Ultrasound: Ultrasound - Chapter 16 (Lecture 1) 9 February 2006
Ultrasound: Ultrasound - Chapter 16 (Lecture 1) 9 February 2006
Ultrasound: Ultrasound - Chapter 16 (Lecture 1) 9 February 2006
9 February 2006
Ultrasound
THE GENERATION OF A DIAGNOSTIC
ULTRASOUND BEAM
Generation of ultrasound
Generation of ultrasound
Areas of compression and rarefaction created
Wavelength (
) distance
between consecutive crests
(compression) or troughs
(rarefaction)
US: frequency > 20 kHz
Imaging US:
f = 1 20 MHz
f depends on source
Characteristics of sound
Ultrasound velocity
Compressibility:
Sound waves longitudinal
Density:
- slow progression due to greater inertia
v=f
v is constant in a medium
9 February 2006
Sound intensity
Reflection
Refraction
Absorption
dB = 10
Log
I
Io
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Interactions
Reflection
Reflected
beam
Incident
beam
Acoustic impedance (Z = x v)
v constant for wide range of frequencies
Z also constant
(Reflection at tissue interface determined by
impedance difference between tissues)
R = (Z1-Z2)2 / (Z1-Z2)2
Refracted
beam
UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
Reflection
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Refraction
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9 February 2006
Absorption
Refraction
Snells law
i
v1
v2
sin i v1
=
sin t v2
t
UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
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Viscosity
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Relaxation time
Increase in viscosity:
Recovery time (tr) after displacement
Constant tr for specific material
Short tr recover before next wave
Long tr molecules move in one direction,
compression wave opposite
More energy needed heat produced
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Frequency
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Summary
Absorption frequency
f 2x absorption 2x intensity
Ideal frequency compromise between:
- good resolution
- transmission of E to deeper interfaces
Affects absorption due to viscosity
- as f motion slower due to
Affects absorption due to relaxation time
- at low f molecules can relax between cycles
Reflection
acoustic impedance
angle of incidence
Refraction
Snells law
Absorption
frequency
viscosity
relaxation time
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound
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Transducers
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Transducer
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Resonant frequency
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Resonance
Fundamental
frequency
Forced
vibration
UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
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Ultrasound beam
= d2 / 4)
Fraunhofer
Fresnel
Length = d2 / 4
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Fresnel zone
(Length = d2 / 4)
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High frequencies
Advantages
Longer Fresnel zone
Better depth resolution
Disadvantages
Tissue absorption (poor penetration)
Low f - penetrates deeper
Low frequency, larger transducer, an alternative,
however poor lateral resolution
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Comparing beams
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1/23/2014
Digital
Depth
Time
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Position
Position
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M mode display
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B Mode display
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Electronic focus/steering
64 to 128 elements
All active during imaging
Using time delays can steer and focus beam electronically
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Example 1
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Example 2
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Example 3
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9 February 2006
In ultrasound, the major factor that limits the spatial resolution and visibility
of detail is the volume of the acoustic pulse
The axial, lateral, and elevational (slice thickness) dimensions determine
the minimal volume element
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Side lobes are unwanted emissions of ultrasound energy directed away from the
main pulse
Caused by the radial expansion and contraction of the transducer element during
thickness contraction and expansion
Lobes get larger with transducer size
Echoes received from side lobes are mapped into the main beam, causing artifacts
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Artefacts
Artefacts
Speckle pattern
Enhancement
Reverberation
Edge shadows
Shadowing
Causes by high reflection or absorption
Low intensity
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Artefacts
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Other images
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Kanal
Kanal
Kanal
Kanal
Kanal
Kanal
c.f. Bushberg, et
al. The Essential
Physics of Medical
Imaging, 2nd ed.,
p. 512.
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c.f. Bushberg, et
al. The Essential
Physics of Medical
Imaging, 2nd ed.,
p. 523.
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Doppler effect
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Doppler effect
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Doppler Ultrasound
The Doppler ultrasound is based
on the shift in frequency in an
ultrasound wave caused by a
moving reflector (siren on a fire
truck)
Objects moving toward the
observer (transducer) appear
to have a higher frequency
and shorter wavelength
Objects moving away from the
observer (transducer) appear
to have a lower frequency and
longer wavelength
If object moving perpendicular
to the observer (transducer),
no change in the observed
frequency or wavelength
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Kanal
f d = fi fr =
v=
2 v cos ( )
fi
ct
2 v cos ( )
fi
ct
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f d = fi fr =
f d ct
2 fi cos ( )
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Kanal
f max =
vmax =
ct PRF
4 f 0 cos ( )
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Duplex Scanning
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Duplex Scanning
Combination of 2D B-mode
imaging (visual guidance) and
pulsed Doppler data
acquisition
The 2D B-mode creates the
real-time image to facilitate
selecting the Doppler gate
window position, and then is
switched to the Doppler mode
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Spectral Waveform
Laminar Flow
Doppler produces an audible
signal as well as a graphical
representation of flow = Spectral
Waveform
The spectral waveform represents
the audible signal and provides
information about
the direction of the flow
how fast the flow is traveling
(velocity)
the quality of the flow (normal
vs. abnormal)
Plot of Doppler shift frequency
spectrum versus time
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Spectral Waveform
Color Flow Imaging
Flow coming TOWARD the transducer
is represented above the baseline
Flow traveling AWAY from the
transducer is represented below the
baseline
The amplitude of the shift frequency is
encoded as gray-scale variations
Two Doppler spectra are shown at 2
discrete points in time with amplitude
versus frequency
A broad spectrum represents turbulent
flow while
A narrow spectrum represents laminar
flow within the Doppler gate
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Harmonic Imaging
Overview
Power Doppler
Power Doppler permits detection and interpretation of slow blood
flow but sacrifices directional and quantitative flow information
Power Doppler uses the return Doppler signal strength alone
It ignores the direction of frequency shift or phase, as in
conventional color flow imaging
Power Doppler uses the same power levels as those of conventional
color scanning
It is more sensitive than standard color flow imaging
The image signal does not vary with the direction of flow
Aliasing artifacts do not occur in power Doppler
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Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
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Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
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Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
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Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
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Harmonic Imaging
How Are Harmonics Generated?
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Bioeffects
Isppa and Ispta are important parameters when considering the
possibility of inducing bioeffects
The intensity at a specific point during a single pulse is the
spatial peak pulse average intensity (Isppa)
The intensity at a specific point averaged over a long period
(many pulses) is the spatial peak temporal average intensity
(Ispta)
At high power levels, ultrasound can cause:
Cavitation - the creation and collapse of microscopic bubbles
Small-scale fluid motions called microstreaming
Tissue heating occurs as a result of energy absorption and is
the basis of using ultrasound for hyperthermia treatment
No harmful effects have been reported for diagnostic imaging
uses of pulsed ultrasound below 100 mW/cm2 (Ispta)
Improves sensitivity to
microbubble contrast
agents
Reduces signal from
surrounding soft tissues
Disadvantage include
motion artifacts from
moving tissues that occur
between pulses and
frame rate penalty (at
least 2 times slower than
a standard scan)
c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics of
Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., p. 521.
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Bioeffects
c.f. Bushberg, et
al. The
Essential
Physics of
Medical
Imaging, 2nd
ed., p. 545.
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