Anchor Manual
Anchor Manual
Anchor Manual
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anchor manual 2000
Vryhof anchors
ACCREDITED BY
THE DUTCH COUNCIL
FOR CERTIFICATION
Reg. No 24
ISO-9001CERTIFICATED FIRM
DET NORSKE VERITAS INDUSTRY B.V., THE NETHERLANDS
Copyright
Vryhof anchors b.v., krimpen a/d yssel, the netherlands 1999.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, copy or in any other way without
written permission of vryhof.
Vryhof, Stevin Mk3, Stevpris, Stevshark and Stevmanta are registered trade marks.
Vryhof reserves all intellectual and industrial property rights such as any and all of their patent,
trademark, design, manufacturing, reproduction, use and sales rights thereto and to any article
disclosed therein.
All information in this manual is subject to change without prior notice. Vryhof anchors is not
liable and/or responsible in any way for the information provided in this manual.
First edition published 1984. Print run 7,500 copies.
Second edition published 1990. Print run 7,500 copies.
Reprint second edition print run 5,000 copies.
Third edition published 2000. Print run 2,500 copies.
Introduction
A stone and something that looked like a rope. For millennia this was the
typical anchor. Over the last 25 years of more recent history, vryhof has
brought the art to a more mature status. They have grown into a world
leader in engineering and manufacturing of mooring systems for all kinds
of floating structures. In doing so the company has secured numerous
anchor and ancillary equipment patents, and shared its experience with
others.
The company understands that the needs of the industry can not be satisfied
by the supply of standard hard-ware only. Universal and tailored solutions
rooted in proven engineering should be based on long practical experience.
Vryhof has been and will be introducing new and original anchor designs
well into the 21st century. With their products, advice and this manual, it
shares this knowledge with those who are daily faced with complex mooring
situations.
This manual is intended as a means of reference for all who purchase, use,
maintain, repair or are in any way involved with anchors. Though written
from one anchor manufacturers standpoint, the information contained
herein is applicable to many types of anchors. Total objectivity is, of course,
impossible.
It is hoped this manual will contribute to the work and success of all who
work with anchors. They are the only fixed reference point for many of the
floating structures on the worlds often turbulent waters.
General
Mooring systems
Mooring systems have been around just as long as man has felt the need for
anchoring a vessel at sea. These systems were used, and are still used, on
ships and consisted of one or more lines connected to the bow or stern of
the ship. Generally the ships stayed moored for a short duration of time
(days).
When the exploration and production of oil and gas started offshore, a
need for more permanent mooring systems became apparent. Numerous
different mooring systems have been developed over the years, of which a
short selection is presented here.
semi-sub mooring
Mooring systems
catenary system
Spread mooring - generally used on FPSOs and FSOs in milder environments. The mooring lines are directly connected to the FPSO or FSO at both
the stern and bow of the vessel.
When oil and gas exploration and production was conducted in shallow to
deep water, the most common mooring line configuration was the catenary
mooring line consisting of chain or wire rope. For exploration and production in deep to ultra-deep water, the weight of the mooring line starts to
b e c o m e a limiting factor in the design of the floater. To overcome this problem new solutions were developed consisting of synthetic
ropes in the mooring line (less weight) and/or a taut leg mooring system
(fig. 1-01 and fig. 1-02).
fig. 1-01
fig. 1-02
The major difference between a catenary mooring and a taut leg mooring
is that where the catenary mooring arrives at the seabed horizontally, the
taut leg mooring arrives at the seabed at an angle. This means that in a taut
leg mooring the anchor point has to be capable of resisting both horizontal
and vertical forces, while in a catenary mooring the anchor point is only subjected to horizontal forces. In a catenary mooring, most of the restoring forces are generated by the weight of the mooring line. In a taut leg mooring,
the restoring forces are generated by the elasticity of the mooring line.
An advantage of a taut leg mooring over the catenary mooring is that the
footprint of the taut leg mooring is smaller than the footprint of the catenary mooring, i.e. the mooring radius of the taut leg mooring will be smaller than the mooring radius of a catenary mooring for a similar application.
Mooring components
Mooring line
Chain
The most common product used for mooring lines is chain which is available
in different diameters and grades. Two different designs of chain are used
frequently, studlink and studless chain. The studlink chain is most commonly used for moorings that have to be reset numerous times during their lifetime, for instance semi-submersibles, while studless link chain is often used
for permanent moorings (FPSOs, buoys, FSOs). A chain mooring line can be
terminated in either a common link or an end link (fig. 1-03).
Wire rope
When compared to chain, wire rope has a lower weight than chain, for the
same breaking load and a higher elasticity. Common wire ropes used in offshore mooring lines are six strand and spiral strand. The wire rope is terminated with a socket (for instance open spelter, closed spelter, CR) for connection to the other components in the mooring system. Generally wire
rope is more prone to damage and corrosion than chain (fig. 1-04).
Synthetic fibre rope
A recent development is the use of synthetic fibre ropes as mooring line.
Typical materials that can be used are polyester and high modulus polyethylene (Dyneema). The major advantage of synthetic fibre ropes is the
light weight of the material and the high elasticity. The synthetic fibre rope
is generally terminated with a special spool and shackle for connection to
the other components in the mooring system.
fig. 1-03
fig. 1-04
Mooring components
Connectors
Shackles
The shackle is a connector that is very common in the offshore industry. It
consists of a bow, which is closed by a pin. Many different types of shackles
are available, depending on the application. The shackle can be used in
both temporary and permanent moorings (fig. 1-05).
Connecting link kenter type
The connecting link kenter type is most commonly used for the connection
of two pieces of chain mooring line, where the terminations of the two
pieces have the same dimensions. The connecting link kenter type has the
same outside length as a chain link of the same diameter. Generally
connecting links kenter type are not used in permanent mooring
systems, as they have a shorter fatigue life than the chain (fig. 1-06).
Connecting link pear shaped
The pear shaped connecting link is similar to the connecting link kenter
type, except that it is used for the connection of two pieces of mooring line
with terminations that have different dimensions. Like the connecting link
kenter type, the pear shaped connecting links are not used in permanent
mooring systems (fig. 1-07).
Connecting link c type
Like the connecting link kenter type, the connecting link c type is used for
the connection of two pieces of mooring line with terminations that have
the same dimensions. The major difference between the kenter type and
the c type is the way that the connector is opened and closed. This connector is generally not used in permanent moorings (fig. 1-08).
fig. 1-05
fig. 1-06
fig. 1-07
fig. 1-08
Mooring components
Swivels
A swivel is used in a mooring system, generally of a temporary type, to relieve the twist and torque that builds up in the mooring line. The swivel is
often placed a few links from the anchor point, although it can also be
placed between a section of chain and a section of wire rope. There are
many different types of swivels available, although a disadvantage of most
common swivels is that they may not function while under load, which is
caused by high friction inside the turning mechanism. A new development is
swivels that are capable of swivelling under load, due to special bearing surfaces inside the mechanism (fig. 1-09).
fig. 1-09
Anchoring point
Dead weight
The dead weight is probably the oldest anchor in existence. The holding
capacity is generated by the weight of the material used and partly by the
friction between the dead weight and the seabed. Common materials in use
today for dead weights are steel and concrete (fig. 1-10).
fig. 1-10
Mooring components
10
fig. 1-11
Pile
The pile is a hollow steel pipe that is installed into the seabed by means of a
piling hammer or vibrator. The holding capacity of the pile is generated by
the friction of the soil along the pile and lateral soil resist-ance. Generally
the pile has to be installed at great depth below seabed to obtain the required holding capacity. The pile is capable of resisting both horizontal and
vertical loads (fig. 1-12).
fig. 1-12
Mooring components
11
Suction anchor
Like the pile, the suction anchor is a hollow steel pipe, although the diameter of the pipe is much larger than that of the pile. The suction anchor is forced into the seabed by means of a pump connected to the top of the pipe,
creating a pressure difference. When pressure inside the pipe is lower than
outside, the pipe is sucked into the seabed. After installation the pump is
removed. The holding capacity of the suction anchor is generated by the
friction of the soil along the suction anchor and lateral soil resistance. The
suction anchor is capable of withstanding both horizontal and vertical loads
(fig. 1-13).
fig. 1-13
fig. 1-14
12
13
Class A
Stevpris
FFTS
14
Bruce SS
Bruce TS
Hook
15
Class C
Stevin
Stevfix
Stevmud
Flipper Delta
16
Class D
Danforth
LWT
Boss
17
Class E
AC14
Stokes
Snugstow
Weldhold
18
Class F
US Navy Stockless
Beyers
Union
Spek
19
Stock
Dredger
Mooring Anchor
20
Stevin
1972 - The Stevin anchor: The original design. The wing was not yet
enlarged. The anchor had a square shank. It is no longer manufactured.
Hook
1977 - The Stevin Mk3 anchor: is the improved version of the original
Stevin anchor. It was equipped with an enlarged crown and fluke
area and a streamlined shank for more efficient penetration. This
anchor is still manufactured and in use in offshore and dredging
activities. It has all classification societies approvals.
Stevin Mk3
21
Stevfix
1978 - The Stevfix anchor: this anchor was designed with special fluke
points for harder soils and a larger fluke area than the Stevin, but
has been surpassed by the Stevpris anchor. It is no longer manufactured.
1979 - The Stevmud anchor: the Stevmud is essentially the Stevin anchor
Stevmud
with a considerably enlarged fluke area. This anchor type was also
surpassed by the Stevpris anchor and is no longer manufactured.
1980 - The
Stevpris
22
Stevshark Mk5
Stevmanta
Theory
Introduction
24
Theory
Anchor design used to be based on practical experience of the anchor
manufacturer only. Nowadays, science has become a major factor in the
design process, complementing the experience of the anchor manufacturer.
Based on test results, both in the laboratory and in the field, a much better
understanding of anchor behaviour has been achieved.
The performance of an anchor is influenced by many different parameters,
of which the following are only a few: fluke area and design, shank design,
soil conditions, load conditions, type of mooring line.
This chapter presents a short overview of how these parameters influence
the performance of the anchor. It is by no means complete, but it will give a
better understanding of how an optimal anchor design can be achieved. In
the last part of this chapter, a few relevant test results are presented.
25
fig. 2-01
fig. 2-03
fig. 2-04
26
Mooring line
An anchor connected to a wire rope mooring line will penetrate deeper
than the same anchor connected to a chain mooring line (fig. 2-05 and fig.
2-06). This is caused by the higher lateral resistance (penetration resistance)
along the chain mooring line. This effect is noticeable in all soil conditions,
but especially in very soft clay where very deep penetration can be obtained. The holding capacity of a chain mooring line, due to friction in and on
the seabed, is larger than the holding capacity of a wire rope mooring line.
When an anchor reaches its ultimate holding capacity, i.e. it will not resist
any higher loads, at shallow penetration a wedge shaped piece of soil (in
front and above the anchor) will fail. The holding capacity of the anchor can
then be described as a combination of the following parameters (fig. 2-07
and fig. 2-08):
The weight of the anchor (A).
The weight of the soil in the failure wedge (B).
The friction of the soil in the failure wedge along fracture lines (C).
Friction between fluke surface and soil (fluke area) (D).
The bearing capacity of shank and mooring line (E).
The friction of the mooring line in and on the soil (E).
fig. 2-05
fig. 2-06
B
E
D
A
fig. 2-07
fig. 2-08
27
The anchor must offer a high holding capacity; a result of the fluke area
and shank design in combination with penetration and soil type.
The design of the anchor should be such that the anchor is capable of
being used successfully in practically all soil conditions encountered over
the world, ranging from very soft clay to sand, corals and calcarenites.
The fluke/shank angle of the anchor should be easily adjustable, allowing
the anchor to be quickly deployed in different soil conditions.
The design must be so conceived and produced that the high loads common in practice can be resisted and that the anchor can be easily handled,
installed, retrieved and stored.
The penetration of an anchor depends upon its shape and design.
Obstructing parts on the anchor should be avoided as much as possible.
The stability of an anchor encourages its penetration and, consequently,
its holding capacity. Efficient stabilisers are an integral part of a good
anchor design.
The shank must permit passage of the soil.
The surface area of an anchor fluke is limited by the required structural
strength of the anchor.
The anchor design must have optimal mechanical strength to fulfil requirements and stipulations of the classification societies.
The anchor should be designed to ensure an optimum between structural strength of the anchor and holding capacity.
The anchor should be streamlined for low penetration resistance.
Scale influence
Model Reality Related
to Weight
Length
Fluke area
Weight
Penetration
L
A
W
P
n
n2
n3
n
W 1/3
W 2/3
W
W 1/3
Moment
Moment of inertia
Section Modulus
M
I
S
n4
n4
n3
W 4/3
W 4/3
W
Bending stress
Shear strength
M/S
F/A
n4/n3=n W 1/3
n3/n2=n W 1/3
table A
28
Soil classification
29
Soil strength is generally expressed in terms of the shear strength parameters of the soil. The soil type is classified mainly by grain size distribution.
