M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi
M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi
M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi
SE-505
Lecture # 3
Steel Structures
Torque
T, Twisting Moment
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion
In this case the various cross-sections along the length of the
member rotate relative to each other causing twist of the member.
Warping Torsion
The whole cross-sections do not rotate as a whole
Steel Structures
C
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section
(Pure Torsion)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd)
= total rotation of any
section w.r.t. the reference
point.
= change of angle per unit
length
= /L for linear increase
= d/dz in general
= radial distance up to any
point where stresses are to be
calculated.
= shear stress at any point
= shear strain at any point
Tr
C
L
dz
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd)
Shear stress due to pure torsion is always
perpendicular to the redial distance at that
point.
B' C'
=
dz
d
=
dz
d
=
dz
Reference
point
dz
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd)
dT = dA
= (G )dA
T = GJ
Q = G
= ( ) GdA
= GdA
2
GJ = torsional rigidity
J = Ix + Iy
Now
= G
T = Tr = GdA
T
= G
GJ
T = G 2 dA
T
=
J
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd)
max
Tr
=
J
Shear stress
due to torsion
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
(Experimental Method)
Soap Film Analogy
The volume between the bubble
and the original plane (by the
analogy of governing differential
equation) is proportional to the
total torque resistance (applied).
Steeper the slope of tangent at any
point greater will be the shear
stress.
SFA is more useful for noncircular
and irregular section for which
formulas are difficult to derive.
AIR
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
Soap Film Analogy (contd)
Tmax
At the
mid of
Longer
side
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
Soap Film Analogy (contd)
Soap Film
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
By Timoshenko
max
Tt
=
bt 3
Tt
=C
z
z
bt 3
C, Torsion constant =
3
depends on b/t ratio.
b/t 1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
bt 3
C=
3
Steel Structures
Plastic Torsion
Whole the section will yield in torsion, = y
Plastic analysis assumes uniform shear intensity all
around the surface and all around the cross section.
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy
Put sand on a plate having a shape same as that of cross section
(Circular, Rectangular, Irregular)
Slope of sand
heap is constant
everywhere as
= y
throughout
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy (contd)
Volume under the sand heap is proportional to the torque.
p max
Tt
=
3
p bt
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
A
D
ds
dz
A
t1
VDA
4
D
VAB
1
VBC
3
VDC
t2 C
2
1=2
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
V = Resultant shear force at a face
1 remains constant throughout the length
VAB = 1 t1 dz
VCD = 4 t 2 dz
= 0 VAB = VCD
To maintain equilibrium
1 t1 = 4 t 2
For equilibrium of infinitesimal element at corner B, 1 = 2
Similarly, at corner C, 3 = 4
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd)
1 t1 = 4 t 2
2 t1 = 3 t 2
Shear stress is more in the portion where thickness is less but x t
remains constant
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd)
t = q
(Shear flow)
qB = qC
In general shear flow is same throughout the cross section.
Torsional shear force acting on ds length of wall = q ds
Resisting moment of this force = r q ds
Integrating this differential resisting torque around the perimeter
gives the total resisting torque.
T = r q ds
P
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd)
T = q r ds
r ds
T = 2q
2
P
r
ds
T = 2q A o
Ao = Area enclosed by shear flow path
T = 2 t A o
T
=
2A o t
Steel Structures
Shear Center
Shear center is defined as the point in the cross-sectional plane of a
beam through which the transverse loads must pass so that the beam
bends without twisting.
In other words, loads applied through the shear center will cause no
torsional stresses to develop.
n
( t ) r ds
= 0
T = Pe
e is from Shear Center
S.C.
Steel Structures
Shear Center (contd)
r
T = ( t ) r ds = 0
0
ds
VQ
q=
I
(1)
I ytds I xy xtds
q=
2 y
I x I y I xy 0
0
Vy
Steel Structures
Shear Flow In Thin Walled Open Sections
Due to Applied Shear Force
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram
1. The shear flow in the part of element parallel
to the applied shear is always in a direction
opposite to this applied shear.
2. Shear flow due to direct shear occurs in one
direction through thin walls of open sections.
3. At junction of elements, incoming shear flow
is equal to outgoing shear flow.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd)
4. The value of shear flow is zero at free tips of
the element and more shear flow is generated
as more area is added.
