Table of Specification and Its Relevance in Educational Development Assessment

European Journal of Educational and Development Psychology
Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014

Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.ea-journals.org)
TABLE OF SPECIFICATION AND ITS RELEVANCE IN EDUCATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT
O.M Alade*1, Igbinosa Victor Omoruyi*2
ABSTRACT: The study examined the Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational
Assessment. The sample employed for the study is made up of one hundred and twenty (120)
students randomly selected from four departments at the Faculty of Education, University of
Lagos, Akoka. Nigeria. A questionnaire developed by the researcher was used for the study.
Three Research Questions and three null Hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level
of significance using independent t-test of difference and Pearson Product Moments
Correlation Statistical analyses. It was found out that the three hypotheses posited were
significant. There was significant difference between Table of Specification and its Relevance in
Educational Assessment, positive relationship exists between problems of Table of Specification
and its Relevance in the Educational Assessment and there is significant relationship between
general pattern of preparing Table of Specification and its Relevance in the Educational
Assessment.It was recommended that teachers should endeavors to construct a well test blue
print that will help improve the validity of teacher evaluation based on given assessment,
teachers must ensure that the test constructed measure an adequate sampling of the class at all
level of domains and teachers and students must comply with all the laid down when preparing
Table of Specification in schools.
KEYWORDS: Table of Specification, Relevance, Educational Assessment, Test blue print.
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
As a student have you ever felt that the test you studied for was completely or partially
unrelated to the class activities you experienced? As a teacher have you ever heard those
complaints from students? This is not an uncommon experience in most classrooms. Frequently
there is both a real and perceived mismatch between content examined in class and the material
assessed on at the end of chapter /unit test. This lack of coherence leads to a test that fails to
provide evidence from which teachers can make valid judgments about students progress (
Brookharl ,1999). One strategy teacher can used to mitigate this problem is to develop a table of
specification. In this paper the writer examined the table of specification and its relevance in
Educational Assessment.
Table of specification, sometimes referred to as test blue print, is a table that helps teachers
align objectives, instruction and assessment. Notes, Zuelk, Wilson and Yunker (2004) reiterated
that this strategy can be used for a variety of assessment methods but is not commonly
associated with constructing traditional summative tests. Gregory (2006) Sees table of
specification as an activity which enumerates the information and cognitive tasks on which
examinees are to be assessed. It is clearly defined as possible scope which laid emphasis of the
test and relates other objectives to the content in order to ensure a balanced test items.

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Gronlund and Linn (2000) assert that table of specification may be referred to as content of a
course or curriculum that can be broadly defined to include both subject matter content and
instructional objectives. This simply means the performance of students is expected to
demonstrate. Both of these aspects are concerned with content validation. Table of specification
as test blue print master chart; matrix of content and behavior prescription; recipe; roadmap
test specification (Bloom, Hasting & Madaus 1971, Mehrens & Lehmann. 1975, Carey 1988;
Gredler 1999; Grunlund 2000; Kubiszyn & Borich Ooster 2003.
Mehrens and lehmann (1993) See table of specification as a (blue print) of a test, the content
areas to be covered and the relative emphasis to be placed on each areas and instructional
objectives.Akem (2006) views the table of specification as a guide to assist a teacher or
examiner in the evaluation system. The table shows the total number of items to be allocated to
each instructional objectives, it also suggest what might be covered under each item, take
decision on what types of items to be used. In fact the blue print stage is the last and crucial
stage in an evaluation plan since it enables the teacher to combine properly the objective and the
content areas, bearing in mind the importance and the weight attached to each areas.
Akem and Agbe (2003) revealed that table of specification is an outline relating behavior to
topics. By it, teacher can determine what topics are being stressed and also assist in the
preparation of test that reflect what students have learned and also the limit the amount of time
spent on each unit.
Okpala, Onocha and Oyedeji (2003) noted that table of specification enables the test developers
to complete the cells in the table and decide the percentage of the total number of items that will
go to each of the cell.Ughamadu (2000) stated that a table of specification or test blue print is a
device that enables the teacher to arrive at a representative sample of the instructional objectives
and the subject matter treated in the class. Thus, once the instructional objectives and the
subject matter have been clearly identified, a table of specification is then prepared to link both
and also indicate the number of test items to be written for each level of the objective and each
subject matter area. He concluded by instructing us how to prepare a table of specifications.
The classroom teacher will decide first on the number of test items or questions he intends to
write. Once a decision has been taken on this, the teacher will proceed to preparing the table of
specifications by listing the instructional objectives across the top of the table. Then a list of the
major subject matter (topics) is written down the left side of the table with the list written, the
teacher then indicates number of test items that would be set for each level of objective and each
subject matter area. At the bottom and right end of the table, the total number of questions for
each subject matter and objective are indicated. But cautioned that, the teacher should note that
the relative emphasis that the objectives and subject matter will receive depend on the emphasis
given to each of the objectives and each of the subject matter during the period of teaching and
learning.