Grain size
< - 2 m
2 - 6 m
6 - 20 m
20 - 60 m
60 - 200 m
200 - 600 m
0.6 - 2 mm
2 - 6 mm
6 - 20 mm
20 - 60 mm
60 - 200 mm
> - 200 mm
Soil description
Clay
Fine Silt
Medium Silt
Coarse Silt
Fine Sand
Medium Sand
Coarse Sand
Fine Gravel
Medium Gravel
Coarse Gravel
Cobbles
Boulders
In general, the soil types encountered in anchor design are sand and clay
(Grain diameter from 0.1 m to 2 mm). However, mooring locations consisting of soils with grain sizes above 2 mm, such as gravel, cobbles, boulders,
rock and such, also occur. Clay type soils are generally characterised by the
undrained shear strength, the submerged unit weight, the water content
and the plasticity parameters. The consistency of clays is related to the
undrained shear strength. However, American (ASTM) and British (BS) standards do not use identical values. The undrained shear strength values Su
can be derived in the laboratory from unconfined unconsolidated tests (UU)
(table B).
ASTM
D-2488
BS
CP-2004
0 - 13
13 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 200
200 - 400
> 400
0 - 20
20 - 40
40 - 75
75 - 150
150 - 300
300 - 600
> 600
Soil classification
30
On site the values can be estimated from the results of the Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) or Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT). An approximate
relation between shear strength and the test values are shown in table C.
The mechanical resistance of sandy soils is predominantly characterised by
the submerged unit weight and the angle of internal friction, . These
parameters are established in the laboratory. An approxim-ate correlation
between the angle and the relative density of fine to medium sand is give
in table D. The undrained shear strength of clayey soil can also be estimated
based on manual tests.
In soft clay the thumb will easily penetrate several inches, indicating an
undrained shear strength smaller than 25 kPa.
In firm (medium) clay the thumb will penetrate several inches with moderate effort, indicating an undrained shear strength between 25 kPa and
50 kPa.
Stiff clay will be easily indented with the thumb but penetration will
require great effort, indicating an undrained shear strength between 50
kPa and 100 kPa.
Very stiff clay is easily indented with the thumbnail, indicating an undrained shear strength between 100 kPa and 200 kPa.
Hard clay is indented with difficulty with the thumbnail, indicating an
undrained shear strength larger than 200 kPa.
Su
kPa
UCT
kPa
SPT
N
CPT
MPa
0 - 13
13 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 200
> 200
0 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 200
200 - 400
> 400
0- 2
2- 4
4- 8
6 - 15
15 - 30
>-30
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.7
0.7 - 1.5
1.5 - 3.0
>3.0
table C
Descriptive
term
A classification system for soil based on the carbonate content and grain
size of the soil (Clark and Walker), is shown on the laste page of this chapter.
Angle
SPT
N
Very loose
< 0.15
< 30 0- 4
Loose
0.15 - 0.35 30 - 32 4 - 10
Medium dense 0.35 - 0.65 32 - 35 10 - 30
Dense
0.65 - 0.85 35 - 38 30 - 50
Very dense
> 0.85
> 38
> 50
CPT
MPa
0- 5
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
> 20
table D
Descriptive term
Very weak
Weak
Moderately weak
Moderately strong
Strong
Very strong
Extremely strong
table E
Relative
Density
Compressive
strength qu [MPa]
1.25
5
12.5
50
100
< 1.25
5
12.5
50
100
200
> 200
Fluke/shank angle
31
fig. 2-09
The recommended fluke/shank angles for different soil conditions are presented in table F.
Some modern anchors, like the Stevpris Mk5, have an additional intermediate fluke/shank angle of 41o, which can be used in intermediate or more
complex soil conditions. For instance at a location where the anchor has to
pass through a layer of soft clay before penetrating into a layer of sand.
If an anchor is used with an incorrect fluke/shank angle, it will negatively
influence performance. This is the case for all anchor types.
In hard soil, an anchor with a fluke/shank angle of 320 will give the highest
holding power. If an anchor is used with the fluke/shank angle set at 500, the
anchor will fail to penetrate into the seabed and will begin to trip, fall aside
and slide along the seabed (Fig. 2-9 and 2-10).
fig. 2-10
Soil type
Approximate
fluke/shank angle
50
32
32
Fluke/shank angle
32
Fluke area
33
fig. 2-12
Fig. 2-12 shows a Stevpris Mk5 anchor and a Moorfast anchor, both of identical weight. It demonstrates that in spite of being the same weight, the
fluke areas differ substantially. The ultimate holding capacity of the Stevpris
Mk5 anchor is 4 to 8.5 times higher than that of the same weight Moorfast
anchor.
Fig. 2-13 illustrates the difference in fluke area of the Stevpris Mk5 anchor
in comparison with the Bruce FFTS Mk4 anchor, both of which have identical weight.
fig. 2-13
34
35
Large forces can be exerted on the anchor when high winch power is
used, the anchor is caught on the anchor rack or caught behind the stern
roller of the AHV.
The use of an improper anchor/chaser combination. When a chaser is used
that is either too small or too large, the chaser could jam on the shank of
the anchor and cause damage.
The strength of the Stevpris anchor is now more closely examined in the
light of the remarks made before.
Strength of the shank
The prismatic shape of the Stevpris anchor not only ensures optimal penetration of the soil but also guarantees maximum strength. Although the
Stevpris design also has limitations, it is one of the better designs to withstand sideward forces on the shank, a frequent occurrence in practice.
When using an anchor in very soft clay (mud), the bending moment on the
shank is low during the installation and when the anchor is in the soil.
However, during the breaking out of the anchor, high bending moments
could be introduced in the shank due to the high retrieval forces required
in very soft clay. In extremely sticky soils, the breaking out force of the
anchor can rise to 80% or 90% of applied anchor load; in certain instances,
it can even exceed 100%. To reduce these forces the breaking out procedure is undertaken at low speed to allow time for the anchor to break out.
36
clay sand
fig. 2-14
proofload
rock
37
To promote penetration, the Stevshark anchor has a serrated shank and can
be provided with cutter points on the fluke tips. Ballast weight can also be
added inside the hollow flukes of the anchor, up to 35% of the anchor
weight. This is important when working in very hard soil, where the anchor
weight pressing on the fluke tips promotes penetration, i.e. increased
bearing pressure.
38
4000
3895
Total dynamic
Load in kN
3000
The loads in a mooring system are caused by the wind, waves and current
acting on the floater. Depending on the location of the floater in the world,
different metocean conditions will prevail. In the table below, some extreme metocean conditions are presented for different areas.
2000
1000
fig. 2-15
The loads induced in the mooring system can be divided into quasi-static
loads and total dynamic loads. The quasi static load is the load due to the
swell, wind, current and the frequency of the system. For quasi-static loads,
the systems tend to move at a low frequency, generally with a period of 140
to 200 seconds.
On top of this quasi-static load there are the individ-ual wave forces causing
a high frequency motion. The high frequency motion causes dynamic shock
loads with a period of 10 to 14 seconds due to the rolling of the vessel and
the movements of the anchor lines through the water. The quasi-static load
plus the individual wave forces is called the total dynamic load. Generally
the quasi-static loads will be equal to 50% to 90% of the total dynamic load.
See Fig. 2-15 for an example of the difference between the quasi-static load
and the total dynamic load.
Location
Waveheight
m
Wave period
s
Windspeed
m/s
Current
m/s
Campos Basin
Gulf of Mexico
Northern North Sea
8 10
11
15 - 16
12 - 15
14
15 - 17
25
44 - 48
38 - 39
1
1
0.9 1.2
Porcupine Basin
Vorine Basin
West of Africa
West of Shetlands
16
14
4
15
16
16
10
16
39 - 41
37 - 39
20
39 - 41
1.0 1.5
1.0 1.5
1
1.0 3.0
18
15
6
17
20
17
16
19
Quasi static
2342
8300
8400
8500
8600
8700
Time in seconds
8800
9800
39
The quasi-static and total dynamic loads are generally calculated for the
intact and damaged load condition. The intact load condition is the condition in which all the mooring lines are intact. The damaged load conditions
is the condition in which one of the mooring lines has broken.
From the quasi-static load and the total dynamic load, the required holding
capacity of the anchor can be calculated. This is called the ultimate holding
capacity (UHC) for drag embedment anchors and the ultimate pull-out
capacity (UPC) for VLAs. The required holding capacity is calculated by
applying the factors of safety specified by the classification societies.
Permanent
mooring
Intact load condition
Damaged condition
For VLAs, the recently used factors of safety suggested by ABS, are presented in table I.
The factors of safety for VLAs are higher than the factors of safety required
for drag embedment anchors, due to the difference in failure mechanisms.
When a drag embedment anchor reaches its ultimate holding capacity, it
will continuously drag through the soil without generating additional holding capacity, i.e. the load will stay equal to the UHC. When a VLA exceeds
its ultimate pullout capacity, it will slowly be pulled out of the soil.
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.0
table G
Temporary
mooring
0.8
Not required
table H
VLA
In the tables G and H, the factors of safety are presented for the different
load conditions for drag embedment anchors (for instance the Stevpris Mk5
anchor), according to API RP 2SK. The factors of safety used by the major
classification societies are generally similar to those given in API RP 2SK (2nd
edition, 1996).
Total dynamic
load
2.0
1.5
40
41
0
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time factor St
fig. 2-16
Su=10 kPa
Su=50 kPa
42
fig. 2-17
Anchor
weight
1
5
7
10
15
20
table J
t
t
t
t
t
t
Proof Load
factor
26
79
99
119
155
187
t
t
t
t
t
t
Anchor
weight
26
15
14
12
10
9
x
x
x
x
x
x
43
The use of the specified proof loads for HHP anchors can lead to situations
where different types of anchors with the same holding capacity are proof
loaded at different loads, see fig. 2-18. From this figure it can be concluded
that the proof load of the anchors should preferably be related to the
break-load of the mooring line on the vessel.
Nowadays the rules and regulations are far more rigid, and the requirements have been substantially increased. There are now special rules for
mobile offshore units and permanently moored structures.
10 t Stevin Mk3
4 t Stevpris Mk5
0
50
100
150
200
250
Proofload in t
fig. 2-18
Proof load of the anchors at 50% of the breaking load of the chain.
Submission of a strength calculation of the anchor to the classification
society prior to commencing anchor production: this includes determining the mechanical strength of the anchor as well as proving that the
applied material can withstand the proofload.
A statement of documented holding power from the anchor supplier.
Submittal of a Quality Assurance/Quality Control Manual.
In fig. 2-19, a mooring system is shown in which all of the components are
balanced. The strength of the mooring line, holding capacity of the anchor
and strength of the anchor are all in the correct proportion and comply with
the rules.
fig. 2-19
10
20
30
40
50
60
Load in %
70
80
90
100
Quality control
44
ACCREDITED BY
THE DUTCH COUNCIL
FOR CERTIFICATION
Reg. No 24
ISO-9001CERTIFICATED FIRM
DET NORSKE VERITAS INDUSTRY B.V., THE NETHERLANDS
Anchor tests
45
Introduction
In addition to practical experience of users and associates, anchor tests are
one of the most reliable means of forecasting anchor performance and thus
making a proper choice of anchor type and size.
Examining anchor tests that have been carried out in the past, certain
conclusions can be made:
Many tests were undertaken in which the results were recorded accurately.
Detailed reports, however, have not been very common.
Anchor tests of the past are not always easy to interpret or compare
because of different soil and anchor types.
Test results have not always been interpreted independently.
The more tests results are strictly compared to practical results, the better
one can forecast the holding power and general behaviour in practice.
Vryhof is in the perfect situation of having detailed test data available
together with extensive practical data obtained during installation and use
of anchors on projects on site.
Research into anchor behaviour and the ultimate holding capacity of
anchors is often carried out by testing a model anchor, preferably followed
by a full-scale test in the field. The optimal anchor test consists of model tests
with 10 kg anchors, followed by full-scale tests with 1 t and 10 t anchors. The
anchors should be pulled until the ultimate holding capacity is reached.
It is obvious that full-scale testing of anchors can be expensive. Large AHVs,
strong winches and strong mooring lines are required, which are not always
available. For example, a 5 t Stevpris Mk5 anchor, deployed in sand, is
capable of stopping a modern AHV at its full bollard pull.
46
Curve A is very steep and represents a streamlined anchor in very stiff soil.
Curve B is a normal curve for anchors in sand and medium clay.
Curve C is a curve of an unstable anchor. This can be caused by a wrong
fluke/shank angle setting, a short stabiliser or a fluke that is too long.
Curve D is a normal curve for an anchor in very soft clay.
Curve E is an anchor with a 32o fluke/shank angle in very soft clay.
Curve F represents an anchor that is turning continuously. This can be
caused by the absence of stabilisers, a too large fluke/shank angle or a
low efficiency anchor at continuous drag.
Curve G represents an anchor penetrating in a layer of stiff clay overlain
by very soft clay.
Holding Capacity
Anchor tests
B
C
D
E
F
fig. 2-20
Drag
47
Curves A, B, D, E and G show a very stable rising line, which indicates that
the anchor builds up its holding capacity constantly until the ultimate holding
capacity has been reached, after which the anchor shows continuous drag.
The other curves are largely self-explanatory.
Holding capacity in t
Anchor tests
150
Sand
100
50
soft clay
25
10
The 3 t Stevpris anchor that was used for the tests at a 3.30 pulling angle,
produced a maximum holding capacity of 150 t in the sand, 102 t in the very soft
clay and 150 t in the layer of mud on rock. As the mooring system required
a survival load of 1500 t, a 65 t Stevpris (mud location), 40 t Stevpris (sand
location) and 60 t Stevshark (mud on rock location) were selected for the final
mooring. Fig. 2-21 shows the test results of the 3 t Stevpris anchor, while fig. 2-22
shows the result of the tensioning of the final anchors with a load of 820 t.