5. Shear flow is assumed to be generated on one side of
the neutral axis and consumed/absorbed on the other
side.
6. Shear flow generated is proportional to the first
moment of the area added.
Steel Structures
7. Shear flow increases linearly for the elements
perpendicular to the load and parabolically for
the elements parallel to the load.
8. Shear flow is considered zero for elements which
have insignificant contribution in corresponding
I value.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd)
Applied Load
q3
q1
q2
q3 = q1 + q2
Steel Structures
General Rules For Locating Shear Center
1. Shear center always lie on axis of symmetry.
2. If two axes of symmetry exist for a section, S.C. will be
at the intersection of these two axis.
3. If the centerlines of all the elements of a section
intersect at a single point this is the shear center.
4. Shear center of Z section is at the centroid.
Shear Center
Shear Center
Steel Structures
Procedure to Locate Shear Center
1. To find horizontal location (ex) apply vertical load (V)
at ex from reference point.
2. Plot shear flow diagram due to applied load.
3. Find the internal shear force in each element.
4. Apply M = 0 at convenient location and find ex
5. Similarly apply horizontal load at a vertical distance
ey from reference point (say centroid) and repeat the
above procedure to calculate ey
6. The distances exand ey locate the shear center.
Steel Structures
Example:
Locate the Shear Center for the given channel section.
tf
d
tw
bf
h = d tf
b = bf
tw
2
Centerline Representation
Steel Structures
Solution
By symmetry about z-axis, the shear center must lie at
half the depth. Only horizontal location is to be found.
V
P
qP
ex
A
VQ
q=
I
qA
Steel Structures
Point A
Point P
h
Q = (b t f )
2
h
V
q A = (b t f )
Ix
2
V
qP = q A +
Ix
V
qP =
Ix
h
h
tw
2
4
h h2
bt f + t w
2 8
Steel Structures
Solution
Shear force in flange
1 V bt f h
Vf =
b
2 Ix
2
V
Vf =
Ix
b 2t f h
4
P
ex
2 V twh 2
V bt f h
Vw =
h +
h
2
3 Ix
8
Ix
V
Vw =
Ix
bt f h 2 t w h 3
+
2
12
Vf
Vw
Vf
Steel Structures
Solution
M P = 0
h
h
V ex V f V f = 0
2
2
V ex = V f h
Vf
P
ex
Vw
b
tf h
h V
ex =
4
V I x
b 2t f h 2
Positive means on the
ex =
assumed left side.
4I x
Vf
Steel Structures
Solution
N.A.
h
ey =
2
Vw
V
ey
Vf
P
Vw
Vf
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Sections
uf = lateral deflection of one of the
flanges
= twist angle at the selected section
y
uf
Vf
h
2
h
uf
2
(1)
Vf
h
2
tf
bf
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
The lateral curvature relationship of one flange alone is:
d uf
dz 2
Mf
EI f
(2)
If =
t f bf
12
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
dM f
dM
Vf =
V=
dz
dz
(3)
d 3u f
dz
Vf
EI f
V f = EI f
V f = EI f
(h 2)d 3
dz 3
(4)
d 3u f
dz 3
h d 3
V f = EI f
2 dz 3
(5)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Torsion resistance due to warping
Warping Constant
M w = Vf h
h2
Cw = I f
2
3
t f bf
h2
Cw =
12
2
I y h2
Cw =
2 2
h d 3
M w = EI f 3 h
2 dz
h 2 d 3
= EI f
3
2 dz
d 3
M w = ECw 3
dz
(6)
Cw =
I y h2
4
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Torsion resistance due to Pure torsion
d
M s = GJ
dz
OR
d
M s = GC
dz
For Non-Circular Section
Mz = Ms + Mw
d
d 3
M z = GC ECw 3
dz
dz
(8)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Dividing by -ECw
d 3 GJ d
Mz
=
3
dz
ECw dz
ECw
d 3
Mz
2 d
=
3
dz
dz
ECw
(9)
(10)
Non homogeneous differential equation
where
GC
=
ECw
2
GC
ECw
(11)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Total Solution
= h + P
= Total Solution
h = Homogeneous Solution
P = Particular Solution
Homogeneous Equation
3
d
2 d
=0
3
dz
dz
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Trial Function
h = Ae
mz
d
3 mz
= Am e
3
dz
3 mz
2
mz
Am e Ame = 0
Ae mz m3 2 m = 0
For non-trivial solution
A0
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
m3 2 m = 0
m(m 2 2 ) = 0
Possible Solutions: m = 0, m = + , m = -
Sum of all solutions is total homogeneous solution
h = A1e + A2 e
z
+ A3e
= A1e z + A2 e z + A3
We know
sinh ( x ) + cosh( x ) = e x
and
sinh ( x ) cosh( x ) = e x
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
h = A sinh ( z ) + B cosh( z ) + C
Homogeneous solution
(13)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Particular solution
Consider Mz to be constant or linearly varying along the length
Mz = f(z) [Constant or function of first degree]. p may assumed to
be a polynomial of degree up to 2, as twist due to pure torque is first
integral of moment.