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
A sample table of specification is shown in Table 1 below.

Table1: Table of specification for a (30) items Economics test for SS2.
Objectives
Under
Remembering
standing
Consumers behavior &price 2
4
determination
Population
2
2
Money Inflation
1
3
Economics Systems
1
2
Principle of Economics
1
2
Total
7
13
Thinking
Total
2
2
2
1
10
6
6
5
4
30
From the table, it would be seen that of the five subject matter area, consumer behavior / price
determination attracted the highest number of items (that is 9) and the principle of Economics,
the least (that is 4). And for objectives the understanding level had (13) items as the highest.
The remembering level had the least. The distribution of number of items in each cell (that is for
each objective level and subject matter) is a reflection of the emphasis and the importance the
teacher attached to these areas. With a table of specification of this nature designed the teacher
then proceeds to construct the test items or questions. This must be in line with what has been
specified in the table specification.
Table of specification to kibler (1998) is to ensure that the subject matter content and the course
objectives are adequately sampled by the test items; We need to develop a table of specification
that will provide a guide to the item construction which takes into account the relative
importance of each component of the syllabus and each level of cognitive domain. TOs should
be prepared before testing. The teacher should develop the table of specification in order to have
content sampling and item validity. These specifications may help the teacher to be more
effective. In order words, it will help the teacher in organizing teaching and learning,
assessment and evaluation as well as all the resources he plans to achieve during the teaching
and learning.
Mehrens and Lehmann (2009) identify that the specs can help to provide for optimal learning
on the part of students and optimal teaching efficiency on the part of the teacher.
Table of specification helps to improve validity of teachers evaluation based on a given
assessment: Validity is seen here as the degree to which the evaluations or judgments we take as
teachers about our students can be trusted based on the quality of evidence we gathered
(wolnring & wilkstron 2010). It is important to understand that validity is not a property of the
test constructed, but of the inference we make based on the information gathered from a test.
When we consider whether or not the grades we assign to students are accurate, we are
questioning the validity of our judgment. When we ask these questions we can look to the kind
of evidence endorsed by researchers and theorists in educational measurement to support the
claim we make about our students (APA AERA NCME, 1999).
Table of specification can help teachers map the amount of class time spent on each objective
with the cognitive level at which each objective was taught thereby helping teachers to identify
3