30
40
Holding capacity in t
20
Drag in meters
fig. 2-21
Test results
Vryhofs extensive database of test results with different anchor types, sizes
and soil conditions, has been frequently used in anchor design. Data has
been obtained from practice, scale models and from third parties. The data
has been interpreted and afterwards incorporated in the ultimate holding
capacity, drag and penetration graphs of the Stevin Mk3 and Stevpris Mk5
anchor as well as in the ultimate pull-out capacity graph of the Stevmanta VLA.
8 m soft clay
on rock
700
600
B*
500
400
300
A = 40 t Stevpris in sand
B = 60 t Stevshark in mud on rock
C = 65 t Stevpris in mud
100
fig. 2-22
40
Drag in meters
60
80
48
700
Anchor tests
600
7-3
500
7-2
400
300
2-1
200
2-2
100
fig. 2-23
The 2 t Stevpris anchor was tested up to its ultimate holding capacity of 107 t
(235 kips). Due to insufficient pulling capacity, the 7 t Stevpris anchor could not
be pulled up to its ultimate holding capacity. Based on the results of tests, the
ultimate holding capacity of the 7 t Stevpris anchor was calculated to be larger
than 338 t (745 kips) (fig. 2-23).
7-4
7-1
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Anchor tests
49
35 000
60
= dyn load
= pull angle
30 000
50
25 000
40
20 000
30
15 000
20
10 000
18
10
5 000
0
fig. 2-24
50
100
150
200
250
300
Uplift
Stevpris anchors are well capable of resisting uplift loads when they are deeply embedded. Anchors in sand and firm to hard clays do not penetrate very
deeply and only take small uplift loads. Stevpris anchors installed in very soft
clay and mud penetrate deeply, a typical penetration for a 15 t anchor is 15 to
25 meters. Due to the inverse catenary in the soil, the anchor line arrives at the
anchor shackle at an angle of 20o to 30o with the mud line. Once the anchor is
installed, a load making an angle up to 20o with the horizontal at mud line will
not change the loading direction at the anchor! A Stevpris anchor has been
tested in the Gulf of Mexico with gradually increasing pull angle (fig. 2-24).
The maximum resistance was obtained for 18o uplift at mud line.
Anchor tests
50
Anchor resistance in kN
fig. 2-25
Increased capacity
vs initial static
Cycling
0.1
0.0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time in seconds
Anchor tests
51
Line load in %
200
Block winch
150
Change mode
100
50
0
0
fig. 2-26
10
15
20
25
30
35
Anchor tests
52
This permitted the monitoring of the load with time (fig. 2-27) as what
would be expected in real circumstances at a constant loaded anchor line.
The results show that the holding capacity of the anchor does not change
significantly during continuous loading, as the observed decrease in tension
was due to movement of the winch. The subsequent pulling at 7:00 AM
showed that for only a small movement, the full plate capacity (2 x installation load) could be reached. Continuous pulling caused the anchor to loose
resistance and break out.
Line load in %
200
100
Change from
pull-in to normal mode
50
0
20.00
fig. 2-27
Block winch
150
22.00
0.00
2.00
Time in seconds
4.00
6.00
8.00
Anchor tests
53
To demonstrate that the feature of these anchors is not only a vertical resistance, the anchor was installed with a horizontal pull, the mode changed to
the normal (vertical) mode and the anchor subsequently pulled with an
uplift angle of 30o (fig. 2-28). The behaviour is similar to the earlier vertical
pull test. However, for the 30o pull angle the anchor did not break out but
moved slowly along the pulling direction through the soil. The graphs clearly show this effect and that the anchor can be used for substantial horizontal loads.
Line load in %
200
150
100
Change from
pull-in to normal mode
50
0
0
fig. 2-28
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Increasing lithification
Siliceous calcisiltite
Clayey calcilutute
Approx. Rock
strength
Very weak
Weak to moderately weak
Cementation of
soil
Very weak to firmly
cemented soil
Well cemented soil
Moderately strong to strong
limestone
Calcareous siltstone
Siltstone
Calcareous claystone
Claystone
Sandstone
Calcareous sandstone
limestone
Siliceous detrital
Detrital limestone
Sandstone
Sandstone)
Calcarenite (carb.
(well cemented)
rock
Conglomerate of
Breccia
Calcareous
conglomerate
limestone
Conglomerate
Conglomerat
limestone
50
10
50
90
10
Calcareous
conglomerate
Conglomerate or
breccia
50
90
10
50
90
Conglomeratic
calcirudite
Conglom. Or Breccia
Calcirudite (carb.
Silica gravel
non-carbonate gravel
Carbonate gravel
60 mm
Fine-grained siliceous
Fine-grained
agrillaceous limestone
Fine-grained limestone
Siltstone
Calcareous sandstone
Siltstone)
(carb. Calystone)
Claystone
Siliceous calcarenite
Calcisiltite (carb.
Calcilutite
Silica sand
Silica silt
Clay
sand
Siliceous carbonate
silt
Carbonate sand
Carbonate silt
Siliceous carbonate
2 mm
0.063 mm
Calcareous clay
Carbonate clay
0.002 mm
Soil table
54
Strong to extemely
strong
Practice
Introduction
56
Practice
Although theoretical knowledge of anchors is essential for good anchor design
and selection, the practical issues are just as important. The handling of an
anchor and the selection and use of support equipment is of equal importance.
Anchor handling is a critically important and often complicated process. It is
influenced by such factors as the weight and shape of the anchor, the nature
of the soil, the depth of the water, the weather conditions, the available
handling equipment and the type and weight of mooring line. It is for these
reasons that anchor handling is a subject which requires careful consideration. Without proper anchor handling, optimal performance of an anchor is
not possible.
In the process of handling anchors, various types of support equipment are
necessary or beneficial. An anchor manual would be incomplete without
consideration of these auxiliary items, the reasons for their use, their operation and the advantages and drawbacks involved.
This chapter gives an overview of the recommended procedures that should
be followed for anchor handling and the types and use of the support
equipment during the handling operations. The following handling
procedures are by no means complete, but they do give some suggestions
which can be applied to each anchor handling procedure and adapted for
specific circumstances and locations.
Some of the topics covered in this chapter are:
requirements for a soil survey, connection of the anchor to the mooring
line, chasers, handling the Stevpris anchor, handling the Stevmanta anchor,
the Stevtensioner, anchor handling/supply vessels.
Soil survey
57
For the dimensioning of drag embedment anchors, the availability of site-specific soil data is important. For advice on specifying drag embedment anchor
type/size and calculating expected behaviour, the site-specific soil data should
be compared with soil data of previous drag embedment anchor (test) sites.
The soil survey requirement for the design of drag embedment anchors usually
consists of only shallow boreholes, while in anchor pile design deep boreholes
are required. For suction anchor design therefore a more extensive soil
investigation is generally required when compared to drag embedment anchors.
When choosing between anchor pile, suction anchor and drag embedment
anchor the financial implications of the soil survey should be taken into account.
A typical soil survey for drag embedment anchor design requires a survey
depth of twice the length of the fluke in sand and 8 times the fluke length
in very soft clay. In most cases a depth of 8 to 10 meters is sufficient,
although in very soft clay a reconnaissance depth of 20 to 30 meters should
be considered. For optimal drag embedment anchor dimensioning, each
anchor location should ideally be surveyed. The soil investigation can consist of boreholes, vibrocores, cone penetration tests or a combination of
these. Cone penetration tests including sleeve friction are preferred, but
they should be accompanied by at least one vibrocore or sample borehole
per site to obtain a description of the soil. Depending upon the type of survey performed and the soil conditions encountered, the survey report
should present the test results obtained on site and in the laboratory including the points as shown in table K.
It is possible to dimension the drag embedment anchors based on limited
soil information (for instance fewer boreholes). The lack of soil data can be
compensated by choosing a conservative (larger) anchor size.
Pile or anchor
58
The choice between piles and anchors is only possible for permanent
systems. Piles are not a good investment when an anchored entity must be
moved. But the choice is often made for piles on emotional grounds; a pile
does not drag! However, anchors that are properly pre-tensioned on site
will also not drag.
While it is a psychologically loaded subject, experience has shown that the
choice between anchor and pile is merely a matter of economics. The
required pile weight for a system is equal to the required weight of a
Stevpris anchor. Piles cost about 40% of equivalent capability anchors.
However, the installation costs for piles are much higher. Piles require a follower and a pile hammer. The installation spread for piles is much more significant; a crane barge with support spread versus the two anchor handling
vessels. The weather downtime for a spread involving a crane vessel is much
longer than when AHVs are used. To allow drag of the anchors during pretensioning, extra chain length is required. Sometimes the pretension load
for piles is much less than for anchors. The survey work for anchors is generally much simpler than for piles. When abandoning a field, anchor removal
is much cheaper than removal of installed piles. The choice between piles
and anchors strongly depends upon the circumstances. The table L can help
in estimating the costs for the two alternatives.
Suction piles are an alternative for drag embedment anchors and piles, also
for MODU applications. The advantage is the accurate positioning of the
suction piles. The disadvantage is the cost of the pile itself and the cost of
the installation. Also many soil types do not allow suction pile applications,
whereas drag embedment anchors can be used in any soil type.
Description
Pile
Soil survey
Procurement
Installation spread
Installation time
Pile hammer
Follower
Pump unit
Pretensioning
Extra chain
Rest value pile/anchor
Removal of anchor point
ROV
+ less expensive
table L
+
+
+
+
+
Suction Anchor
pile
+
+
+
+
+
-
- more expensive
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
59
Introduction
In soil such as sand and medium to hard clay, an anchor with a fluke/shank
angle of 32o will give the highest holding power. An anchor with a 50o
fluke/shank angle in this soil will not penetrate but will drag along the
seabed. If used in mud a 50o fluke/shank angle is appropriate. An anchor with
a 32 o fluke/shank angle will penetrate less and generate lower holding
capacity in mud(fig. 3-01).
no penetration !
fig. 3-01
The Stevpris Mk5 anchor has an additional fluke/shank angle setting of 41o,
which can be adopted in certain layered soil conditions (table M).
Changing the fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk3
This can be carried out within half an hour with the Stevpris anchor upside
down on deck.
Secure the anchor on deck. Connect a tugger wire (C) to the holes (D) on the
bottom side of the fluke. Change from mud to sand angle by removing the
locking plates and the two rear pins in (B), decrease the fluke/shank angle
by hauling the cable (C). Reinstall the pins and locking plates in (A). Seal
weld the lock-ing plates, do not weld them to the pins (fig. 3-02).
fig. 3-02
Soil type
Optimal
fluke/shank
angle setting
500
410 *
320
60
Change from sand to the mud position, increase angle by veering (C), change
over pin and locking plates from (A) to (B). No special welding requirements
(fig. 3-03).
Changing the fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk5 Changing the
fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk5 anchor is even quicker. No welding
required. Veering and hauling (C) to change the fluke/shank angle as
above, the pin however remains in (A), the locking plate is secured by means
of a cotter pin (fig. 3-04).
fig. 3-03
fig. 3-04
Connecting a swivel
61
fig. 3-05
fig. 3-06
fig. 3-07
PL
fig. 3-08
Connecting a swivel
62
Generally, it is best when the swivel is fitted some distance from the
anchor when a chaser is used. The chaser can then pass the swivel and stop
on the anchor shank. When a load is applied to the chaser, the swivel is only
loaded longitudinally. This means that in combination with the use of a chaser, the configuration type III and type IV are preferred.
damage possible!
NO !
fig. 3-09
When the swivel (or swivel forerunner) is connected to the anchor shackle
by means of an end shackle and a chaser is used, the end shackle and the
anchor shackle should be connected bow through bow instead of pin
through bow as is normal practice. This to minimise the chance of damage
to the shackles.
The illustrations fig. 3-09 through fig. 3-14 show how and how not to
connect the swivel to the Stevpris anchor when using a chaser.
(See next page for fig. 3-13 and 3-14).
fig. 3-10
damage possible!
NO !
fig. 3-11
fig. 3-12
Connecting a swivel
63
The best method for chasing with a swivel in the system is to maintain the
tension of the anchor line as much as possible during chasing. This will make
the chaser pass more easily over the swivel.
damage possible!
NO !
fig. 3-13
fig. 3-14
Chasers
64
Chasers
65
when chasing a
Chaser types
66
The J-chaser
The J-chaser (fig. 3-15) is used on mooring lines where the anchor has to be
recovered and no permanent chaser has been installed, or the normal recovery mechanism has failed. In other cases the J-chaser is used simply to keep
a chain free from a pipeline during deployment of the anchors. The chaser
is deployed over the stern roller of an AHV at approximately 1/3 of the
water depth. The chaser is towed across the mooring catenary until it
catches the chain. It is then towed into contact with the anchor shank/fluke
for anchor break-out and retrieval.
The permanent chain chaser
As a practical alternative to the buoy and pendant, the permanent chain
chaser (fig. 3-16) was introduced. Originally, simple shackles were used;
these were followed by special cast oval rings which were attached to a pendant by a bight of chain and shackle. Very soon afterwards the pear-shaped
chaser with shackle eye was introduced. The design of these chasers offers
superior sliding and penetration properties.
fig. 3-15
fig. 3-16
Chaser types
67
fig. 3-17
fig. 3-18
Chaser types
68
fig. 3-19
Stevpris installation
69
chaser
fig. 3-20
Boat increases power until anchor line tension rises on rig winch tension
meter. When rig gives order to lower the anchor, veer pendant till anchor
arrives at roller. Allow the anchor some speed to negotiate the bump at the
change-over from the deck on to the roller (fig. 3-22).
