Cytolog Membrtransport2 (Stud)
Cytolog Membrtransport2 (Stud)
Cytolog Membrtransport2 (Stud)
This carrier protein actively pumps Na+ out of and K+ into a cell against their electrochemical
gradients. For every molecule of ATP hydrolyzed inside the cell, three Na+ are pumped out and two K+
are pumped in.
A model of the pumping cycle of the Na+ -K+pump.
In the real pump there are thought to be three Na+ - and two K+ -binding sites.
(1) The pump binds of three intracellular Na+ ions.
(2) ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump, and subsequent release of ADP induce
the protein to undergo a conformational change
(3) The conformational change in the pump transfers the three Na+ across the membrane and releases it
on the outside. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na+ ions, so they are
released
(4) Then, the pump binds on two K+ on the extracellular surface and this causes the dephosphorylation
of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the two K+ ions into the cell
(5) The return of the protein to its original conformation, transfers the two K+ across the membrane and
releases it into the cytosol.
6) The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two
bound K+ ions are released. ATP binds, and the process starts again.
are ion channels, concerned exclusively with the transport of inorganic ions, mainly Na +, K+,
Ca2+, Cl- .
differ from each other according to the purposes they carry
have narrow, highly selective pores: specificity based on size and charge.
function is to allow for rapid diffusion of specific ions across the lipid bilayer of membranes.
Vesicles that bud from membranes usually have a distinctive protein coat on their cytosolic surface and
are called coated vesicles. The best studied are clathrin-coated vesicles. They bud:
a) from the Golgi aparatus on the outward secretory pathway,
b) from the plasma membrane on the inward endocytic pathway.
Clatrin molecules assemble into basketlike network on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, and this
process starts shaping the membrane into vesicle. The protein called adaptin helps to capture the
clathrin molecules and to bind the coat to the vesicle membrane and help select cargo molecules for
transport. A small protein dynamin assembles as a ring around the neck of each deeply invaginated
coated pit and pinches off the vesicle from membrane. After budding is complete, the coat proteins are
removed and the naked vesicle can fuse with its target membrane.
2) phagocytosis
It is the process by which cells bind and internalize the matter much larger, such as dust particle, cell
debris, microorganisms and even apoptotic cells. Examples of phagocytosis are free living amoebas,
the single-celled organisms, which capture food by stretching out pseudopodia and encircle any food
they find in their paths thus forming digestive vacuoles. Leucocytes in the human body often
phagocytose protozoa, bacteria, dead cell, and similar materials in order to help stave off infections or
other problems.
3) pinocytosis
By means of pinocytosis, a cell is able to ingest droplets of liquid from the extracellular fluid. All
solutes found in the droplets outside of the cell may become encased (supakuotos) in the vesicles
formed via this process. Pinocytic vesicles tend to be smaller than vesicles produced by other
endocytic processes.
5. Exocytosis : The exocytosis process is the opposite of endocytosis, during which a cell directs the
contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane to the extracellular environment. Exocytosis
occurs in various cells to remove undigested residues of substances brought in by endocytosis, to
secrete substances such as hormones and enzymes, and to transport a substance completely across a
cellular barrier. The vesicle membrane comes in contact with the plasma membrane. The lipid
molecules of the two bilayers rearrange themselves and the two membranes fuse.