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
the type of items they used to include in their tests. However, TOS consider how you can adapt
the underlying strategy to your own instructional needs. (Five & Didonal) Table of specification
serves to clearly define the scope and the focus of the test. It ensures that teachers include test
items that tap different levels of cognitive complexity when measuring students
assessment.(Kubiszn & Borich 2003).
Statement of the Problem
Students experience problems in testing about teacher made test as characterized by not valid,
over testing, time spent for administration was too short, the test items do not cover the course
content and among others. All these show that the test lacked content validity.
Constructing fair tests that give accurate information about students learning is an important
skill for teachers. The table of specification is often useful to organize the planning process of
designing a test which allows the teacher to determine the content of the test. Using TOs to
organize a teacher made test help to alleviate content validity problem because it helps the
teacher to create good balance in several areas. (Nunnaly, 2007).
Content validity is ensured by the Process through which the measure is constructed. A content
valid test should have at least moderate to high levels of internal consistency. This suggest that
the items measure a common element; primarily rest upon logical argument and expert
judgment, and frequently empirical research.
The degree of content validity is largely a function of the content to which test items are true
representative sample of the content and skills to be learned. (Nunnaly and Berbstein, 2004).
Standardized test scores are frequently difference among students GPA and scores on a
standardized test, sometimes very large differences from the literature. We know standardized
tests are valid. The question needs to be asked if GPAS are valid measures of student
achievement. GPAS:- are based in large measure on teacher made tests. If teacher made test are
note valid, how can a student GPA be valid? The use of table of specification can provide
teacher made test validity.
As a student have you ever felt that the test you studied for was frequently or partially unrelated
to the class activities you experienced? Or as a teacher have you experienced these complaints
from student? This is not an uncommon experience in most classrooms. Frequently there is both
a real and perceived mismatch between the examined in class and material assessed at the end
of the term / unit test. This lack of coherence leads to a test that fails to provide evidence from
which teachers can make valid judgment about students progress (Brookharl, 2001).One
strategy teachers can use to militate this problem is to develop a table of specification to ensure
good psychometric tests.
Psychometrics Reliability and validity; every classroom assessment measure must be
appropriately reliable and valid, be it the classic classroom achievement test, attitudinal
measure, or performance assessment.
A measure must first be reliable before it can be valid. Classical test reliability and validity must
relate to consistent (reliable) and accurate (valid) measurement. Reliability is an indicator of
consistency is an indicator of how stable a test score or data is across applications or time. A
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Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
measure should produce similar or the same results consistently if it measures the same thing. A
measure can be reliable without being valid. A measure cannot be valid without being reliable.
However, threats to and techniques for improving reliability indices in the statement of Crocker
and Algina (1996) constitute a threat to development of table of specification. They emphasized
that threats to reliability include group homogeneity; when test is given a very similar
homogenous group, the resulting score are closely clustered and the reliability coefficient, will
be low. The more heterogeneous the examined group, the higher the correlation; the time limits;
the rate at which an examinee work will systematically influence performance, as some will
finish the test and some will not. Test or measure length; if a test is too short, then the
reliability coefficient will be low and then scoring errors. All these are threats to reliability of
test items constructed which the teachers must take into consideration.
Evidence based on test content underscores the degree to which a test measures what it is
designed to measures (Wolnring & Wilkstron, 2010) If an Economics teacher gave population
theory in the examination on the proof of theory of Consumers behavior and based his
population theory grade on his students response to the examination, most of us would argue
that the examination and the grades were unjustified. In assessment we would say that his
judgment lacked evidence of test content agreement, because the evidence used (data from
population theory test) to make judgment did not reflect students understanding of targeted
content (Theory of Consumer Behavior). Your classroom test must be aligned to the content
taught in order for any of your judgments about the student understanding and learning be
meaningful.
The bulk of research studies had concentrated on the Table of Specification as one aspect of
setting items for students but not much has been done on the relevance of table of specification
in Educational Assessment. The study was therefore designed to investigate table of
specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
The study addressed the following research questions

Is there significant difference between Table of Specification and its relevance in Educational
Assessment?
Is there significant relationship between problems of table of specification and its relevance in
Educational Assessment?
Is there significant relationship between general format of preparing table of specification and
its relevance in Educational Assessment?
Research Hypotheses
There is no significant difference between table of specification and its relevance in Educational
Assessment.
There is no significant relationship between Problems of table of specification and its relevance
in Educational Assessment.
There is no significant relationship between the general format of preparing table of
specification and its relevance in Educational Assessment.

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
LITERATURE REVIEW
(i)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(V)
(VI)
1.
2.
3.
Carey (1998) enumerates six major elements that should be intended to developing table of
specifications for a comprehensive end of unit examination. They include:Balance among goals selected for examination.
Balance among levels of learning;
The test format;
The total number of items;
The number of test items for each goal and level of learning.
The enabling skills to be selected from each goal framework.
There are many approaches, format to developing and using a table of specification as
advocated by measurement experts like (Anderson, Krawohl, Airasian, Cruikshank, major; Rath
and withrock 2001, Grolund 2006), Raymond, Livingston and Wilson, 2006). Table of
specification for practical classroom application is intended to help classroom teachers develop
summative assessments that are well aligned to the subject matter studied and the cognitive
process used during instruction.
However, for this strategy to be helpful in your teaching practice, you need to make it your own
and practical assessment.
General format of table of specification Table II
Content
Knowledge No and or Understanding No and Application No and Total
percentage
or percentage
or percentage
Topic 1
2
3
4
5
Total
In each cell, the number and / percentage of item. To be constructed are indicated. These depend
on the relative emphasis on topics and behaviors as might be indicated by the instructional
objective. This was however, demonstrated previously by Ughamadu. For example, if teacher
wants to develop an end of term test in Economics, he may have to consider the following
instructional objectives;
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Define the term consumers behavior i.e. demand and supply.
State the law of demand and supply.
Identify the forces of demand and supply as determinant of price of goods and services.