If anchor is kept on roller, keep triangular plates below the main shackle on
the drum for stability of the anchor. Alternatively the chaser can be kept on
deck/roller. In this situation the propeller thrust passes underneath the
anchor and does not influence the fluke (fig. 3-23).
Stevpris installation
70
STOP !
fig. 3-24
fig. 3-25
Stevpris installation
71
Rig continues heaving the cable to a sufficient load, equal to the total
chain/soil friction plus 50 t to embed the anchor fully and create confidence
in good setting.
This also gives stability to the anchor when the AHV strips the chaser back
or buoys off the pendant. Now the AHV can retrieve the chaser and return
to the rig. If circumstances allow, the rig can tension up to the full pretension load directly (fig. 3-27).
No extra pull after landing!
It is customary with older anchors such as Danforth, Moorfast, etc. to give
another pull once the anchor is on bottom. Do not do this with Stevpris
anchors. Once the anchor hits bottom, AHV should not pull again. Pendant
line must remain slack, otherwise anchor could land upside down!
(fig. 3-28). Suggestion: pre-load the anchors to the maximum required
pretension load as soon as the chaser is 100 meter or more ahead of the
anchor, i.e. do not wait. If anchor has not been laid correctly, a rerun can be
made immediately.
Retrieving anchors
The chaser should be brought to the anchor with a pendant of at least the
length of 1.5 to 2 times the water depth, measured from the stern roller.
Chaser should hang freely down from the anchor line till the bottom is
reached, i.e. slack in the pendant line. A too short pendant and/or too little
tension in the cable results in a situation as sketched (fig. 3-29).
While chasing, the rig should maintain tension of 60 to 70% of the pre-load
tension. No tension in pendant to ensure smooth passing over the chain.
When chaser is pulled into contact with anchor shank, increase thrust and
keep thrust while heaving, especially in rough water (fig. 3-30).
fig. 3-29
fig. 3-30
Stevpris installation
72
The motion of the vessel itself now helps gradually to break the anchor
loose. Sequentially with the vessels motion the pendant is shortened
gradually. Anchors in very soft clay can be buried very deep. Have patience,
take your time and be gentle with the equipment; the anchor will come.
The rig can help and speed-up the operation by hauling the anchor line at
the same time! Once the anchor is off bottom, keep the chaser in contact
with the bow shackle by maintaining sufficient thrust (fig. 3-31).
Anchor orientation
The anchor flukes are always oriented towards the rig, on deck the anchor
lays on its back with shackle towards AHVs bow and cable between the
upwards directed fluke points. Check jewelry (fig. 3-32).
rig
hauls
keep
pulling
fig. 3-31
It is important to control the anchor orientation at all times for easy racking,
laying and decking of the anchor, i.e. keep pendant line under tension
while working the anchor. If the anchor slides through the chaser, the
anchor has to be pulled back to the stern roller and orientation checked
(fig. 3-33).
Decking the Stevpris anchor
If anchor is not correctly oriented, reduce propulsion and let anchor slide
down through the chaser. Rotation is easier while near the rig where all
loads are lower (fig. 3-34).
keep tension !
fig. 3-33
Stevpris installation
73
Turn the anchor with a shot of propeller wash. Then pay out pendant, make
sure anchor is below the propeller wash away from the propeller influence
zone (fig. 3-35).
Increase propulsion moving AHV forward pulling chaser in contact with the
anchor. Make sure the stern roller is perpendicular to the chain, the chain
directing between the fluke points (fig. 3-36).
fig. 3-35
turn
With sufficient bollard pull haul pendant, stop/reduce thrust for only a few
seconds when anchor passes the propeller wash onto the drum. Pull anchor
on the drum, allow the anchor to turn with its back on the roller, fluke
points up. Then pull further on deck (fig. 3-37).
fig. 3-36
STOP !
fig. 3-37
stop / reduce
propulsion
Stevpris installation
74
With little tension in the line, the chain hangs steep against the fluke points
and anchor cannot rotate easily (A). Before rotating the anchor, pull on the
cable, the anchor will be free to turn (B) and (C) (fig. 3-38).
With anchor on the stern roller reactivate propulsion. For inspection anchor
can be pulled on deck. If required, change fluke angle to 32 degrees for
hard soil or to 50 degrees for very soft soil. Mind, every anchor type will be
unstable and drag in hard soil, stiff clay or sand with a fluke angle set for
mud! (fig. 3-39).
fig. 3-38
fig. 3-39
Stevpris installation
75
The relative weight of the anchor increased by the thrust force on the fluke
will cause the anchor and the cable to slide down through the chaser and
control of anchor orientation is lost (fig. 3-42).
When the thrust is maintained while hauling in the chaser, the cable
prevents the anchor to turn on its back at the stern roller. Boarding will be
difficult now. The anchor could pass the stern roller on its side and get
damaged!
So stop/reduce the thrust just before the anchor passes the propeller wash
(fig. 3-43).
and rotate !
fig. 3-41
damage !
fig. 3-43
Stevpris installation
76
keep tension !
fig. 3-44
At some distance from the rig, AHV pays out winch wire while keeping sufficient bollard pull (at least 1.5 times anchor weight) to keep chaser on
anchor head. Anchor flukes point towards the rig. Rig hauls, AHV veers
while keeping some tension in the pendant line transferring the anchor to
the bolster. The direction of the anchor cable must now be perpendicular to
the rack (fig. 3-45).
When anchor arrives at bolster, reduce tension to 15 tons. As soon as anchor
is resting on bolsters, slack pendant wire completely. If tension is not sufficient, anchor falls out of control of the chaser and might rotate and make
racking difficult. If this occurs, bring anchor to the stern of the AHV, rotate
anchor with fluke points directing outwards and keep chaser tight on the
anchor (fig. 3-46).
Deploying Stevpris from the anchor rack
AHV receives pendant from rig and connects to AHV winch wire. AHV
moves to a position at a good distance but less than the water depth (for
instance 50 meter dependent on weather) from the rig. Stop winch and
keep sufficient tension, 20 to 30 tons or more as required to maintain the
chaser on the head of the anchor. Only now rig pays out cable while AHV
hauls in on the winch. The AHV maintains sufficient tension while pulling
the anchor to the stern roller. Reduce the power of the propeller as anchor
passes the wash zone and bring anchor on roller for inspection and reactivate thrust (fig. 3-47).
keep tension !
fig. 3-45
wrong !
risk losing control
over anchor orientation
fig. 3-46
keep tension !
fig. 3-47
Stevpris installation
77
anchor weight
high tension
fig. 3-48
lock chaser
fig. 3-49
It is recommended to board the anchor with the chain between the fluke.
The anchor fluke is generally designed to withstand loads up to 8 times the
anchor weight (fig. 3-50).
It happens that the anchor is accidentally pulled over the roller on its side.
Due to the large forces damage to shank and fluke might occur when the
chain is hanging over the anchor (fig. 3-51).
8 x anchor weight
fig. 3-50
large weight
fig. 3-51
Stevpris installation
78
If boarding the anchor on its side is inevitable, make sure that before
boarding, the vessel is turned to free the anchor line from the anchor and
haul gently. The chain will pass the stern roller next to the anchor. However,
this situation should be avoided as damage may occur (fig. 3-52).
fig. 3-52
Ballast in fluke
Using a wire rope forerunner and ballast material placed inside the hollow
fluke, the anchor may not topple over with the fluke points directed
downwards. A wire anchor line might be too light to position the anchor
correctly and the anchor may not topple over, the anchor could skid over
the seabed and prevent penetration.
When the fluke is ballasted, the weight of a chain forerunner will cause the
shackle to nose down and bring the fluke in penetration position (fig. 3-53).
wire
chain
Stevpris installation
79
Chaser equilibrium
To control the anchor, the chaser collar must always be on the anchor head.
The tension in the anchor cable must be equal or larger than 1.5 times the
weight of the anchor. If not, the anchor slides through the chaser and the
orientation is not controlled (fig. 3-54).
anchor weight
fig. 3-54
Fp
Fpv
Flh
Fph
Flv
fig. 3-55
Recommendation: Bollard pull must always be equal or larger than the line
tension, i.e. use a minimum bollard pull of 20 to 30 tons for a 12 to 15 ton
anchor. Use a minimum pendant line length of 1.4 to 1.5 times the water
depth in shallow water (100m) and 1.3 to 1.4 times the depth in deeper
water (fig. 3-56).
chaser
fig. 3-56
Fl
Stevpris installation
80
fig. 3-57
temporary bridle
mooring line
fig. 3-58
To recover a Stevpris anchor after it has been installed, the AHV should take
the mooring line and pull it in the opposite direction that the anchor was
installed in, generally away from the centre of the mooring. The AHV
should recover the mooring line till a length of approximately 1.5 times the
water depth is still overboard.
When only 1.5 times the water depth of mooring line is left overboard, the
AHV should block the winch and keep a constant tension on the mooring
line equal to the pre-load tension. Once the anchor starts to move in the
soil, a lower tension in the mooring line can be used (fig. 3-59).
fig. 3-59
Piggy-back methods
81
Introduction
Piggy-back is the practice of using two or more anchors in order to obtain
holding power greater than can be achieved with one only. Piggy-backing
is used when anchors are employed with insufficient holding capacity.
This can be caused by improper design for the particular environment or
insufficient anchor size.
In some soil conditions, the use of two smaller anchors in piggy-back can
offer an advantage over the use of one larger anchor. This can be the case
when the anchor has to hold in a certain layer and holding capacity in the
underlying layer is uncertain.
Considerations to remember on piggy-backing:
Installing a piggy-back system is more costly than the installation of a single anchor.
If the mooring line of the second anchor is connected to the rear of the
first anchor, the stability, penetration and holding capacity of the first
anchor may be less than is the case for a single anchor. The force from the
second anchor may tend to pull the fluke of the first anchor closed (hinging type anchors).
If the piggy-back anchor is connected to the first anchor by means of a
chaser, the chaser may obstruct penetration of the first anchor.
Both anchors must be exactly in line with the mooring line load. The lead
anchor may become unstable if a lateral load is applied.
Two hinging anchors in piggy-back do not provide 2 times but only 1 to 1.6
times the individual holding capacity of the two anchors, for reasons
described in second point above.
Piggy-back methods
82
If the first anchor is not influenced by the pull from the second anchor, and
the second anchor (fixed fluke/shank type anchors) is connected at 3 to 4
shank lengths distance from the first anchor, the holding capacity of the 2
anchors may be up to 2.5 times the holding capacity of the individual
anchors, due to the extra penetration of the second anchor.
Piggy-backing involving hinging anchors
Since there is little difference between handling one hinging anchor or two,
the first method is described with a Stevin anchor (hinging) in combination
with a Stevpris anchor (non-hinging). Here, the Stevpris is main anchor and
the Stevin is back-up. This is the best solution when using a fixed shank
anchor as the fluke of the Stevpris anchor can not be pulled closed. The pendant
line is connected to the padeye near the anchor shackle so performance is
not reduced. Note: if the piggy-back anchor can not be laid in line with the
mooring load, the piggy-back anchor makes the main anchor unstable. In
such a case the Stevpris can better be placed as the second anchor.
For optimal performance of the combination, the pendant line between
the two anchors should be wire rope, to promote penetration and obtain
better holding capacity (fig. 3-60).
fig. 3-60
Piggy-back methods
83
fig. 3-62
Piggy-back methods
84
The Stevpris anchors are then tensioned by pulling on the mooring line
(fig. 3-62).
fig. 3-61
fig. 3-63
85
Introduction
The Stevmanta VLA consists of an anchor fluke which is connected with
wires to the angle adjuster. The angle adjuster is responsible for changing
the anchor from the installation mode to the vertical (or normal) loading
mode.
installation mode
shear pin
fig. 3-64
There are many options to install VLA anchors. The most efficient methods
are based on two different principles:
Double line installation method using the fixed angle adjuster.
Single line installation method using the shear pin angle adjuster.
The double line installation method is typically used when it is preferable
to install the anchor with a steel wire rope installation line instead of using
the actual mooring line (for example polyester).
The following three typical methods for installing the Stevmanta VLA are
discussed:
Single line installation method.
Double line installation method.
Double line installation method using the Stevtensioner.
It is also possible to use the Stevtensioner with the single line installation
method, however because this is very similar to the double line installation
method with Stevtensioner, it is not presented here.
normal mode
fig. 3-65
86
tail for
orientation
recovery
fig. 3-66
When the Stevmanta is on the seabed, an ROV can optionally inspect the
anchor (position and orientation). The AHV starts paying out the
installation/ mooring line while slowly sailing away from the Stevmanta
(fig. 3-67).
ROV
fig. 3-67
87
When enough of the installation/mooring line has been paid out, the AHV
starts increasing the tension in the installation line. The Stevmanta will start
to embed into the seabed (fig. 3-68).
When the predetermined installation load has been reached with the AHVs
bollard pull, the shearpin in the angle adjuster fails, triggering the
Stevmanta into the normal (vertical) loading mode. This can be clearly
noticed on board the AHV, as the AHV will stop moving forward due to the
sudden increase in holding capacity. Now that the Stevmanta is in the
normal (vertical) loading mode, the AHV can continue to increase the
tension in the (taut-leg) installation/mooring line up to the required proof
tension load (fig. 3-69).
fig. 3-68
fig. 3-69
88
After the Stevmanta has been proof tensioned to the required load, the
installation/mooring line can be attached to the floater.