Let
e.g.
P = f1 ( z )
(14)
f1 ( z ) = Dz 2 + Ez + F
Uniform torque
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
Try this particular integral in (10)
d f1 (z ) 2 df1 ( z )
1
=
f (z )
3
dz
dz
ECw
3
df1 ( z )
1
=
f (z )
dz
ECw
2
As
M z = f (z )
Boundary conditions
1- Torsionally Simply Supported
2
d
=0
=0
2
dz
d
0
dz
weld
Flanges can bend laterally
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
This is equivalent to deflection and moment made equal to zero for
simple support for bending. Change of twist d / dz may have any
value at the end.
Flange may displace at the end but web is held at its position.
2- Torsionally Fixed End
2
d
d
=0
=0
0
2
dz
dz
weld
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
After getting the value of constants and full solution for , the
stresses may be evaluated as follows:
where
Tr
s =
C
d
T = GC
dz
d
s = Gt
dz
(16)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
w =
( w )max. mag.
Vf Qf
Iftf
From (5)
bf bf
h d 3
EI f 3 t f
2 dz
2 4
=
Iftf
(w )max. mag.
b f h d 3
=E
16 dz 3
(16)
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
f bw =
(M )
f mag
= EI f
d 2u f
dz
If
(M )
f mag
(M )
f mag
( f bw )max
Mfx
h d 2 b f
EI f
2
2 dz
2
=
If
h d 2
= EI f
2 dz 2
C w d 2
=E
h dz 2
( f bw )max
hb f d 2
=E
4 dz 2
(fbw)max is at
the tips of
flange
Steel Structures
DESIGN AND ALLOWABLE
TORSION STRENGTHS
The design and allowable torsion strengths are below:
Design torsional strength in LRFD
= t T n
= Tn / t
= t = 0.9
= t = 1.67
Steel Structures
The nominal torsional strength (Tn) according to
the limit states of torsional yielding and torsional
buckling is:
Tn
= Fn C
torsion constant
for
Steel Structures
(D t) t
2
Steel Structures
Fn For Round HSS
Fn
= Fcr = larger of
1.23E
L D
D t
5/ 4
and
0.60 E
D
t
3/ 2
h
For
t
E
2.45
Fy
Fn
= Fcr = 0.6Fy
Steel Structures
ii)
iii)
For
E
2.45
<
Fy
Fn
= Fcr =
For
E
3.07
<
Fy
Fn
= Fcr =
h
E
3.07
t
Fy
E h
0.6 Fy 2.45
t
F
y
h
260
t
0.458 2 E
(h / t ) 2
Steel Structures
Fn For Other Sections
a)
b)
c)
= Fy
= 0.6Fy
= Fcr
Steel Structures
Example:
A W460 x 106 simply supported beam of span 7.5 m is subjected to
a concentrated load of 90kN at mid-span at an eccentricity of 50mm
from the plane of the web. The ends of the member are simply
supported with respect to torsional restrain. Develop the
expression for the angle and compute combined bending and
torsional stresses.