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Table III Table of specification for an objective test

No
Content
Recall
Beh
under
Knowledge
standing
1
Consumer behavior
17 % 7items
201/2% 8items
2
Price determination
12 % 5items
171/2% 7item
3
Public finance
0%
121/2% 5items
No items
4
Total
30% 12items
50
1/2%
20items
Application
Total
71/2% 3items
51/2% 2items
71/2% 3items
45%(18)
35%(14)1
20%(8)
20% 8items
100%
40items
One should recall that different test constructors will come up with different numbers and
percentages in cell. You should note also that an item may overlap behaviors. For example, an
item may test knowledge and understanding the constructor of the test should then determine
which cell is most appropriate to include it.
In an essay test the weighting can be achieved by assigning the amount of time to be spent on
each test item to show the relative importance of the topics. For instance, if five essay items are
to be designed to test three subject topics, the weighting can assigned in the same proportions of
time divisions as can be seen in table 4.
Topic
Black smiting
Missionary journey
Photographer
Importance
35%
25%
40%
Item
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Time
9 minutes
11 minutes
16 minutes
14 minutes
10 minutes
A table of specification has been developed, the test constructor will have the direction required
to build a test that has a high degree of content validity. It is advisable that in selecting the test
type to be included in the test, both objective and essay items should be used depending on the
course objective and the behavior outcomes to be measured
Essay items Classroom teachers are familiar with the essay test item or question. This is the
item type commonly used by the teachers because of ease of construction among other
considerations. The essay items allow a student to select, organize, integrate and synthesize
and present his answer or response in his own style in his own words(Ughamadu, 2000). The
questions could be extended or restricted, depending on the amount of freedom given to a
student to organize his ideas or facts.
Example of essay question (Extended type) Explain the effects of over- population in Nigerian
Economics. (Restricted Question Essay):- list (5) qualities of money. However, because of the
nature of essay questions or items marking of papers are subjective. Also ease of construction,
make some people set essay items that are not good. These can affect the validity and reliability
of essay questions. To increase the validity and reliability of essay test items much care and
attention should be given to the construction and marking or scoring of essay tests.
7

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(a)
(2)
(a)
(b)
Guidelines for Constructing Essay Item

Formulate questions that are very clear such that they will elicit the type of behavior that is
intended to be assessed.
Students should not have many or too lengthy questions to answer within a given time.
Breakup long essay questions into shorter items that will require shorter items.
Ask student to answer all the questions.
Make sure that the objectives and subject matter indicated in the table of specifications are
covered.
Show the mark or point value for each question and also the time limit.
Objective test items
These are required as the highly structured test items to which the students are expected to
supply one word or two symbol or formulae or numbers or select the correct answer from a
limited number of alternatives or choices. There are:- (1) supply types and (11) selection types.
Each of these types can be further subdivided.
Supply types:- There are two forms:(1) Short answer item and (11) completion item.
Short answer item, the item is presented as a direct question. Example
Who gave the widely acclaimed definition of Economics? (Prof lionel Robins.)
What is the other name of the World Bank? (IBRD).
Which bank is referred to as the Apex Bank? (CBN)
In completion item An incomplete statement is written out and student is expected to fill the
blank (s)
An Economic Community of West African State was established in 1975.
Another name for wants is ends.
The selection you make from many alternatives is known as choice
Selection types
The common types of items under this category are:Alternative response item example, true false item
Matching item
Multiple choice item
Multiple Choice Items
This is most commonly used form of objective test item types. It consists of two parts. These
are the problem part and a list of suggested solutions or answer. The problem part which is
stated either in the form of a direct question or an incomplete statement is referred to as stem of
the item. But the list of suggested answers is referred to as the alternative or options. While the
correct alternative or option is referred as the answer or key the in correct alternatives are
referred to as distracters since they are to distract the uninformed students. Usually four or five
alternatives are used for multiple choice items.
Example Direct question form.
The quantity of goods and services a consumer is willing to buy at each given price at a
particular period of time is known as?Demand (b) opportunity cost (c) scale of preference (d) supply.
ECOWAS was established in the year
1960
1964
8