In case of a pre-laid mooring, the mooring line can be buoyed off, for easy
connection later on (fig. 3-70).
Stevmanta retrieval
The Stevmanta is easily retrieved by pulling on the tail. Connection to the
tail can be achieved either with a grapnel or by using an ROV (fig. 3-71).
fig. 3-70
fig. 3-71
89
fig. 3-72
retrieval
The Stevmanta VLA is now pulled out of the soil using just the rear wires.
This reduces the resistance of the anchor, so that it can be retrieved with a
load equal to about half the installation load (fig. 3-73).
fig. 3-73
90
installation mode
mooring line
installation line
fig. 3-74
The Stevmanta is in the installation mode when the installation line is tensioned, i.e. the line on the front of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-74).
normal mode
mooring line
The Stevmanta is in the normal (vertical) loading mode when the mooring
line is tensioned, i.e. the line on the rear of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-75).
During the installation AHV1 handles the steel installation line and AHV2
handles the mooring line, for instance polyester (fig. 3-76).
installation
line
fig. 3-75
AHV2
AHV1
In the installation procedure an optional subsea recovery buoy can be included in the installation line. The recovery buoy is connected to the installation
line via a delta plate at approximately 90 m from the Stevmanta (fig. 3-77).
fig. 3-76
AHV2
fig. 3-77
AHV1
91
AHV2
AHV1
AHV2
AHV1
fig. 3-78
break
link
breaks
fig. 3-79
AHV2
When the predetermined installation load has been reached, the breaking
device in the installation line fails (break shackle connecting the installation
line to the delta plate), freeing the installation line from the Stevmanta
(fig. 3-79).
If the optional recovery buoy is used, the breaking device is placed on the
delta plate connecting it to the installation line and AHV1. AHV1 is now no
longer connected to the Stevmanta and the installation line can be recovered
on deck (fig. 3-80).
AHV2 can now start increasing the tension in the mooring line. If AHV2 can
not generate enough bollard pull to reach the required proof tension load,
AHV1 can be connected in tandem to AHV2 to generate additional bollard
pull.
pretension load
recovery
line
fig. 3-80
92
AHV2
After the Stevmanta has been proof tensioned to the required load, the
mooring line can be attached to the floater. In case of a pre-laid mooring,
the mooring line can be buoyed off, for easy connection later on (fig. 3-81).
Stevmanta retrieval
The Stevmanta is recovered from the seabed by returning to installation
mode instead of the normal (vertical) loading mode. The AHV picks up the
recovery buoy from the seabed and by pulling vertically on the installation
line, the anchor is retrieved easily (fig. 3-82).
Double line installation with Stevtensioner
The Stevmanta is deployed with the fixed angle adjuster. The mode of the
anchor (installation mode or normal (vertical) loading mode) is chosen by
pulling on either the installation line or the mooring line. The Stevmanta is
in the installation mode when the installation line is tensioned, i.e. the line
on the front of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-83).
fig. 3-81
AHV2
fig. 3-82
installation mode
mooring line
installation line
The Stevmanta is in the normal (vertical) loading mode when the mooring
line is tensioned, i.e. the line at the rear of the angle adjuster. During the
installation AHV1 handles the installation line (preferably chain and steel
wire) and AHV2 handles the mooring line, for instance polyester (fig. 3-84).
fig. 3-83
normal mode
mooring line
installation
line
fig. 3-84
93
AHV2
tensioner
AHV1
fig. 3-85
AHV2
fig. 3-86
work chain
stopper
AHV1
The Stevtensioner
94
Sail to set-down position of the reaction anchor (AHV1 only). AHV2 stays
above the Stevmanta. During the movement of AHV1, the installation line
of the Stevmanta has to be paid out (fig. 3-87).
Lower the Stevtensioner and reaction anchor to the seabed (fig. 3-88).
AHV2
shark jaws
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
chain
fig. 3-87
AHV2
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
fig. 3-88
stopper
chain
The Stevtensioner
95
Buoy off the retrieval line (or mooring line) of the reaction anchor. AHV1
sails to tensioning point and starts taking in the slack of the tensioning line
(fig. 3-89).
Start the tensioning procedure (yo-yoing) (fig. 3-90).
AHV2
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
stopper
chain
fig. 3-89
AHV2
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
chain
fig. 3-90
stopper
The Stevtensioner
96
The break link will break on the Stevmanta when the required
installation load has been reached (fig. 3-91).
Recover the Stevtensioner, the installation line and the reaction anchor to
AHV1. AHV2 can now proof tension the Stevmanta and then buoy off the
mooring line. Installation of the Stevmanta is now complete (fig. 3-92).
AHV2
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
break link breaks
chain
stopper
fig. 3-91
AHV2
pretension load
fig. 3-92
chain
wire
tensioner
stopper
AHV1
The Stevtensioner
97
AHV2
AHV1
wire
stopper
tensioner
fig. 3-93
stopper
chain
The Stevtensioner
98
Introduction
The Stevtensioner is used for cross tensioning of diametrically opposed
anchor legs moored by drag anchors or anchor piles. The Stevtensioner is
generally used for the installation of (semi) permanent floating structures
such as the SPM buoy, STL, TLP, FPS, FPSO, etc. After the tensioning operations the Stevtensioner is demobilised and ready for the next project. The
Stevtensioner can however also be used for permanent tensioning purposes, becoming a part of the mooring system.
The Stevtensioner can be deployed from a crane barge, AHV or any vessel
having enough crane/winch capacity to pull the required vertical force. The
existing models VA220 and VA500 were designed for handling a single size
of chain. The new Stevtensioner models VA600, VA1000 and VA1250 can
handle chain diameter ranging from 76 mm up to 152 mm. Because of this
variety in chain sizes additional work chain may not be required (fig. 3-94).
fig. 3-94
The Stevtensioner
99
2V
H
fig. 3-95
passive chain
fig. 3-96
active chain
The Stevtensioner
100
chain locks
fig. 3-97
The Stevtensioner
101
tension force in t
Different methods can be applied to verify the tension in the chain. These
are discussed below.
tension on anchor
lifting force
250
125
0
0
fig. 3-98
30
time in minutes
60
90
120
The Stevtensioner
102
Computer calculations
The tension in the chain can be calculated by means of computer catenary
calculations. Besides known parameters such as submerged chain weight,
and the length of the mooring line, other parameters measured during
tensioning need to be incorporated in the calculation:
Height Stevtensioner above seabed.
Vertical pulling load.
By using this method the tension in the chain can be calculated at any height
of the Stevtensioner above seabed. This method is independent of the
waterdepth.
Umbilical cable and measuring pin
The chain tension can be measured with a measuring pin. The pin is part of the
Stevtensioner housing and is equipped with strain gauges. The pin is connected
to a tension read-out unit on the installation vessel by using an umbilical cable.
The pin is connected to the passive chain. All tensioning data are measured on
deck and presented during tensioning on a chart recorder. A hand winch with
sliding contacts is used to veer and haul the umbilical without disconnecting the
umbilical from the registration equipment. The measurement is insensitive for
variations in cable length. The use of an umbilical is an effective method in
waterdepths down to approximately 200 meters. Beyond this depth it becomes
more efficient to use either an acoustic system or computer calculations.
Break-link
The passive chain can be attached to the Stevtensioner by a break-link.
When, during the tensioning operation, a predetermined load has been
reached, the link breaks. Consequently the passive chain falls to the bottom,
and the Stevtensioner can be retrieved.
The Stevtensioner
103
Required duration of
20 minutes
30 minutes
15 minutes
The Stevtensioner
104
fig. 3-99
2
7
5
8
3
fig. 3-100
The Stevtensioner
105
Stevtensioner
model
Maximum
horizontal load
[t]
VA 220
VA 500
VA 600
VA1000
VA1250
220
500
600
1000
1250
60
112
76 - 87
102 - 135
114 - 152
Size
Stevtensioner
lxhxw [m]
2.6
5.4
2.2
3.1
3.5
x
x
x
x
x
1.2
2.6
0.9
1.2
1.4
x
x
x
x
x
1.0
2.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
Weight
Stevtensioner
[t]
5
20
2.5
6
9
* The suitability only refers to the section of chain passing through the Stevtensioner. Chain or wire not passing through the
Stevtensioner may have any dimension.
table N
Vessels
106
Product data
Introduction
108
Product Data
In this editon of the vryhof anchor manual, we have given the reader as
much information and data as we imagined would normally be needed.
Undoubtedly some is missing. This can be vryhof-specific or general
information. Vryhof-specific, information can be related to brochures,
detailed handling recommendations and product data. This can be
obtained on request, while general information will also be provided if
available.
To make the next edition of the anchor manual suit the requirements of the
reader even better than this one, your suggestions of comments are much
appreciated.
Dimensions
109
B D
C
A
Stevin Mk3
Dimensions
110
E
L
K
Main dimensions Stevin Mk3 dimensions in mm anchor weight in kg
weight
1000
1500
3000
5000
7000
9000
12000
15000
20000
30000
A
B
C
D
E
K
L
S
2429
2654
1559
2023
737
1010
412
60
2774
3038
1785
2316
843
1156
471
65
3493
3828
2249
2918
1063
1456
594
80
4120
4538
2667
3460
1260
1727
704
80
4602
5077
2983
3871
1409
1932
788
90
5012
5521
3244
4209
1533
2100
857
100
5516
6076
3570
4632
1687
2312
943
110
5942
6545
3846
4990
1817
2490
1016
120
6372
6986
4100
5324
2048
2674
1083
160
7289
7997
4694
6094
2345
3061
1240
180
Note: The dimensions of the Stevin Mk3 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
111
C
A
Stevpris Mk5
Dimensions
112
S
E
sand
F
mud
1500
3000
5000
8000
10000
12000
15000
18000
20000
22000
25000
30000
65000
A
B
C
E
F
H
T
S
2954
3184
1812
1505
271
1230
493
80
3721
4011
2283
1896
342
1550
622
90
4412
4756
2707
2248
406
1837
738
110
5161
5563
3166
2629
474
2149
862
130
5559
5992
3410
2832
511
2315
929
140
5908
6368
3624
3010
543
2460
988
150
6364
6860
3904
3242
585
2650
1064
170
6763
7290
4149
3446
622
2816
1131
180
7004
7550
4297
3569
644
2917
1171
190
7230
7794
4436
3684
665
3011
1209
200
7545
8133
4629
3844
694
3142
1262
200
8018
8643
4919
4085
737
3339
1341
220
10375
11184
6365
5286
954
4321
1736
300
Note: The dimensions of the Stevpris Mk5 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
113
C
A
Stevpris Mk5
Dimensions
114
S
E
sand
F
mud
1500
3000
5000
8000
10000
12000
15000
18000
20000
22000
25000
30000
65000
A
B
C
E
F
H
T
S
2862
3085
1755
1458
263
1192
478
80
3605
3886
2212
1837
332
1502
603
90
4275
4608
2622
2178
393
1780
715
110
4999
5389
3067
2547
460
2082
836
130
5385
5805
3304
2743
495
2243
900
140
5723
6169
3511
2915
526
2383
957
150
6165
6645
3782
3140
567
2567
1031
160
6551
7062
4019
3337
602
2728
1095
170
6785
7314
4163
3457
624
2826
1135
180
7004
7550
4297
3568
644
2917
1171
190
7309
7879
4484
3723
672
3044
1222
200
7767
8373
4765
3957
714
3235
1299
210
10051
10834
6166
5120
924
4186
1681
300
Note: The dimensions of the Stevshark Mk5 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
115
B D
Stevmanta VLA
Dimensions
116
E1
E0
T F
10
12
15
17
20
B
C
D
E0
E1
F
H
T
3143
2976
1945
3075
3371
172
1459
639
3975
3765
2460
3890
4264
217
1845
809
4445
4209
2750
4349
4767
243
2063
904
4869
4611
3013
4764
5222
266
2260
991
5443
5155
3368
5326
5839
298
2527
1107
5795
5488
3586
5670
6216
317
2690
1179
6286
5953
3890
6150
6742
344
2918
1279
Note: The dimensions of the Stevmanta VLA anchor may be changed for specific applications
117
A
D
B
Flipper Delta
weight
lb.
kg
2205
1000
5512
2500
11023
5000
16535
7500
22046
10000
26455
12000
33069
15000
44092
20000
71650
32500
88185
40000
A
mm
2605
3150
3945
4565
5040
5335
5735
6405
7320
7850
B
mm
1960
2660
3300
3850
4270
4530
4845
5410
6200
6650
C
mm
740
1005
1260
1435
1600
1705
1830
2010
2310
2480
D
mm
1560
2130
2660
3080
3400
3600
3875
4320
4930
5290
Danforth
weight
lb.
kg
1000
454
2500
1134
5000
2268
10000
4536
12000
5443
14000
6350
16000
7257
20000
9072
25000
11340
30000
13608
A
mm
1830
2260
2780
3510
3730
3920
4100
4370
4710
5000
B
mm
1580
2140
2700
3330
3540
3720
4000
4150
4470
4750
C
mm
410
560
710
890
945
995
1040
1110
1195
1270
D
mm
1100
1350
1650
2100
2240
2360
2470
2620
2820
3000
118
A
D
LWT
weight
lb.
