1 b n a n a n1b
b n1 a b a n1 a b
b n1 a n1
a
b
n 1 0
n 1
n 1
a
1
b
31 1 ( m 2 1)(d )
30 ( m 1) d
30
m 1
(1)
A1 a d
A2 a 2d
A3 a 3d
A7 a 7 d
Am1 a (m 1)d
According to the given condition,
a 7d
5
a m 1 d 9
VMC/CBSE Notes
13
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
30
5
m 1
9
30
1 m 1
m 1
m 1 7(30)
5
m 1 30(m 1) 9
m 1 210
5
m 1 30m 30 9
m 211 5
31m 29 9
1 7
[From (1)]
m 14
The angles of the polygon will form an A.P. with common difference d as 5 and first term a as 120.
It is known that the sum of all angles of a polygon with n sides is 180 (n 2).
14.
Sn 180 n 2
n
2a n 1 d 180
n 2
2
n
240 n 1 5 180 n 2
2
n 240 n 1 5 360 n 2
5n 2 125n 720 0
n 2 25n 144 0
n 2 16n 9n 144 0
n n 16 9 n 16 0
n 9 n 16 0
n 9 or 16
Let
a
, a, ar be the first three terms of the G.P. Then
r
VMC/CBSE Notes
14
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
a
13
ar a
r
12
(1)
a
a ar 1
r
(2)
3
4
or .
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
4
, 1, for r
and , 1, for r
3
4
4
4
3
3
16.
7 10(10n 1)
7 10(10n 1)
n .
9
9 10 1
9
Common ratio
2 7
, x, .
7
2
x
7 x
2
2
7
7
7
Also, common ratio
2
x
2x
7 x 7
2
2x
x2
x 1
x 1
2 7
1
2 7
VMC/CBSE Notes
15
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
17.
a (1 r r 2 ) 16
(1)
ar 3 (1 r r 2 ) 128
(2)
r3 8
r2
ar 3 (1 r r 2 ) 128
a(1 r r 2 )
16
18.
a (7) 16
n
16 2 1 16 n
Sn
2 1
7 2 1
7
16
7
Sn
a r n 1
r 1
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P.
a1 a, a2 ar , a3 ar 2 , a4 ar 3
By the given condition,
a3 a1 9
ar 2 a 9
(1)
a2 a4 18 ar ar 3 18
(2)
(3)
ar 1 r 2 18
(4)
r 2
r 2
18
9
3a 9
VMC/CBSE Notes
16
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
a3
Thus, the first four numbers of the G.P. are 3,3 2 ,3 2 , and 3 2 i.e., 3, 6,12, and 24.
2
19.
Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P.
According to the given information,
AR p1 a
AR q1 b
AR r 1 c
a q r b r p c p q
Aqr R ( p1) q r Ar p R q1 r p A pq R r 1 pq
Aq r r p p q R pr pr qr rq r p pq pr p pr q
A0 R 0
1
Thus, the given result is proved.
20.
b ar n1
(1)
P Product of n terms
(a )(ar )( ar 2 )...( ar n1 )
(a a ...a)( r r 2 ...r n1 )
a n r 1 2... n1
(2)
Here, 1, 2, n 1 is an A.P.
1 2 ..... n 1
P anr
n 1
2 n 2
2
n n 1
2
n n 1
2
P 2 a 2 n r n n1
a 2 r n1
a ar n1
ab
21.
n 1
2 n 1 1 1
2
G.M. of a and b is
VMC/CBSE Notes
[Using (1)]
ab .
17
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
By the given condition,
a n1 b n1
ab
a n bn
a
a
n 1
22.
b n1
bn
ab
a 2 n 2 2a n1b n1 b 2 n 2 ab a 2 n 2a nb n b 2 n
a 2 n 2 b 2 n 2 a 2 n1b ab 2 n1
a 2 n 2 a 2 n1b ab 2 n1 b 2 n1
a 2 n1 a b b 2 n1 a b
a
b
2n 1 0
2 n 1
1
2
(1)
a b
36 ab
a b
a b 32 ab
4 2 ab
(2)
2a 6 4 2
ab
a 3 2 2
ab
b 6 ab 3 2 2
b 3 2 2
VMC/CBSE Notes
ab
ab
18
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
3 2 2
a
b
3 2 2
ab
ab
3 2 2
3 2 2
It is given that A and G are A.M. and G.M. between two positive numbers. Let these two positive numbers
be a and b.