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
(c) 1970
(d) 1975
Multiple choice items are considered to be the most flexible and useful type of objective test
item. It can be used to measure different types of learning outcomes from simple to complex.
Guidelines for Writing Multiple Choice Items
(1) Formulate the stem of the item in very clear terms so that it will be meaningful and present a
definite problem.
(2) The stem should be written as brief as possible.
(3) The stem of the item should include as much of the item as possible and the alternative should
be as short as possible.
(4) The test should assess only one central idea.
(5) Care should be taken in writing the distracters so that they are plausible.
(6) Write each item such that all the alternatives are grammatically consistent with the stem.
(7) In writing the items, the reading difficulty and vocabulary level should be as simples as
possible.
(8) The correct alternatives of the items should appear at different positions (A, B, C, D) an
approximate number of times.
(9) There should be one and only one correct alternative or answer.
Preparing the two- way chart
The last step in constructing a table of specification is to prepare a suitable two way chart that
relates the instructional objective to the instructional content as illustrated by ughamadu (2000)
and thus, specifies the nature of the test sample. A chart in Economics lessons in Senior
Secondary School one (1) presented on the table 5 below. This indicates both the total number
of test items and the percentage of the test items allotted to each objective and each area of
content.
In SS1. Mr. Adetunji taught 5 topics in Economics in twenty (20) lessons as:
1 Definition and meaning of Economics. (2 lessons).
2 Basic concepts for Economics.
(4 lessons).
3 Consumers Behavior i.e demand& ss. (4 lessons).
4 Production and factors of prodn.
(5 lessons).
5 Business organization .
(5 lessons).
Construct evaluation test blue print (table of specification) showing the distribution of fifty (50)
objectives test items in the following weighted behavioral objectives: knowledge (50%),
Understanding (30%) and Thinking (20%).
The working process showing the number of questions are shown below
Step1: Knowledge 50%= 50 X 50 = 25 items.
100 1
Understanding 30% = 30 X 50 =15 items.
100
1
Thinking
20% = 20 X 50 = 10 items.
100
1
Total
50 items.

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Step II Knowledge 25% items

1 Definitions and meaning of Economics 2 X 25 = 2.5
20 1
II Basic concepts of Economics
4 X 25
=5
20
1
III Consumers Behavior (dd & ss)
4 X 25
=5
20
1
IV Production and factors of prodn
5 X 25
= 6.25
20
1
V Business organization
5 X 25
=6.25
20
1
Total
25 items
Step III Knowledge 25% questions
I Definitions and meaning of Economics
2 X 15 =1.5
20
1
II Basic concepts in Economics
4 X 15 = 3
20
1
III Consumers behavior (dd & ss)
4 X 15 =3
20
1
IV Production and factors of production.
5 X 15 =3.75
20
1
Business organization
5 X 15 =3.75
20
1
Total
15 items
Step IV Knowledge 25% questions
I Definitions and meaning of Economics
2
20
4
20
4
20
5
20
5
X 10
=1
1
II Basic concepts in Economics
X 10
=2
1
III Consumers and behavior (dd &ss)
X 10
=2
1
IV Production and factors of prodn
X 10 =2.5
1
V. Business organization
X 10 =2.5
20
1
The numbers of items computed are inserted in the cells. But for topics calculated that ended in
decimal points, the teacher uses his/her discretion and round off as the fraction or decimal point
so that the total number of items will still remain accurate.
10

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Table of Specification on 50 objectives test in Economics.