1000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
60000
kg
454
2268
4536
6804
9072
11340
13608
15876
18144
27216
B
B
A
mm
1905
2997
3658
3988
4394
4851
5029
5283
5537
6350
B
mm
1803
2845
3480
3791
4166
4521
4801
5055
6096
7061
C
mm
622
984
1245
1362
1499
1708
1715
1803
1905
2184
D
mm
1168
1829
2235
2438
2692
2946
3073
3226
3327
3810
Moorfast
weight
lb.
kg
1000
454
6000
2722
10000
4536
12000
5443
16000
7257
20000
9072
30000
13608
40000
18144
50000
22680
60000
27216
A
mm
1549
2565
3327
3531
3886
4166
4801
5436
5639
5893
B
mm
1905
3632
3988
4242
4750
4978
5512
6299
6528
6883
C
mm
483
787
1041
1092
1219
1295
1499
1600
1676
1778
D
mm
940
1549
2032
2159
2388
2591
2997
3226
3353
3556
119
B
Stato
weight
lb.
kg
3000
1361
6000
2722
9000
4082
15000
6804
20000
9072
25000
11340
30000
13608
35000
15876
40000
18144
60000
27216
A
mm
3277
3658
4064
5182
5334
5740
5969
6299
6553
7540
B
mm
2769
3632
4318
5690
5842
6248
6528
6883
7188
8120
C
mm
860
960
1090
1370
1420
1540
1570
1670
1750
2000
D
mm
1829
2337
2540
3200
3277
3480
3683
3886
4064
4570
AC14
weight
lb.
kg
2844
1290
4630
2100
6746
3060
12368
5610
18298
8300
23149
10500
29762
13500
41447
18800
44092
20000
50706
23000
A
mm
2730
3210
3640
4460
5080
5500
5980
6670
6810
7140
B
mm
980
1150
1310
1600
1830
1970
2150
2400
2450
2570
C
mm
470
550
620
760
870
940
1020
1140
1170
1220
D
mm
1060
1250
1420
1740
1980
2140
2330
2600
2660
2780
A
D
US Navy Stockless
weight
lb.
kg
1000
454
5000
2268
10000
4536
15000
6804
20000
9072
25000
11340
30000
13608
35000
15876
40000
18144
60000
27216
A
mm
1072
1854
2337
2680
2946
3175
3372
3550
3708
4775
B
mm
841
1437
1810
2089
2280
2456
2608
2743
2872
3194
C
mm
521
889
1121
1295
1413
1522
1616
1703
1778
2218
D
mm
772
1319
1661
1861
2094
2256
2394
2523
2619
3375
120
121
proof
load
kips
anchor
weight
lbs
proof
load
kips
anchor
weight
lbs
proof
load
kips
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
6.2
7.3
8.2
9.1
9.9
11.5
12.9
14.2
15.5
16.7
18.1
19.2
20.5
21.7
23
24.3
25.5
26.6
27.8
28.9
29.8
32.1
34.5
36.8
39.1
41.3
43.5
45.8
48.2
50.3
52.3
54.5
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7100
7200
92.5
94.2
95.9
97.5
99.1
100.7
102.3
103.9
105.5
107
108.5
110
111.4
112.9
114.4
115.9
117.4
118.7
120
121.4
122.7
124.1
125.4
126.8
128.2
129.5
130.8
132
133.2
134.4
135.7
136.9
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
36000
37000
38000
39000
40000
42000
165.8
174.5
184.8
194.7
205.2
214.3
222.9
230.9
239
245
250.4
256.7
263.5
270.9
277.2
282.8
289.2
296.7
304.9
312.3
318.9
326.9
333.7
341.2
348
354.8
361.6
368.4
375.2
382
388.8
400.6
122
proof
load
kips
anchor
weight
lbs
proof
load
kips
anchor
weight
lbs
proof
load
kips
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
56.6
58.6
60.8
62.8
64.8
66.8
68.8
70.7
72.6
74.5
76.4
78.3
80.1
81.9
83.7
85.5
87.2
89
90.7
7300
7400
7500
7600
7700
7800
7900
8000
8100
8200
8300
8400
8500
8600
8700
8800
8900
9000
9500
138.1
139.3
140.6
141.6
142.7
143.7
144.7
145.7
146.8
147.9
149
150
151.1
152.2
153.2
154.3
155.2
156.2
161.1
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
75000
80000
82500
411.5
425.1
437
449.1
460.4
472
484.3
496.5
508.4
519.3
530.2
541
551.9
562.8
590
617
630
123
proof
load
kN
anchor
weight
kg
proof
load
kN
anchor
weight
kg
proof
load
kN
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
29.7
31.7
34
35.3
37
39
40.7
44
47.3
53
58.3
63.7
68.4
73.3
80
85.7
91.7
98
104.3
110.3
116
122
127.3
132
137.3
143
155
166
177.3
188
199
210.7
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
434.3
450
466
480.7
495
509.7
524.3
537
550.3
563.7
577
589
601
613
625
635.7
645
655.7
666.3
677
687
696.3
706
715.7
725.7
735
742.3
751.7
760
769
777
786
7000
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000
8200
8400
8600
8800
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500
16000
16500
17000
17500
18000
970.3
987
1002
1018
1034
1050
1066
1078
1088.7
1099.3
1110
1120.7
1132
1148
1162.7
1173.3
1210
1240
1266.7
1300
1340
1380
1410
1450
1483.3
1520
1553.3
1586.7
1620
1653.3
1686.7
1720
124
proof
load
kN
anchor
weight
kg
proof
load
kN
anchor
weight
kg
proof
load
kN
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
221.3
231
241.7
252.3
262
272.7
282.7
292
302
311.7
321
330.3
339.7
349
366.7
384
401
418.3
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
797.3
808.7
818
827.3
836.3
845
855.7
866.3
877
887
897.3
908
917.3
926.7
936
944.7
953
961
18500
19000
19500
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
34000
36000
1753.3
1780
1800
1833.3
1900
1956.7
2016.7
2070
2130
2190
2250
2303.3
2356.7
2410
2463.3
2516.7
2623.3
2730
125
L
2.6
5.4
B
1.0
2.4
H
1.2
2.6
weight
5
20
126
L
2.2
3.1
3.5
B
0.6
0.8
0.9
H
0.9
1.2
1.4
weight
2.5
6
9
Proof load/break
127
Proof load
R4-RQ4
inches
3
/4
1 3/16
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 7/8
2
2 1/16
2 1/8
2 3/16
2 1/4
2 5/16
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 11/16
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
3 1/16
3 1/8
3 3/16
3 1/4
3 5/16
3 3/8
3 1/2
3 9/16
3 5/8
3 3/4
3 13/16
3 7/8
3 15/16
4
4 1/8
4 1/4
R3S
Break load
R3
stud
studless
stud
studless
kips
75
88
131
165
203
244
289
337
388
443
500
531
561
593
625
658
692
762
835
872
910
988
1069
1110
1152
1194
1237
1281
1325
1416
1462
1508
1603
1651
1699
1749
1798
1899
2001
kips
66
77
116
146
179
216
255
298
343
391
443
469
496
524
553
582
612
674
738
771
805
874
945
982
1019
1056
1094
1133
1172
1252
1292
1334
1417
1460
1503
1546
1590
1679
1770
kips
62
73
110
138
169
203
241
281
323
369
417
442
468
494
521
549
577
635
696
727
758
823
891
925
960
995
1031
1068
1105
1180
1218
1257
1336
1376
1416
1457
1498
1582
1668
kips
60
71
106
133
163
197
233
271
313
357
403
427
452
478
504
530
558
614
672
702
733
796
861
894
928
962
997
1032
1068
1140
1177
1215
1291
1330
1369
1409
1448
1529
1612
RQ3-API
stud
stud
studless studless
kips
kips
54
49
63
57
95
85
119
107
147
132
176
158
208
187
243
218
280
252
320
287
361
324
383
344
405
364
428
384
452
405
476
427
500
449
550
494
603
541
630
565
657
590
714
640
772
693
802
719
832
747
863
774
894
802
925
830
957
859
1022
918
1056
947
1089
977
1158
1039
1192
1070
1227
1101
1263
1133
1299
1165
1371
1231
1445
1297
R4-RQ4
R3 S
R3
Weight
RQ3-API
kips
86
101
152
191
234
281
333
388
447
510
577
612
647
684
721
759
798
878
962
1005
1049
1139
1232
1280
1328
1377
1427
1477
1528
1632
1685
1739
1848
1903
1959
2016
2073
2189
2307
kips
77
90
136
171
210
252
298
348
401
457
517
548
580
612
646
680
715
787
862
900
940
1020
1103
1146
1189
1233
1278
1323
1368
1462
1509
1557
1655
1704
1754
1805
1856
1960
2066
kips
73
86
128
162
198
238
282
329
379
432
489
518
548
579
611
643
676
744
815
852
889
965
1044
1084
1125
1167
1209
1251
1295
1383
1428
1473
1566
1613
1660
1708
1756
1855
1955
stud
studless
lbs/ft
5
6
10
12
15
18
21
25
29
33
38
40
43
45
48
51
54
59
65
69
72
79
86
89
93
97
100
104
108
116
121
125
134
138
143
147
152
162
172
lbs/ft
5
6
9
11
14
16
20
23
27
31
35
37
39
42
44
46
49
54
60
63
66
72
78
81
85
88
92
95
99
106
110
114
122
126
130
135
139
148
157
Proof load/break
128
Proof load
R4-RQ4
inches
4 3/8
4 1/2
4 5/8
4 3/4
4 7/8
5
5 1/8
5 1/4
5 3/8
5 1/2
5 5/8
5 3/4
5 7/8
6
6 1/8
6 1/4
6 3/8
6 1/2
6 5/8
6 3/4
6 7/8
7
7 1/8
7 1/4
R3S
Break load
R3
stud
studless
stud
studless
kips
2105
2211
2319
2428
2538
2650
2764
2878
2994
3111
3228
3347
3467
3587
3709
3830
3953
4076
4199
4323
4447
4571
4695
4820
kips
1862
1955
2050
2147
2245
2344
2444
2545
2647
2751
2855
2960
3066
3172
3279
3387
3495
3604
3713
3822
3932
4042
4152
4262
kips
1754
1843
1932
2023
2115
2209
2303
2398
2495
2592
2690
2789
2889
2989
3090
3192
3294
3396
3499
3602
3706
3809
3913
4016
kips
1696
1781
1868
1956
2045
2135
2226
2319
2412
2506
2601
2696
2793
2890
2987
3086
3184
3283
3383
3482
3582
3682
3782
3882
RQ3-API
stud
stud
studless studless
kips
kips
1521
1365
1597
1433
1675
1503
1753
1574
1833
1645
1914
1718
1996
1791
2079
1865
2162
1940
2247
2016
2332
2093
2417
2170
2504
2247
2591
2325
2678
2404
2766
2483
2855
2562
2944
2642
3033
2722
3122
2802
3211
2882
3301
2963
3391
3043
3481
3124
R4-RQ4
R3 S
R3
Weight
RQ3-API
kips
2427
2549
2673
2799
2926
3055
3186
3318
3451
3586
3722
3859
3997
4135
4275
4416
4557
4698
4841
4983
5126
5269
5412
5556
kips
2174
2283
2394
2507
2621
2736
2853
2971
3091
3211
3333
3456
3579
3704
3829
3954
4081
4208
4335
4463
4591
4719
4847
4976
kips
2057
2160
2265
2372
2480
2589
2700
2812
2925
3039
3154
3270
3387
3504
3623
3742
3861
3981
4102
4223
4344
4465
4586
4708
stud
studless
lbs/ft
182
192
203
214
226
238
250
262
274
287
301
314
328
342
356
371
386
401
417
433
449
466
482
500
lbs/ft
166
176
186
196
206
217
228
239
251
262
275
287
299
312
325
339
353
367
381
395
410
425
440
456
Proof load/break
129
Proof load
R4-RQ4
mm
19
20.5
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
73
76
78
81
84
87
90
92
95
97
100
102
R3S
Break load
R3
stud
studless
stud
studless
kN
331
385
442
524
612
707
809
917
1031
1151
1278
1410
1548
1693
1843
1999
2160
2327
2499
2677
2860
3048
3242
3440
3643
3851
4064
4392
4731
4962
5317
5682
6056
6439
6699
7096
7365
7776
8054
kN
293
340
390
463
541
625
715
811
911
1018
1130
1247
1369
1497
1630
1767
1910
2058
2210
2367
2529
2695
2866
3042
3221
3406
3594
3884
4183
4388
4702
5024
5355
5693
5923
6275
6513
6876
7122
kN
276
320
368
436
510
589
674
764
859
959
1065
1175
1290
1411
1536
1666
1800
1939
2083
2231
2383
2540
2701
2867
3036
3209
3387
3660
3942
4135
4431
4735
5046
5365
5582
5913
6138
6480
6712
kN
267
310
356
422
493
570
651
738
830
927
1029
1136
1247
1364
1485
1610
1740
1874
2013
2156
2304
2455
2611
2771
2935
3102
3274
3538
3811
3997
4283
4577
4878
5187
5396
5716
5933
6264
6488
RQ3-API
R4-RQ4
R3 S
R3
Weight
RQ3-API
kN
324
376
431
511
598
691
790
895
1007
1124
1248
1377
1513
1654
1800
1952
2110
2273
2441
2615
2794
2978
3166
3360
3559
3762
3970
4291
4621
4847
5194
5550
5916
6289
6544
6932
7195
7596
7868
stud
studless
kg/m
8
9
11
13
15
17
20
22
25
28
32
35
39
42
46
50
55
59
64
69
74
79
84
90
95
101
107
117
126
133
144
155
166
177
185
198
206
219
228
kg/m
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
23
26
29
32
35
39
42
46
50
54
58
63
67
72
77
82
87
92
98
107
116
122
131
141
151
162
169
181
188
200
208
Proof load/break
130
Proof load
R4-RQ4
mm
105
107
111
114
117
120
122
124
127
130
132
137
142
147
152
157
162
165
168
171
175
178
180
185
R3S
stud
studless
stud
studless
kN
8478
8764
9347
9791
10242
10700
11008
11319
11789
12265
12585