AM A
ab
2
(1)
GM G ab
(2)
(3)
ab G 2
(4)
Substituting the value of a and b from (3) and (4) in the identity a b a b 4ab, we obtain
2
a b
a b
4 A2 4G 2 4 A2 G 2
4 A G A G
a b 2 A G A G
(5)
a A
A G A G
A G A G
A G A G
A G A G
A G A G .
ab
8 a b 16
2
G.M . ab 5 ab 25
(1)
(2)
VMC/CBSE Notes
19
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Thus, the required quadratic equation is x 2 16 x 25 0
25.
Sn 5 11 19 29 ... an1 an
Or
On subtraction, we get
0 5 6 8 10 12 ... n 1 terms an
n 1 12 n 2
an 5
Or
5 n 1 n 4 n 2 3n 1
n
k 1
k 1
k 1
2
2
Hence Sn ak k 3k 1 k 3 k n
26.
n n 1 2n 1 3n n 1
n n 2 n 4
n
6
2
3
Sn ak
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 3 3 k 2 2 k
n n 1
n n 1
3n n 1 2n 1 2n n 1
6
2
n n 1 2n 1
n n 1
2
n n 1 n n 1
2n 1 2
2
2
n n 1 n 2 n 4n 6
2
2
n n 1 2
n 5n 6
4
n n 1 2
n 2n 3n 6
4
n n 1 n n 2 3 n 2
4
VMC/CBSE Notes
20
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
27.
n n 1 n 2 n 3
4
2
3
2
The given series is 3 12 5 22 7 32 ...n th term, an 2n 1 n 2n n
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
Sn ak 2k 3 k 2 2 k 3 k 2
n n 1
n n 1 2n 1
6
n 2 n 1
n n 1 2n 1
2
6
n n 1
2
n n 1 3n 2 3n 2n 1
2
3
n n 1 3n 2 5n 1
2
3
28.
n n 1
2n 1
3
n n 1 3n 2 5n 1
6
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
The given series is 1 1 2 1 2 3 ...an 1 2 3 ... n
n n 1 2n 1
6
n 2n 2 3n 1
6
23 3n 2 n
6
1
1
1
n3 n 2 n
3
2
6
Sn ak
1 3 1 2 1
k k k
2
6
k 1 3
n
k 1
1 n 3 1 n 2 1 n
k k
k 2
3 k 1
6 k 1
k 1
2
1 n n 1
1 n n 1 2n 1 1 n n 1
2
3 2
2
6
6
2
2
n n 1 n n 1 2n 1 1
6
2
2
2
VMC/CBSE Notes
21
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
n n 1 n 2 n 2n 1 1
6
2
n n 1 n 2 n 2n 2
6
2
n n 1 n n 1 2 n 1
6
2
n n 1 n 1 n 2
6
2
n n 1 n 2
12
2
29.
Let a x b y c z k Then
a k x , bk k y and c k z .
(1)
(2)
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
It is known that the kth term of an A.P. is given by
ak a k 1 d
amn a m n 1 d
amn a m n 1 d
am a m 1 d
amm amn a m n 1 d a m n 1 d
2a m n 1 m n 1 d
2a 2m 2 d
2a 2 m 1 d
2 a m 1 d
2am
VMC/CBSE Notes
22
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Thus, the sum of m n
31.
th
and m n
th
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
Therefore,
S1
n
2a n 1 d
2
S2
2n
2a 2n 1 d n 2a
2
S3
3n
2a 3n 1 d
2
(1)
2n 1 d
... (2)
(3)
2a 3nd d
32.
n
2a 3n 1 d
2
3 S 2 S1
3n
2a 3n 1 d
2
S3
[From (3)]
n 50
2 4 6 ... 100
50
2 2 50 1 2
2
50
4 98
2
25 102
2550
The integers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 5, are 5, 10 100.