Objective Knowledge Understanding
Thinking
Total items
Learn the
put ideas together, discriminate,
Basic term, Classify,
employ, create,
Recall basic describe,
compose, design,
Formula,
Apply learnt
assess, judge,
Memorize,
materials,
contras ,test,
recite, identify discuss ,explain
compare, etc.
Content
Definition/mean
Basic concepts
Consumers/beh
Prodn& factors
Bus organs
Total
5
5
6
6
25
3
3
4
4
15
2
2
2
3
10
10
10
12
13
50
Relevance of Table of Specification(TOS) in Educational Development Assessment.

A table of specification (TOS) is a chart that professional developers of achievement and ability
test often use in item writing. According to Gregory (2006). The chart helps the item writer to
ensure that the instrument taps a desired mixture of cognitive processes and content domains.
TOS provides a two way chart to help teachers relate their instructional objectives, the
cognitive level of instruction and the amount of the test that should assess each objective. (
Nortar et al, 2004).The table serves to clearly define the scope and focus of the test. It ensures
that the teachers include items that tap different levels of cognitive complexity when measuring
students achievement. Kubiszn and Borich (2003, Suggested that teachers should use a table of
specification so that they wont forget the details.
Teachers can be assured that they are measuring students learning across a wide range of
content and reading as well as cognitive processes requiring higher order thinking.
By providing a table of specification prior to the items writing stage, the test developer can
guarantee that the resulting instrument contains a proper balance of topical coverage and taps a
desired range of cognitive skills. The use of test blue print or table of specification according to
Akem and Agbe (2003), Mehrens and Lehmann (2001) will help to ensure that:
1.
Teachers are able to determine what topic is being stressed and also assist in the preparation of
tests that reflect what students have learnt and also limit the amount of time spent on each unit.
2. That no important objective or content area will be advertently omitted.
3. The table of specifications can assist immensely in the preparation of test items, production of
valid and well robust test, in the classification of objectives to both teacher and students, and in
assisting the teacher to select the most appropriate teaching strategy.
4. Only those aims and objectives actually involved in the instructional process will be assessed.
That each objective will receive a proportional emphasis on the test in relation to the emphasis
placed on that objective by the teacher.
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Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
METHOD
Population and Sample
The target population comprised a total of one hundred and twenty (120) students randomly
selected from four departments which are full time undergraduate students from Faculty of
Education University of Lagos Akoka. The departments include: Adult Education, Educational
Foundations, Business Administration and Art & Science Technology departments. Thirty
students (30) each from the four department studied with fifteen (15) males and fifteen (15)
female each. The age range between 18-35 years.
Instrumentation
The major instrument used for collection of primary data was validated questionnaire tagged
Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment (TSREA). Previously
tested to have reliability coefficient of 0.75. This instrument was divided into two sections.
Section A: dealt with the bio data of the respondents, information such as age, sex, name of
school, department, level, religion were sourced.
Section B: was further divided into sub-section has 15 items meant to collect information on the
variables: Relevance of Table of Specification in Educational Assessment, problems associating
with the of Table of Specification and general format of preparing Table of Specification. The
instrument was adopted based on 4- points Likert format which ranging from strongly agree
(SA), agree (A), disagree (D) and strongly disagree (SD).
Procedure
The instruments were personally administered by the researcher with assistance of the course
representatives of the selected departments at the Faculty of Education to ensure a hitch free
administration. The instructions were spelt out uniformly. There was no time limit. Five
questionnaires were discarded for improper completion.
Method of Data Analysis
Independence t- test of difference Statistical method was used to test
first hypothesis while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to measure hypotheses 2
and 3 respectively.
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
Hypotheses Testing:
Hypothesis 1:
There is no significant difference between Table of Specification and its Relevance in
Educational Assessment.
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Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Table 1: Difference between Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational

Assessment.
VARIABLE
NO
MEAN S.D
DF
tCal
tCrit
Rmk
120
3.65
0.48 238
9.28
1.96
Significant
Table of Specification.
TOS its relevance in Educational 120
Assessment.
3.00
0.64
The result showed that computed Mean and Standard Deviation score of both variables Table of
Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment of (3.65, o.48 and 3.00, 0.64)
respectively. Calculated table value of 9.28 is greater than the Critical table value of 1.96 with
238 Degree of Freedom (df) given at 0.05 level of significance. It therefore means that the
formulated null hypothesis is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is obtained. There is
significant difference between Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational
Assessment.
Hypothesis 2:
There is no significant relationship between problems of Table of Specification and its
Relevance in Educational Assessment.
Table 2:
Relationship between problems of Table of Specification and its relevance in educational
assessment.
VARIABLE
NO
MEAN S.D
DF
rCal
rCrit
Rmk
Problems of TOS.
120
13.67
3.27
118
0.61
0.19
Significant
TOS
its
relevance
in 120
10.33
6.72
educational assessment.
Calculated table value of 0.61 is greater than critical table value of 0.19 with 118 Degree of
Freedom given at 0.05 level of probability. It therefore means that posited null hypothesis is
rejected while the alternative hypothesis is upheld. It implies that positive relationship exist
between problems of table of specification and its relevance in educational assessment.
Hypothesis 3:
There is no significant relationship between general format of preparing table of specification
and its relevance in educational assessment.
Table3: Relationship between general format of preparing TOS and its relevance in educational
assessment.
Variable
NO
MEAN S.D DF
rCal
rCrit Rmk
General format of preparing 120
9.48
6.74 118
0.94
0.19 Significant
TOS.
TOS its relevance in educational 120
13.67
3.29
assessment.
13

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
Computed Mean and Standard Deviation score for both variables of (9.48, 6.74) and (13.67,
3.29) respectively. Calculated table value of 0.94 is far greater than Critical table value of 0.19
given at 0.05 level of significance.
It means that the formulated null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship
between general format of preparing table of specification and its relevance in educational
assessment is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is retained.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The overall results of this study showed that the three hypotheses generated and tested were
rejected due to the findings of this study.
Hypothesis One: Which states that there is no significant difference between Table of
Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment was rejected. This implies that there
is significant difference between Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational
Assessment, which include the chart helps the item writer to taps a desired mixture of cognitive
processes and content domains, helping the teachers to relate instructional objectives, cognitive
level of instruction and the amount of test that should be stressed in each of the objective, it is
important for the teachers no to forget details, shows that students have learnt and limit the
amount of time on each unit, helps in the preparation of test items and selecting the most
appropriate teaching strategy. This finding is in line with Mehrens and Lehmann (2009),
identify that Specs can help to provide for optimal learning on the part of the students and
optimal teaching efficiency on the part of the teacher. In the view of Wolnring & Wikstron see
TOS to help improve validity of teachers evaluation based on a given assessment. Nunnaly and
Berbstein (2004), opined that constructing fair test that give accurate information about students
learning is an important skill for teachers.
Hypothesis Two: Which states that there is no significant relationship between problems Table
of Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment was rejected. It then means that
positive significant relationship exists between problems Table of Specification and its
Relevance in Educational Assessment. This study confirmed that frequently there is both a real
and perceived mismatch between content examined in class and the material assessed at the end
of the unit test and lack of coherence leads to a test that fails to provide evidence which teachers
can make valid judgment. This result agrees with the statement of Nunnaly & Beibstein (2004),
asserted that inappropriate construction of Table of Specification would lend hand to in balance
in several areas and encourages content validity problems. However, they explained that the
degree of content validity is largely a function of the content to which test items are true
representation sample of the content and skills to be learned.
Hypothesis Three: There is no significant relationship between general format of preparing
Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment was rejected while the
alternative hypothesis was obtained. This therefore means that there is positive relationship
between general format in preparing TOS and its Relevance in Educational Assessment.
Confirmed format revealed that decide on the total number of test items you want to set, ensure
that you list the instructional objectives across the top of the table, the subject matter is written
14