13395
14216
15048
15890
16739
17596
18112
18631
19150
19845
20367
20715
21586
kN
7497
7750
8265
8658
9057
9461
9734
10009
10425
10846
11129
11844
12571
13306
14051
14802
15559
16016
16474
16934
17548
18010
18318
19088
kN
7065
7304
7789
8159
8535
8916
9173
9432
9824
10221
10488
11162
11847
12540
13241
13949
14663
15094
15525
15959
16538
16972
17263
17989
kN
6829
7060
7529
7887
8251
8619
8868
9118
9497
9880
10138
10790
11452
12122
12800
13484
14174
14590
15008
15427
15986
16407
16687
17389
Break load
R3
RQ3-API
R4-RQ4
R3 S
studstudstud and
studless studless
kN
kN
kN
kN
6123
5495 10754
9773
6330
5681 11118 10103
6750
6058 11856 10775
7071
6346 12420 11287
7397
6639 12993 11807
7728
6935 13573 12334
7950
7135 13964 12690
8175
7336 14358 13048
8515
7641 14955 13591
8858
7950 15559 14139
9089
8157 15965 14508
9674
8682 16992 15441
10267
9214 18033 16388
10868
9753 19089 17347
11476
10299 20156 18317
12089
10850 21234 19297
12708
11405 22320 20284
13081
11739 22976 20879
13455
12075 23633 21477
13831
12412 24292 22076
14333
12863 25174 22877
14709
13201 25836 23479
14961
13427 26278 23880
15590
13991 27383 24884
R3
Weight
RQ3-API
studlless
kN
8753
9048
9650
10109
10574
11047
11365
11686
12171
12663
12993
13829
14677
15536
16405
17282
18166
18699
19234
19771
20488
21027
21387
22286
kN
8282
8561
9130
9565
10005
10452
10753
11057
11516
11981
12294
13085
13887
14700
15522
16352
17188
17693
18199
18707
19386
19896
20236
21087
stud
studless
kg/m
241
251
270
285
300
315
326
337
353
370
382
411
442
473
506
540
575
596
618
640
671
694
710
750
kg/m
221
229
246
260
274
288
298
308
323
338
348
375
403
432
462
493
525
545
564
585
613
634
648
685
Chain components
131
4D
3.6D
4.4D
3.96D
1.1D
4.35D
4D
1.2D
PL
Chain components
132
4D
4.2D
1.52D
PL
PL
E
A
Chain components
133
6.3D
3.8D
4.7D
13.2D
9.7D
4.15D
3.3D
1.2D
1.2D 3.8D
I
5.15D
2.2D
1.45D 4D
1.7D 2.2D
3.4D
0.8D
1.4D 4D
1.65D 1.35D
8D
7.1D
G
1.6D
1.2D 2.8D
1.3D
A =
B =
C =
E =
F =
G =
PL =
H =
I =
K =
common link
enlarged link
end link
joining schackle kenter type
anchor shackle D type
joining shackle D type
pear link
swivel
swivel shackle
special end link
4.6D
1.8D
2.4D 5.2D
8.7D
1.4D
F
1.8D
1.4D 3.1D
Connecting links
134
G
K
E
A
chain size
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
32
42
52
62
81
94
97
103
- 40
- 51
- 60
- 79
- 92
- 95
- 102
- 108
298
378
454
562
654
692
889
940
206
260
313
376
419
435
571
610
59
76
92
117
133
146
190
203
40
51
60
79
92
98
121
127
48
64
76
95
124
130
165
175
83
100
121
149
149
159
190
203
44x 44
56
51x 60
74
62x 73
88
85x 79
111
111x 102 130x133
124x 137 141
130
181
156
200
kg
26
32
37
48
54
57
73
76
43
52
64
76
79
83
108
111
13
27
49
94
149
236
386
418
Connecting links
D
135
E
F
E
A
Detachable chain connecting link (C-connector) dimensions in mm
chain size
weight kg
30 - 32
33 - 35
36 - 38
40 - 42
43 - 44
46 - 48
50 - 51
52 - 54
56 - 58
59 - 60
62 - 64
66 - 67
68 - 70
71 - 73
74 - 76
78 - 79
81 - 83
84 - 86
87 - 89
90 - 92
94 - 95
97 - 98
100 - 102
190.5
210
229
248
267
286
305
324
343
362
381
400
419
438
457
476
495
514
537
552
571
590
607
127
140
152
165
190
184
197
210
221
234
246
246
275
283
295
308
320
332
350
356
368
381
394
44
49
53
57
62
64
64
67
71
78
79
83
92
94
95
102
103
107
116
119
122
127
132
32
35
38
41
44
48
51
54
57
60
64
67
73
73
76
79
83
86
92
92
95
98
102
35
39
43
50
51
55
59
64
67
70
73
78
83
85
90
92
92
100
105
106
114
117
119
39
42
46
50
56
60
64
67
71
75
78
79
90
93
94
96
103
107
114
116
119
121
122
21
23
25
27
30
31
33
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
55
57
59
61
62
67
68
4.5
6.0
7.8
10.0
12.5
14.5
16.5
20.0
23.5
27.5
32.0
37.0
45.5
48.5
54.5
62.5
73.0
80.5
93.5
97.5
116.0
123.0
130.0
Conversion table
136
to convert from
length
multiply by
millimetres mm
metres m
kilometres km
kilometres km
0.30480
miles mi
1.60934
kilometres km
1.852
kilometres km
square kilometres km
metres m
0.00155
10.76391
0.38610
645.16
0.09290
square miles mi
2.58999
millilitres ml
0.06102
litres l
0.26417
cubic metres m
35.31467
16.38706
millilitres ml
3.78541
0.02832
cubic metres m3
kilograms kg
2.20462
pounds lb
metric tons t
pounds lb
short tons US ton
density
miles mi
feet ft
square metres m2
mass
feet ft
0.62137
25.4
volume
inches in
3.28084
0.53996
inches in
area
0.03937
to obtain
litres l
1.10231
0.45359
kilograms kg
0.90718
0.06243
16.01846
metric tons t
pounds per cubic foot lb/ft3
kilograms per cubic metre kg/m3
Conversion table
137
to convert from
force or weight
0.22481
kilonewtons kN
0.10197
metric tons t
2.20462
kips kip
4.44822
kilonewtons kN
9.80665
kilonewtons kN
kips kip
0.45359
metric tons t
kilopascals kPa
20.88555
megapascals MPa
0.14504
kips kip
velocity
kips kip
metric tons t
0.04788
kilopascals kPa
6.89472
megapascals MPa
1.94384
2.23694
knots kn
miles per hour mph
temperature
to obtain
kilonewtons kN
metric tons t
pressure or stress
multiply by
degrees celsius C
degrees fahrenheit F
0.51444
0.44704
multiply by 1.8 then add 32
subtract 32 then multiply by 0.555
knots kn
miles per hour mph
metres per second m/s
metres per second m/s
degrees fahrenheit F
degrees celsius C
138
When the mooring line of a floater is deployed, part of the mooring line
will lay on the seabed and part of the mooring line will be suspended in the
water. The part of the mooring line that is suspended in the water will take
on a catenary shape. Depending on the waterdepth, the weight of the
mooring line and the force applied to the mooring line at the fairlead, the
length of the suspended mooring line (S in [m]) can be calculated with:
S=
d x 2 x F -d
W
with d : the waterdepth plus the distance between sealevel and the
fairlead in [m]
F
: the force applied to the mooring line at the fairlead in [t]
and w : the unit weight of the mooring line in water in [t/m]
F
X
fig. 4-01
1600
1200
800
400
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
depth in meters
The horizontal distance (X in [m]) between the fairlead and the touchdown
point of the mooring line on the seabed can be calculated with:
X=
{ }
{ wF -d} x log
e
S + F
w
F - d
w
fig. 4-03
S, F = 50 t
S, F = 100 t
S, F = 150 t
S, F = 200 t
S, F = 100 t
S, F = 300 t
X, F = 50 t
X, F = 100 t
X, F = 150 t
X, F = 200 t
X, F = 250 t
X, F = 300 t
139
Example
In fig. 4-02, the suspended length S and the horizontal distance X are plotted for a 76 mm chain for different loads F (ranging from 50 t to 300 t). The
suspended weight of the mooring line is plotted in fig. 4-03. The submerged
unit weight of the 76 mm chain is 0.110 t/m.
180
140
100
60
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
depth in meters
fig. 4-02
F = 50 t
F = 100 t
F = 250 t
F = 300 t
F = 150 t
F = 200 t
140
friction coefficient
starting sliding
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.25
The values for the friction coefficient given under starting can be used to
calculate the holding capacity of the mooring line, while the values given
under sliding can be used to calculate the forces during deployment of the
mooring line.
Shackles
141
B
C
Chain shackle
C
Anchor shackle
Shackles
142
2
3.25
4.75
6.5
8.5
9.5
12
13.5
17
25
35
42.5
55
85
120
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1500
13
16
19
22
25
28
32
35
38
45
50
57
65
75
89
102
120
125
135
165
175
195
205
210
220
230
250
260
16
19
22
25
28
32
35
38
42
50
57
65
70
80
95
108
130
140
150
175
185
205
215
220
230
240
280
325
22
27
31
36
43
47
51
57
60
74
83
95
105
127
146
165
175
200
200
225
250
275
300
300
320
340
400
460
D
chain
shackle
43
51
59
73
85
90
94
115
127
149
171
190
203
230
267
400
500
540
600
650
700
700
730
730
750
750
840
840
D
anchor
shackle
51
64
76
83
95
108
115
133
146
178
197
222
254
330
381
400
500
540
600
650
700
700
730
730
750
750
840
870
32
38
44
50
56
64
70
76
84
100
114
130
140
160
190
216
260
280
300
350
370
410
430
440
460
480
560
650
O
anchor
shackle
32
43
51
58
68
75
83
92
99
126
138
160
180
190
238
275
290
305
305
325
350
375
400
400
420
420
500
600
Weight
Chain
shackle KG
0.38
0.66
1.05
1.46
2.59
3.34
4.74
6.19
7.6
12.82
18.16
27.8
35.1
60
93
145
180
225
305
540
580
850
920
990
1165
1315
1700
2500
Weight
anchor
shackle KG
0.44
0.79
1.26
1.88
2.79
3.8
5.26
7
8.8
15
20.65
29.3
41
62.3
109.5
160
235
285
340
570
685
880
980
1110
1295
1475
1900
2800
Shackles
143
B
C
F
rope dia
inch
12-13
14-15
16-18
19-21
22-23
24->
weight
kg
65
80
90
100
125
130
76
90
102
114
133
146
175
220
254
280
300
333
350
390
430
480
600
720
165
178
210
235
265
305
305
380
434
480
550
593
535.5
604
676
754.5
924
1075.5
65
87
146
194
354
410
Shackles
144
B
A
weight kg
75
125
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
70
85
89
100
110
122
145
160
170
190
200
220
240
260
280
70
80
95
105
120
134
160
180
200
215
230
255
270
300
320
105
130
140
150
170
185
220
250
275
300
325
350
380
430
460
290
365
390
480
540
600
575
630
700
735
750
755
760
930
950
186
220
250
276
300
350
370
450
490
540
554
584
614
644
680
120
150
170
205
240
265
320
340
370
400
420
440
460
530
560
67
110
160
220
320
350
635
803
980
1260
1430
1650
2120
2400
2980
Wire rope
145
(3)
(3.25)
(3.5)
(3.75)
(4)
(4.25)
(4.5)
(4.75)
(5)
(5.25)
(5.5)
(5.75)
(6)
MBL
t
Axial Stiffness
(EA) [MN]
525
640
720
825
965
1075
1180
1300
1455
1595
1775
1895
2020
520
610
700
810
910
1030
1170
1300
1430
1600
1720
1870
2030
Weight in air
Unsheathed
kg/m
28
35.2
39.5
45
51
57
65
71
80
88
96
106
114
Sheathed
kg/m
31
38.7
42.5
49.5
54
62
70
76
85
94
101
111
120
Submerged
weight
kg/m
24
30.5
33.5
38
43
48
55
60
67
74
81
89
96
Nominal
steel area
mm2
Sheathing
Thickness
mm
3465
4220
4750
5435
6350
7055
7775
8550
9596
10490
11675
12470
13270
8
8
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Wire rope
146
77
83
90
96
103
109
115
122
128
135
140
146
152
(3)
(3.25)
(3.5)
(3.75)
(4)
(4.25)
(4.5)
(4.75)
(5)
(5.25)
(5.5)
(5.75)
(6)
6*36
6*47
6*47
6*52
6*52
6*52
6*76
6*76
6*76
6*95
6*95
6*95
6*95
320
370
445
470
555
630
680
770
875
915
1020
1100
1200
API 9A-EIPS
Minimum
Breaking
load t
MBL
t
Weight
in air
kg/m
347
402
460
516
582
652
725
801
880
915
995
1078
1165
425
475
575
625
680
740
844
950
1025
1110
1220
1310
1410
25
29
35
37.5
43.5
49
56
64
69
75
80
88
97
Submerged
weight
kg/m
20.5
24.5
29.5
31.5
36.5
41.5
47
54
58
63
67
74
81.5
Nominal
steel area
mm2
2835
3285
3950
4185
4925
5575
6050
6810
7760
8095
9025
9815
10650
Wire rope
147
148
G
D1
B
A
MBL t
428
430
431
433
440
445
450
650
820
1000
1200
1500
1700
1900
for wire