This forms an A.P. with both the first term and common difference equal to 5.
100 5 n 1 5
5n 100
VMC/CBSE Notes
23
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
n 20
5 10 ... 100
20
2 5 20 1 5
2
10 10 19 5
10 10 95 10 105
1050
The integers, which are divisible by both 2 and 5, are 10, 20, 100.
This also forms an A.P. with both the first term and common difference equal to 10.
100 10 n 1 10
100 10n
n 10
10 20 ... 100
10
2 10 10 1 10
2
5 20 90 5 110 550
Thus, the sum of the integers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 2 or 5, is 3050.
33.
a 1 r r 2 56
(1)
a 1, ar 7, ar 2 21 forms an A.P.
ar 7 a 1 ar 2 21 ar 7
ar a 6 ar 2 ar 14
ar 2 2ar a 8
ar 2 ar ar a 8
a r 2 1 2r 8
a r 1 8
7 r 2 2r 1 1 r r 2
7r 2 14r 7 1 r r 2 0
6r 2 15r 6 0
6r 2 12r 3r 6 0
6r r 2 3 r 2 0
VMC/CBSE Notes
(2)
24
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
6r 3 r 2 0
When r 2, a 8
When
Therefore, when r 2, the three numbers in G.P. are 8, 16, and 32.
1
When r , the three numbers in G.P. are 32, 16, and 8.
2
Thus, in either case, the three required numbers are 8, 16, and 32.
34.
T1 T2 T3 ... T2 n 5 T1 T3 ... T2 n 1 0
T2 T4 ... T2 n 4 T1 T3 ... T2 n1
ar r n 1
ar 4a
r4
r 1
4 a r n 1
r 1
a n 2 d
n 1 d
4a 4n 10 d
According to the given condition, 4a 6d 56
4 11 6d 56 [Since a 11 (given)]
6d 12 d 2
4a 4n 10 d 112
4 11 4n 10 2 112
4n 10 2 68
4n 10 34
4n 44
VMC/CBSE Notes
25
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
n 11
a r n 1
anr
R
P a n r 1 2...n1
r 1
n n 1
2
n 1
1 1
1
... n1
a ar
ar
1 r n 1
r 1
1
ar n1
r n1 r n2 ... r 1
ar n1
r n 1
ar r 1
n 3
2 n n n 1
P R a r
2
a n r n n1 r 1
a n r n 1
r 1
a r n 1
r 1
Sn
Hence, P 2 R n S n
37.
a p A p 1 D a
aq A q 1 D b
ar A r 1 D c
LHS q r a r p b p q c
q r A
p 1 D r
p A
q 1 D
p q A r 1 D
q r A q r p 1 D r p A r p q 1 D p q A p q r 1 D
A q r r p p q D qp q rp r rq r pq p pr p qr q
0 RHS
38.
1 1
1 1 1 1
, b
, c
a b
b c c a
VMC/CBSE Notes
are in A.P.
26
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
a a b b c c
, , are in A.P.
b c c a a b
Adding 1 to each term,
c c
a a b b
1 , 1 are in A.P
1 ,
a b
b c c a
bc ac
ac ab bc ab bc ca
ab
,
,
bc
ca
ab
Multiply each term by
39.
are in A.P
abc
, we get a, b, c are in A.P.
ab bc ca
a + b = 3 and ab = p
(1)
c + d = 12 and cd = q
(2)
x (1 + r) = 3
xr2 + xr3 =12
xr2 (1 + r) = 12
On dividing, we obtain
xr 2 1 r
x1 r
r2 4
r 4
12
3
When r 2, x
3
3
1
1 2 3
When r 2, x
3
3
3
1 2 1
Case I:
When r = 2 and x =1,
ab = x2r = 2
cd = x2r5 = 32
q p 32 2 34 17
q p 32 2 30 15
VMC/CBSE Notes
27
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
i.e., q p : q p 17 :15
Case II:
When r = 2, x = 3,
ab = x2r = 18
cd = x2r5 = 288
q p 288 18 306 17
q p 288 18 270 15
i.e., q p : q p 17 :15
Thus, in both the cases, we obtain (q + p): (q p) = 17:15
40.
