Week 8 - Stress+Strian
Week 8 - Stress+Strian
Week 8 - Stress+Strian
NORMAL STRESS
AND SHEAR STRESS
Objectives:
a)
b)
c)
Shear
PREDICTION OF
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
The behaviour of the whole structure is deduced
from
o tthe
e be
behaviour
av ou o
of its
ts co
components.
po e ts.
The resistance of a material to deformation under load and other
influences is governed fundamentally by its atomic and molecular
structure.
The material deformation depends
p
on many
y factors: the load to
which it is subjected, whether the load is steady or fluctuating,
the duration of loading or heating, etc.
etc.
From a knowledge of the properties of the material we can derive
the deformation characteristics of simple structural components.
i.e. BEAMS, COLUMNS, TIE
TIE--RODS, COMPRESSION STRUTS
(commonly referred to as members/bars
members/bars))
PREDICTION OF
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
In engineering construction elements of a
structure must exist with definite physical sizes.
These elements must be properly proportioned
to resist the forces that may be imposed upon
them.
In engineering practice, economy is desirable
When selecting materials.
i.e.
Steel Structures
b
beams,
columns,
l
beam
beamb
-columns,
l
struts,
t t ti
ties
FORCES
One important objective in strength of materials is the investigation of
the internal resistance of a body (i.e. the forces set up internally to
balance the externally
y applied
pp
forces))
cross-section
beam
A
x
L
UDL
S
M
FBD
N
RA
FORCES
External forces
forces imposed on the body
Internal forces
act between two different portions of the body under
consideration. Imagine any plane within the material, then
the force transmitted across this plane is an internal force.
force
(recall free body diagram concept)
CONCEPT OF STRESS
F5
F1
y
Externall forces
E
f
acting on a body
F2
z
x
F3
F4
F1
Force
Resultant
Internal forces
g on a Cross-Section
acting
R
F2
z
x
F3
M
Moment
Resultant
z = lim Fz
A0 A
Units:
zx = lim Fx
A0 A
zy = lim Fy
A0 A
N/m2 ( 1 Pa)
N/mm2 ( 1 MPa)
Normal (axial)
stresses
F1
y
NOTE:
Force Resultant R can be
resolved in 2 components:
p
1.
F2
z
2.
F3
2
2.
F1
F2
z
x
Shear
(tangential) stresses
F3
= P
A
CONCEPT OF NORMAL
AXIAL STRESS
A point force is an idealisation we make, in reality forces are
applied over a certain area similar to pressure.
At a crosscross-section the
h internall action must have
h
a force resultant
l
equal to P.
The internal action can be represented as a point force or as a
stress.
stress
A stress is defined as the intensity over an area of force similar
to the concept of pressure.
Normal or direct stress is produced by a force which is normal to
the plane of the cross
cross--section on which the force acts.
It is denoted s (sigma) and is defined by:
P dP
= lim
=
A 0 A
dA
CONCEPT OF NORMAL
AXIAL STRESS
The Resultant of the Direct Stress over the crosscrosssection must be equal
q
to the internal action,
action, in this
case the axial force P:
P:
P = dA
A
= P/ A
TENSION TIE
N
x
COMPRESSION STRUT
N
x
NOTE: One must investigate buckling when compressive loads are considered.
Slender
Sl d members
b
have
h
a tendency
d
to buckle
b kl sideways
id
and
d collapse.
ll
We will assume our members are chunky or stocky and cannot buckle.
AXIAL BAR
free body diagram
bar
TENSION
TIE
N
x
COMPRESSION
STRUT
cross-section
FBD
EXAMPLE
AFD
S dS
= lim
=
A 0 A
dA
av = S / A
a
A
Single
shear
P
t
A
A
A
A
P
t
A
A
Rivet connection
Single
shear
P
e
P/2
P A
P/2
P/2
Double
shear
P
P/2
Double Shear
EXAMPLE
Design
g for the pins:
p
EXAMPLE (Continued)
STRAIN
Objectives:
j
a) Understand the concept of normal and shear
strain,, and
b) Apply the concept to determine the strains for
various types
yp of p
problems
Concept
p of Strain
If a bodyy is displaced
p
such that its shape
p and size
does not change, it has gone a rigid body
displacement
displacement.
- Transverse displacement
- Rotation
RIGID
BODY
MOTION
Extension of a bar
under an axial
(tensile) force
Contraction of a bar
under an axial
(compressive) force
Concept of Strain
Strain is a quantity,
quantity which is used to
measure the amount and direction of the
d f
deformation.
i
It is defined as the ratio
of tthe
o
e de
deformation
o at o to tthe
e original
o g al size
s eo
of the
t e body.
There are two sorts of strains:
-
NORMAL STRAIN
SHEAR STRAIN
de
(strain ) =
dx
L
e = dx
0
= e/ L
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Objectives:
Obj ti
:
a) Understand how to measure the stress and
strain through experiments, and
b) Correlate the behavior of some engineering
materials to the stressstress-strain diagram.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The relationship between normal stress and strain
y experiment.
p
can be determined by
P
UNIAXIAL TENSION
s
TENSILE TEST
SPECIMEN
E
1
Limit of
proportionality
e
P
TENSION AND
COMPRESSION TEST
Specimen
Equipment
APPLICATIONS
STRESS-STRAIN
STRESSDIAGRAM
It is common practice to plot diagrams on which a
relationship between stress and strain for a particular test
in tension and compression are obtained.
These diagrams establish a relationship between stress and strain,
and for most practical purposes are assumed to be independent of
the size of the specimen or its gauge length.
length
Experimentally
p
y obtained stress
stress--strain diagrams
g
depend
p
on:
-
Speed of test
T
Temperature
t
att which
hi h test
t t was conducted
d t d
Several other variables
ult
y
Proportional
limit
sh
Hardening
range
g
BEHAVIOUR OF
MILD STEEL
y yyield strain
sh - strain hardening
Strain
STRESS--STRAIN DIAGRAM
STRESS
STRESS-STRAIN
STRESSDIAGRAM
Two types of diagrams can be recognised:
-
BR
BRITTLE
materials (concrete, glass)
SIMPLE HOOK
HOOKS
S LAW
For most materials the stress strain diagram is
linear for a certain range.
-
- stress
GLASS
MILD STEEL in tension
CONCRETE in compression
- strain
SIMPLE HOOK
HOOKS
S LAW
The stress and strain can be considered linear up to a
certain point.
This generalisation is known as Hookes
Hooke s Law and states:
= E
E = /
is dimensionless
= G
E
G=
2(1 + )
ELASTIC-PLASTIC MODEL
ELASTICfor STEEL
Yielding
Yield Stress
E
Unloading
g
Permanent Set
Th stress
The
t
strain
t i relationship
l ti
hi is approximated by
two straight lines.
STRESS-STRAIN
STRESSDIAGRAM
Yield Point
0.2%
0.
% ooffset
se
For materials without a specified yield or proportional limit,
the yield point is specified by taking a 0.2% offset
and drawing a parallel to the slope of the curve.
The elastic limit corresponds closely to the proportional limit of the material.
UNIAXIAL STRESS
Uniform stress:
= P/ A
Uniform strain:
= e/ L
Hookess Law:
Hooke
= E
P
e
=E
A
L
EA
P=
e
L
PL
e=
EA