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
down the left side of the table. Indicates the number of items that would be set for each level of
objective and subject matter. This finding was supported by Carey (1998). Enumerated six
major elements that should be intended to developing table of specification for a comprehensive
end of unit examination. They include:
1 Balance among goals selected for exam.
2 Balance among level of learning.
3 The test format.
4 The total number of items.
5 Number of test items for each goal and level of learning.
6 The enabling skills to be selected from each goal framework.
In collaboration to this statement Ughamadu (2000). Stated that the classroom teacher will
decide first on the number of test items or questions he intends to write, and then proceed in
preparing the TOS, then list the objectives at the top of the table and the subject matter written
down the left side of the table.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the findings of this study, it could concluded that there is significant difference between
Table of Specification and its Relevance in Educational Assessment. Also, this study reveals
that positive significant relationship exists between problems of Table of Specification and its
Relevance in Educational Assessment and general patterns of preparing Table of Specification
is significantly related to its Relevance in Educational Assessment.
A well constructed test blue print or table of specification will help to improve the validity of
teacher evaluations based on a given assessment. Thus, validity is the degree to which the
evaluations or judgment we make as teachers about our students can be trusted based on the
quality of evidence we gathered. (Wolming and Wilkstron, 2010).
However, when constructing a test, teachers need to be concerned that the test measures an
adequate sampling of the class content at the cognitive level that the material was taught. This
can go a long way in making teacher made tests much more relevant to decision teachers must
make everyday about their students. The table of specification can aid immensely in the
construction of test items, in the production of valid and well balanced test, in the classification
of objectives to both teachers and students and finally, in assisting the teacher to choose the
most appropriate teaching strategy.
Table of Specification helps teachers to relate instructional objectives, cognitive level of
instruction and the amount of test that should be stressed in each of the objective; teachers
would not forget details; also, helps in preparing test items and selecting most appropriate
teaching strategy. Some problems envisaged in preparing TOS include lack of coherence in
TOS leads to test that fails to provide evidence which teachers can make valid judgment;
construction of the table of specification if not properly done encourages content validity
problems to mention but few. Format for preparing Table of Specification include decide on the
numbers of test items to set or to write then proceed to the construction of the test blue print, be
rest assured that the instructional objective should be written on the top of the table while the
15

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014
subjects matter written down left side of the table. Total numbers of the test items are written at
the bottom for the objectives while the total numbers of content or subject matter clearly stated
at the right side of the table.
However, it has been established from the above that test items irrespective of traits or attribute
that it wants to measure, has to undergo some basic procedures, guidelines or steps before it can
be standardized. It is the ability of the test developer and test writer to pass through these stages
that makes it standardized.
In view of the foregoing findings and conclusion, it is imperative to make the following
recommendations, which could help to the test developers, teachers and the students to develop
a good test blue print.
1. Teachers should endeavous to construct a well test blue print that will help improve the validity
of teacher evaluation based on given assessment.
2 Teachers must ensure that the test is measure an adequate sampling of the class content at the
cognitive level that was taught.
Teachers and the students must comply with the laid down roles when preparing table of
specification in schools. E.t.c
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Anderson,L.W.(Ed), Krathwohl,D.R (Ed), Airasian, P.W.,Cruikshank,K.A. Major, Raths,J, &
Wittrock M.C (2001), A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of
Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Completeedition).New York: Longman.
Bloom.B .S., Hasting. J.J. & Midaus, G.F,1971). Handbook on Formative and Summative
Evaluation of student learning. New York: McGrw- Hill, Inc.
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Mehrens, W.A & Lehmann, I.J. (1998). Measurement and Evaluation in Education and
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Notar, C.E., Zuelke, D.C., Wilson. J.D. & Yunker, .B.D (2004). The table of Specification:
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Okpala,N.N, Onacha. C.O& Oyedji, O.A (1993). Measurement I Education. Edo State, Stiring
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I find it a pride, privilege and great pleasure to express my sincerely heartfelt and deep sense of
gratitude to God Almighty for His guidance throughout the span of writing this study. Special
gratitude goes my two supervisors, Dr. O.M. Alade and Dr. I.P Nwadingwe both of the
Department of Educational Foundations, University of Lagos, Akoka- Yaba, Lagos Nigeria for
their assistance and contributions towards the progress of this study, may the good Lord bless
them abundantly-Amen.
Am also, using this medium to express my appreciation to the Dean of faculty of education,
University of Lagos Prof. Mopelola Omoegun and the H ead of Department, Educational
Foundations Prof.G.C Ilogu who contributed in one way or the other to the success and
realization of making me dreams coming true, may God reward them greatly. Amen.
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European Journal of Educational and Development Psychology

Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2014