ba cb
(1)
c 2 bd
Also
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
c d c
(2)
1 1 1 1 2 1 1
,
d c e d d c e
(3)
ac
2
c2
b
2 a c
2c
1 1
c e
ac ec
c2
ce
ac ec
c
e
a c e e c c
ae ce ec c 2
VMC/CBSE Notes
28
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
c 2 ae
6
0.9 0.99 0.999 ...to n terms
9
6
9
1
1
10
1
1
1 3 ...to n terms
2
10
10
2
1
1
1
10
1
1
10
2
1
n
3
10
2
2 10
n 1 10 n
3
30 9
2
2
n 1 10 n
3
27
42.
3 7
13 21 31 ... an1
a n
S S 3 7 3 13 7 21 13 ... an an 1 an
0 3 4 6 8 ... n 1 terms an
an 3 4 6 8 ... n 1 terms
n 1
2 4 n 1 1 2
2
an 3
n 1
8
2
3
3
n 1
2
VMC/CBSE Notes
n 2 2
2n 4
29
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
3 n 1 n 2
3 n2 n 2
n2 n 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
ak k 2 k 1
n n 1 2n 1
6
n n 1
2
n 1 2n 1 3 n 1 6
2n 2 3n 1 3n 3 6
2n 2 6n 10
n 2
n 3n 5
3
If S1 , S 2 , S3 are the sum of first n natural numbers, their squares and their cubes, respectively, show that
9S 22 S3 1 8S1 .
43.
S1
n n 1
2
S3
n 2 n 1
4
n 2 n 1
8n n 1
Here, S3 1 8S1
1
4
2
n 2 n 1
1 4n 2 4n
4
2
n 2 n 1
4
2n 1
n n 1 2n 1
4
n n 1 2n 1
Also, 9S 9
2
6
(1)
2
2
9
n n 1 2n 1
36
VMC/CBSE Notes
30
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
n n 1 2n 1
(2)
2
Thus, from (1) and (2), we obtain 9S 2 S3 1 8S1
n n 1
th
3
3
3
3
The n term of the given series is 1 2 3 ... n
2
1 3 5 ... 2n 1 1 3 5 ... 2 n 1
2
46.
Here, 1,3,5,...(2n 1) is an A.P. with first term a, last term 2n 1 and number of terms as n
n
2 1 n 1 2
2
1 3 5 ... 2n 1
n 2 n 1
n 1 1 n2 1 n 1
an
2
4n
4
4
2
4
Sn ak
n2
1
1 2 1
K K
2
4
k 1 4
k 1
1 n n 1 2n 1 1 n n 1 1
n
4
6
2
2
4
n n 1 2n 1 6 n 1 6
24
n 2n 2 3n 1 6n 6 6
24
n 2n 2 9n 13
24
1 22 2 32 ... n n 1
3n 5
2
2
2
1 2 2 3 ... n n 1 3n 1
2
47.
Show that:
2
3
2
nth term of the denominator n n 1 n n
n
1 2 2 3 ... n n 1
12 2 22 3 ... n 2 n 1
2
a
K 1
n
a
K 1
Here,
K
K 1
K
K 1
2K 2 K
K 1
(1)
2K 2 K
n 2 n 1
2n n 1 2n 1 n n 1
4
6
2
2
VMC/CBSE Notes
31
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Also,
n n 1 n n 1 2
2n 1 1
2
2
3
n n 1 3n 2 3n 8n 4 6
2
6
n n 1
3n 2 11n 10
12
n n 1
3n 2 6n 5n 10
12
n n 1
3n n 2 5 n 2
12
n n 1 n 2 3n 5
12
n
K 1
(2)
n 2 n 1
n n 1 2n 1
4
6
2
n n 1 n n 1 2n 1
2
2
3
n n 1 3n 2 3n 4n 2
2
6
n n 1
3n 2 7 n 2
12
n n 1
3n 2 6n n 2
12
n n 1
3n n 2 1 n 2
12
n n 1 n 2 3n 1
12
12 2 22 3 ... n 2 n 1 n n 1 n 2 3n 1
12
48.