dia. mm
75 - 84
85 - 94
95 - 104
105 - 114
115 - 130
131 - 144
145 - 160
D1
360
400
425
500
580
625
700
375
410
450
500
570
630
700
150
175
205
230
260
300
325
350
380
400
500
600
680
725
150
170
200
210
225
240
275
1110
1250
1400
1570
1800
1940
2150
149
F
E
SWL t
6.3
10
14
17
20
28
40
40
45
50
60
60
75
80
90
100
115
160
225
270
320
for wire
dia. mm
20 - 22
24 - 27
27 - 30
31 - 36
37 - 39
40 - 42
43 - 48
49 - 53
49 - 54
54 - 59
55 - 60
60 - 65
61 - 68
69 - 75
76 - 80
81 - 86
87 - 93
94 - 102
122 - 130
140 - 155
158 - 167
type
101
114
127
139
152
165
190
195
216
215
228
235
248
279
305
330
356
381
500
580
675
90
103
116
130
155
171
198
225
224
235
247
245
270
286
298
311
330
356
475
550
600
33
36
39
43
51
54
55
54
62
58
73
62
79
76
83
102
102
108
120
150
175
24
28
32
38
41
44
51
56
57
62
63
68
73
79
86
92
99
108
138
160
175
47
57
63
70
79
82
89
100
96
110
108
120
140
159
171
184
197
216
260
300
325
92
104
114
127
136
146
171
190
193
210
216
230
241
273
292
311
330
362
515
510
600
38
44
51
57
63
70
76
90
82
100
92
110
102
124
133
146
159
178
210
250
300
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
150
D1
B
A
MBL t
338
340
344
346
350
370
380
650
820
1000
1200
1500
1700
1900
for wire
dia. mm
75 - 84
85 - 94
95 - 104
105 - 114
115 - 130
131 - 144
145 - 160
D1
375
410
425
500
580
625
700
298
320
343
500
580
625
700
296
340
362
440
580
625
680
140
152
178
200
250
280
300
159
171
191
200
220
230
250
1050
1170
1300
1570
1800
1940
2150
151
L2
K J K
C
D1
D1
B
L1
L1
A
SWL t
for wire
dia. mm
5
18 - 19
3
14 - 16
6.3 20 - 22
10
23 - 26
14
27 - 30
10
31 - 34
17
31 - 36
20
37 - 39
28
40 - 42
16
39 - 43
40
43 - 48
45
49 - 54
60
55 - 60
75
61 - 68
80
69 - 75
90
76 - 80
100
81 - 86
115
87 - 93
160
94 - 102
200 108 - 115
225 122 - 130
270 140 - 155
320 158 - 167
D1
89
115
101
114
127
190
139
152
165
220
190
216
228
248
279
305
330
356
381
460
500
580
675
76
62
89
101
114
114
127
162
165
142
178
228
250
273
279
286
298
318
343
480
500
500
600
80
70
90
120
130
127
144
160
176
157
200
216
236
264
276
284
296
340
362
440
560
600
650
21
18
24
28
32
36
38
41
44
45
51
57
63
73
79
86
92
99
108
125
138
160
175
35
28
41
51
57
50
63
70
76
63
89
95
108
121
127
133
140
152
178
190
250
275
290
38
36
44
51
57
60
63
76
76
74
89
101
113
127
133
146
159
171
191
208
210
230
250
16
16
19
22
25
32
28
30
33
38
39
46
53
60
73
76
79
83
89
101
120
140
175
L1
205
212
235
275
306
367.5
338
394
418
440.5
468
552
596
653
696
733
776
844
905
1160
1280
1380
1600
L2
type
70
68
82
95
107
124
119
136
142
150
167
193
219
247
279
298
317
337
369
410
450
510
600
C
A
C
C
C
A
C
C
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
F
E
152
D
CR-socket dimensions in mm
NO
MBL t
522
524
526
527
528
529
530
531
533
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
rope dia
mm
49 - 54
55 - 60
61 - 68
69 - 75
76 - 80
81 - 86
87 - 93
94 - 102
108 - 115
215
230
250
280
310
340
360
380
450
125
145
160
175
190
205
220
240
260
55
65
75
80
85
100
105
110
125
57
63
73
79
86
92
99
108
120
115
135
150
165
175
200
205
225
240
F
200
230
270
300
325
350
360
380
420
weight
kg
30
46
62
87
110
135
160
208
270
rewerwerwer
B
C
Y
Forged eye socket
Dimension
A
B
C
X
Y
Size
1.7 D
According to insulating tube thickness
1.4 D
According to wire rope diameter
According to wire rope diameter
153
Thimbles
154
F
E
K
D
C
A
366
440
454
B
606
746
844
C
277
352
352
D
480
608
660
E
195
248
300
F
166
191
226
K
85
105
118
weight kg
80
125
175
Thimbles
155
H2
H1
C
X
E D
F
B
G
Main dimensions tubular thimble dimensions in mm
For
wire dia.
12
15
18
21
24
27
H1
H2
521
625
727
829
930
1035
420
510
610
740
880
1020
260
312
368
415
465
517
194
194
219
219
273
273
144
144
169
169
201
201
130
150
175
200
225
250
20
25
30
30
30
30
130
158
183
206
229
260
140
168
194
219
245
273
10
40
40
40
40
40
weight
kg
50
80
140
180
260
380
Synthetic ropes
156
Material properties
Material
Construction
Specific gravity of core
Melting point
Range for use
UV resistance
Rot / mildew resistance
Cold water shrinkage
Water absorption fibres
Water adhesion
Approximate elongation at
first loading (broken- in
rope, dry and wet condition)
At 20% of MBL
At 50% of MBL
At break
Polyester
HMPE
3%
6%
12%
0.8%
2%
4%
Synthetic ropes
157
Polyester
HMPE
Circ.
inch
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
41/2
5
51/2
6
61/2
7
71/2
8
81/2
9
91/2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Diameter
mm
MBL
t
Weight
kg/m
Circ.
inch
Diameter
mm
MBL
t
Weight
kg/m
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
88
96
104
112
120
128
136
144
152
160
168
16
25
36
47
62
77
95
115
131
152
174
198
222
248
274
301
330
390
462
530
600
686
777
868
966
1066
1170
1280
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.7
4.5
5.1
6.1
7.0
7.9
8.9
10.0
11.2
12.4
13.9
15
17
191/2
201/2
22
23
241/2
251/2
261/2
120
137
156
166
176
186
199
205
213
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
9.5
13.0
15.8
17.3
19.4
21.7
23.8
26.3
28.3
Synthetic ropes
158
Recommended practise for handling fibre rope mooring lines before and during installation
Ropes should not be permanently installed around bollards or fairleads.
A minimum bending radius should be observed. The minimum bend radius (D/d) with very low line tensions should be larger than 6.
When unreeling the rope, maximum line tension should be observed, to
avoid pulling the rope into the underlying layer.
Torque or twist in the rope should be avoided.
Fibre ropes should not be run over surfaces which have sharp edges, grooves,
nicks or other abrasive features.
Care should be taken when applying shearing forces to the rope.
There should be no hot work such as welding in the vicinity of the rope.
Frictional heat from excessive slippage of the fibre rope over a capstan,
drum, etc. must be avoided.
Care should be taken that ropes do not get knotted or tangled.
Rope contact with sharp gritty materials should be avoided.
Abrasion or fouling of the mooring line with other anchoring equipment
such as anchor, steel wire rope, chain and connectors must be avoided.
Chasers should not be used on fibre ropes.
Shark jaw stoppers designed for use with steel wire rope or chain should not be
used for handling fibre ropes.
It should be avoided that the ropes undergo more than 1000 loadcycles
with a line tension smaller than 5% of the MBL.
Pre-deployed lines should not be left buoyed at the surface waiting connection to the platform, unless a minimum line tension of 5% (for polyester) of the MBL is maintained.
If the fibre rope is laid on the seabed, it must be protected against external abrasion and ingress of abrasive particles.
Mooring hawsers
159
Circ.
inch
Diameter
mm
Ndbs
t
Nwbs
t
weight
kg/m
Ndbs
t
Nwbs
t
weight
kg/m
Ndbs =
nwbs t
weight
kg/m
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
96
104
112
120
128
136
144
152
160
168
208
249
288
327
368
419
470
521
577
635
198
236
273
311
349
398
446
495
548
603
5.7
6.7
7.8
8.9
10.2
11.4
12.8
14.3
15.8
17.4
205
256
307
358
406
454
501
547
597
644
195
244
292
341
387
433
477
521
569
614
5.0
6.0
7.3
8.4
9.5
10.7
12.0
13.2
14.4
15.7
217
258
297
339
378
423
468
523
578
636
5.7
6.7
7.8
8.9
10.2
11.5
12.8
14.3
15.9
16.9
Specific gravity
Melting point
1.14
250C
1.14
215C
Approximate elongation at
first loading (brokenin rope, dry and wet
condition)
At 20% of MBL
At 50% of MBL
At break
Deltaflex 2000
16%
22%
>40%
19%
26%
33%
Deltaflex 2000
1.14
260C
Mooring hawsers
160
161
B
B
E
D
B
J-Chaser
VA 101
J-Lock Chaser
VA 115
A
C
F
E
D
B
D
B
162
101
102
106
107
108
110
111
112
115
210
213
214
215
proofload
t
weight
kg
2483
1657
1702
1886
1931
1867
1994
2210
2083
2073
1962
2318
2051
1829
1143
1168
1143
1168
1245
1245
1384
1486
1245
1099
1308
1168
991
991
1080
1067
1130
1130
1397
1203
1086
1397
1060
699
762
762
762
762
838
838
953
711
838
692
902
711
305
305
381
305
381
330
330
356
533
432
445
508
445
191
203
191
203
203
203
260
305
330
330
330
356
124
124
130
124
130
130
130
130
124
130
130
130
178
86
86
99
86
99
99
99
99
86
99
99
99
127
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
400
1882
1088
1451
1238
1656
1433
1742
2064
1778
1959
1846
2530
2495
163
Note: the VA115 is available in two versions: the VA 115/35 for 21/2 to 31/2
chain and the VA115/45 for 33/4 to 41/2 chain.
Restoration of worn chaser profiles
Worn profiles may be restored by application of a weld deposit. Care must
be taken to ensure a satisfactory bond between parent material and the
weld deposit and to avoid the generation of a brittle structure in the area
of repair.
The following procedure is recommended:
The area to be welded must be cleaned to a bright metal finish.
Prior to the commencement of welding, the parent material should be
pre-heated to 180-200 C and the pre-heat temperature is to be maintained
during welding.
The initial layer of weld deposit should be effected by a high nickel
electrode such as: Metrode C.I. softlow nickel N.I.O. 8C.2FE A.W.S.
No.A5.15.ENI-CL.
Subsequent layers of welding may be laid using a less noble electrode
such as: Metrode CI special cast Ni Fe FE.55.NI-1.3.C A.W.S.
No. A5.15.ENI.FE.CI.
Each successive layer of weld must be cleaned and hammered.
On completion of welding, the built-up zone and surrounding area
should be insulation wrapped to permit slow cooling.
Stevin Mk3
164
ed
d
an
m
iu
y
cla
la
tc
r
ve
f
so
y
cla
d
an
rd
ha
Stevin Mk3
165
penetration
oft
s
very
g in
dra
clay
lay
nd
in sa
drag
soft
ery
trat
e
pen
nv
on i
ium
pen
etra
pen
ion
t
etra
tion
ed
in m
a
in s
nd
clay
clay
c
ium
med
n
i
drag
anchor load
as % of
UHC
70
60
50
40
30
drag
% max
drag
48
37
27
18
9
penetration
as % max
penetration
80
68
55
42
23
Stevpris Mk5
166
rd
ha
y
cla
d
an y
nd cla
a
s
m
iu
ed
y
m
la
tc
f
so
ry
ve
Stevpris Mk5
167
penetration
clay
soft
ery
in v
g
a
r
d
drag
m
ediu
in sa
clay
hard
nd
nd a
clay
ay
ft cl
ry so
n ve
on i
ti
etra
pen
io
t
etra
pen
n
atio
etr
pen
ay
m cl
ediu
m
n in
in sa
nd
nd a
hard
clay
dra
m
g in
drag
% max
drag
48
37
27
18
9
penetration
as % max
penetration
80
68
55
42
23
Stevmanta VLA
168
600
1800
where,
UPC =
Nc =
Su =
A
=
500
1400
400
1200
1000
300
800
C
200
600
400
100
200
A
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
76 mm
121 mm
151 mm
Spiral strand
UPC = Nc *Su *A
1600
where,
D
= Stevmanta penetration depth [m]
k
= quotient Undrained Shear Strength clay [kPA] and depth
[m]
d
= mooring line or installation line diameter [m]
A
= Stevmanta fluke area [m2]