Harvard's Math 136 Homework Solutions

Denis Turcu
Math 136
Pset 3
Problem 1
(i) Use sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1, sin 2 = 0, cos 2 = 1, sin = 0, cos = 1.
f (0, v) = (sin 0 + v sin 0 sin 0, cos 0 + v sin 0 cos 0, v cos 0) = (0, 1, v);
f (2, v) = (sin 2 v sin sin 2, cos 2 v sin cos 2, v cos ) = (0, 1, v).
(ii) Compute the partial derivatives:

f
v
u
u
v
u
u
v
u
= cos u + cos sin u + v sin cos u, sin u + cos cos u v sin sin u, sin
;
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
f
u
u
= sin cos u, sin cos u, cos
.
v
2
2
2

~k
~i
~j

f f
v
u
u
v
u
u
v
= cos u + 2 cos 2 sin u + v sin 2 cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 cos u v sin 2 sin u 2 sin u2
u v
sin u2 cos u
sin u2 cos u
cos u2
But
f
(0, 0)
u
f
u
f
u
f
(2, 0)
u
= (1, 0, 0);
f
(0, 0) = (0, 1, 0)
v
f
(2, 0) = (0, 1, 0)
v
However, since =
f
f
u
v
f
k u f
k
v
f
(0, 0)
v
= (0, 0, 1);
f
(2, 0)
v
= (0, 0, 1). Then:
f
f
f
f
(0, 0) 6=
(2, 0).
u v
u v
(0, 0) = (0, 1, 0) 6= (0, 1, 0) = (2, 0), but
f (0, 0) = f (2, 0) so maps the same point to at least two different targets, so it
is not a map (at the same point in space, there are more vectors that would describe
the vector field, which cannot be the case).
Problem 2
(i) Using Mathematica:
Page 1
Denis Turcu
Math 136
(ii)
f
y
gij
= (sinh x cos y, sinh x sin y, 1)

= ( cosh x sin y, cosh x cos y, 0)
!
f f
f f
x x
x y
=
f f
f f
y x
y y
ij
2
2
y
= cosh2 x
g11 = sinh x(cos + sin y) + 1
g12 = g21 = sinh x cosh x cos y sin y + sinh x sin y cosh x cos y + 0 = 0
2
2
2
2
g22 = cosh x(sin y + cos y) + 0
= cosh x

cosh2 x
0
gij =
0
cosh2 x
ds2 = cosh2 xdx2 + cosh2 xdy 2 .
(iii) Let x, y U . Then: ~ (x, y) =
f
f
x
y
f
k x f
k
y

~i
~j

f f
= sinh x cos y sinh x sin y

x y
cosh x sin y cosh x cos y
k
~k
1
0

= ( cosh x cos y, cosh x sin y, sinh x cosh x)

p
f
f
k = cosh2 x + sinh2 x cosh2 x = cosh2 x

x y

cos y
sin y
~ (x, y) =
,
, tanh x .
cosh x cosh x
While the interpretation of the first two components is a rotation around an axis of the
1
| which is perpendicular to the polar
sphere, which covers every circle of radius | cosh
x
axis, the last components never reaches 1 or 1 as tanh : R (1, 1), which means
that the poles are not touched by the Gauss map. This can be also inferred from the
1
fact that the radius | cosh
| never reaches 0. Therefore:
x

p
1
2
2
2

}.
=(~ (t )) = {p S | p = (a1 , a2 , a3 ), a1 + a2
cosh t
Then the set mentioned, {p S 2 | t p
/ ~ (t )}, is the set containing the two poles
of a sphere in given coordinates: {(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1)}.
(iv) Computing the second order derivatives we get:
2f
= (cosh x cos y, cosh x sin y, 0)
x2
2f
= ( cosh x cos y, cosh x sin y, 0)
y 2
2f
= ( cosh x cos y, cosh x sin y, 0)
x y
Page 2
Denis Turcu
Math 136
Now we have:
L11
L12 = L21
L22

cos y cosh x cos y sin y cosh x sin y
2f
= 1
= n, 2 =
x
cosh x

2f
cos y cosh x sin y sin y cosh x cos y
= n,
=
=0
x y
cosh x

2f
cos y cosh x cos y + sin y cosh x sin y
= n, 2 =
=1
y
cosh x
Then:

(L)ij =
1 0
0 1

.
Problem 3
Let U R2 . Consider an isomorphism, C such that 1 C , : U U . Then
f
U U R3 . By previous homework and book we have g = (D)T g D. By class notes
we have du1 du2 = det(D)d
u1 d
u2 . Then:
Z
Z
p
dA = ( f ) det(
g )d
u1 d
u2 =
f (Q)
Q
Z
p
1
=
( f ) det((D)T g D)
du1 du2 =
det(D)
(Q)
Z
p
1
= ( f ) det((D)T ) det(g) det(D)
du1 du2 =
det(D)
Q
Z
p
| det(D)|
det(D)>0
= ( f )
det(g)du1 du2
=
det(D)
Q
Z
p
= ( f ) det(g)du1 du2 .
Q
If is orientation preserving, thendet(D) > 0. Therefore,

parametrization.
R
S
dA is independent of oriented
Problem 4
Similarly to the previous problem, define U with . Now for the two parametrizations, we
have:
f
f
1 u2
(u1 , u2 ) = u
k f1 f2 k
u
u
.
(f )
(f )
1
2
u
u
2
(
u , u ) = (f ) (f )
k
u
1
u
2
It is clear that k(u1 , u2 )k = k(

u1 , u2 )k = 1 so it suffices to show that
f
f
(f ) (f )
2 =C
1
u
u
u1
u2
Page 3
Denis Turcu
Math 136
for some constant C > 0. But we have:

(
(f )
f
= u
1
u
1
(f )
f
= u1
u
2
1
u
1
1
u
2
+
+
f
u2
f
u2
2
u
1
2
u
2
where (a, b) = (1 (a, b), 2 (a, b)) (for our particular case of U R2 ) , then uji s are all
scalars. Computing the cross product we get:

(f ) (f )
f 1
f 1
f 2
f 2
u1
u2
u1 u1 u2 u1
u1 u2 u2 u2
Note that
f
u1
f
u1
f
f
f
f
= 0 and u
1 u2 = u2 u1 . Then:

(f ) (f )
1 2 2 1 f
f
=
1 2
2.
1
2
1
2
1
u
u
u u
u u
u
u
f
u2
f
u2
2 1
1 2

= det(D) > 0 (orientation preserving parametrization), then we can
But
u
1 u
2
u
1 u
2
1
set C = det(D)
> 0.
Page 4

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Denis Turcu

= (0, 0, 1). Then:

(0, 0) = (0, 1, 0) 6= (0, 1, 0) = (2, 0), but

= (sinh x cos y, sinh x sin y, 1)

= sinh x cos y sinh x sin y

k = cosh2 x + sinh2 x cosh2 x = cosh2 x

If is orientation preserving, thendet(D) > 0. Therefore,

It is clear that k(u1 , u2 )k = k(

for some constant C > 0. But we have:

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