n n 1 n 2 3n 5 3n 5
n n 1 n 2 3n 1 3n 1
VMC/CBSE Notes
32
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
Number of terms = 8
It is known that the sum of n terms of a G.P. is given by
Sn
a r n 1
r 1
S8
4 48 1
4 1
4 65536 1 4 65535
4 21845 87380
3
3
50
Rs 43690
100
Thus, the amount spent when 8th set of letter is mailed is Rs 43690.
49.
Let x be the number of days in which 150 workers finish the work.
According to the given information,
150x = 150 + 146 + 142 + . (x + 8) terms
The series 150 + 146 + 142 + . (x + 8) terms is an A.P. with first term 146, common difference 4 and
number of terms as (x + 8)
150 x
x 8
2 150 x 8 1 4
2
150 x x 8 150
x 7 2
150 x x 8 150 2 x 14
150 x x 8 136 2 x
75 x x 8 68 x
75 x 68 x x 2 544 8 x
x 2 75 x 60 x 544 0
x 2 15 x 544 0
x 2 32 x 17 x 544 0
x x 32 17 x 32 0
x 17 x 32 0
x 17 or x 32
x = 17
Therefore, originally, the number of days in which the work was completed is 17.
Thus, required number of days = (17 + 8) = 25
50.
It is given that Shamshad Ali buys a scooter for Rs 22000 and pays Rs 4000 in cash.
VMC/CBSE Notes
33
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
According to the given condition, the interest paid annually is
10% of 18000, 10% of 17000, 10% of 16000 10% of 1000
Thus, total interest to be paid = 10% of 18000 + 10% of 17000 + 10% of 16000 + + 10% of 1000
= 10% of (18000 + 17000 + 16000 + + 1000)
= 10% of (1000 + 2000 + 3000 + + 18000)
Here, 1000, 2000, 3000 18000 forms an A.P. with first term and common difference both equal to 1000.
Let the number of terms be n.
n = 18
18
2 1000 18 1 1000
2
9 2000 17000
171000
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.
The first term of an A.P. is a, the second term is b and the last term is c. Show that the sum of the A.P. is
b c 2a c a
2 b a
2.
The pth term of an A.P. is a and qth term is b. Prove that the sum of its (p + q) terms is
VMC/CBSE Notes
34
pq
a b
ab
2
p q
11th_Sequences And
Series
Vidyamandir Classes
3.
If there are (2n + 1) terms in an A.P., then prove that the ratio of the sum of odd terms and the sum of even
terms is (n + 1) : n
4.
Show that (x2 + xy + y2), (z2 + xz + x2) and (y2 + yz + z2) are consecutive terms of an A.P., if x, y and z are in
A.P.
5.
If the sum of m terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of either the next n terms or the next p terms, then
1
prove that m n
6.
1
1 1
m p
p
m n
The first term of an A.P.is a, and the sum of the first p terms is zero, show that the sum of its next q terms
is
a p q q
p 1
1
pq
7.
p
If the p and q terms of a G.P. are q and p respectively, show that its (p + q) term is q q
p
8.
If A is the arithmetic mean and G1, G2 be two geometric means between any two numbers, then prove that
th
2A
th
th
G12 G22
.
G2 G1
9.
If pth, qth, and rth terms of an A.P. and G.P. are both a, b and c respectively, show that a bc . bc a . c a b 1
10.
If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in A.P., where ai > 0 for all i, show that
1
2
1
n 1
...
a1 a2
a2 a3
an1 an
a1 an
VMC/CBSE Notes
35
11th_Sequences And
Series