90kN
90kN
e = 50mm
W460 x 106
Steel Structures
Solution:
=0
T/2
T/2 d 2
dz
T/2
3.75 m
=0
3.75 m
Total Torsional
Resistance
T/2
Ms (Pure Torsion)
Mw (Warping Torsion)
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
f (z ) = T
1 T
0 (C 2 ) =
EC w 2
2
T = P e = 90 50
= 4500 kN mm
P = C1 + C 2 z = f1 ( z )
One order ahead
1
d 3 f1 ( z ) 2 df1 ( z )
=
f (z )
3
dz
dz
EC w
GJ
2
where
=
EC w
EC w
T 1
T
C2 =
=
2 EC w GJ
2GC
So, the particular solution is:
T
P = C1 +
z
2GC
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
The total solution is
T
= A sinh (z ) + B cosh ( z ) + C + C1 +
z
2GC
T
= A sinh (z ) + B cosh ( z ) +
z+C
2GC
Boundary Conditions
z = 0, = 0
z = 0,
(I)
d
=0
2
dz
(II)
L
z= ,
2
d
=0
dz
(III)
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
To apply the boundary condition first we have to take Ist and 2nd derivatives
d
T
= A cosh ( z ) + B sinh ( z ) +
dz
2GC
2
d
2
2
(
)
=
A
sinh
z
+
B
cosh ( z )
2
dz
d 3
3
3
(
)
=
A
cosh
z
+
B
sinh ( z )
3
dz
(I ) 0 = 0 + B + 0 + C
B+C = 0
(II) 0 = 0 + B 2 1
C=0
B=0
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
(III)
T
L
0 = A cosh + 0 +
2GC
2
T
1
A=
2GC cosh L
T
T
1
Sinh ( z ) +
z
=
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
2GC
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
sinh ( z )
T
z
=
2GC
cosh ( L 2 )
d
T cosh ( z )
=
dz 2GC cosh ( L 2 )
d
T cosh ( z )
1
=
dz 2GC cosh ( L 2 )
d 2
T sinh ( z )
=
2
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
dz
d 3 T 2 cosh ( z )
=
3
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
dz
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
W 460 x 106
Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3
Ix = 48, 700 x 104 mm4
C = J = 145 x 104 mm4
Cw = 12,62,119 x 106 mm6
1/ = 1501 mm
L = 7500 mm
h = d tf = 448.4 mm
tf = 20.6 mm
tw = 12.6 mm
bf = 194 mm
d = 469 mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
z
0
0.1L
0.2L
0.3L
0.4L
0.5L
z
0
0.5
0.999
1.499
1.999
2.498
E
2,00,000
G=
=
= 76,923MPa
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3)
Sinh(z)
0
0.521
1.174
2.127
3.623
6.038
Cosh(z)
1.000
1.128
1.542
2.350
3.759
6.120
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Pure Torsional Shear Stress
d
s = Gt
dz
Tt
cosh ( z )
1
=
2 J cosh ( L 2 )
4500 1000t
cosh ( z )
1
=
4
2 145 10 cosh (2.49 )
cosh ( z )
= 1.552t 1
6.120
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Maximum pure torsional shear stress is at the ends
cosh ( 0 )
(s )max . = 1.55t 1
6.120
z =0 ,L
(s )max . = 1.297t
z =0 ,L
(s )max . = 1.297t f
for flange
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Warping Shear Stress
In flanges
(w )max
Eb f h d 3
=
16 dz 3
2
Eb f h T 2 cosh ( z )
16
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
T b f h cosh ( z )
=
2C w 16
6.12
2
= 0.307 cosh ( z )
2 =
GC
EC w
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Along the length maximum value will occur at z=L/2
(w )max at midspan z = L/ 2
= 0.307 cosh
2
= 1.88MPa
(w ) at ends z =0 = 0.31MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Normal Warping Stress
( f bw )max
( f bw )max
Eb f h d 2
=
4 dz 2
Eb f h T sinh ( z )
=
4
2GC
6.12
( f bw )max
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Maximum Normal Stress due to Ordinary Flexure
M PL 4
fb =
=
Sx
Sx
90 ,000 7500 4
=
2080 10 3
f b = 81.13MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Shear Stress due to Ordinary Bending
VQ
=
Ib
At the N.A.:
448.4
427.8 427.8
45000194 20.6
+ 12.6
2
2
4
=
48,700 10 4 12.6
= 8.68 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
At face of Web:
With in flange at edge of web
VQ
=
Ib
448.4
194 12.6
45000
20.6
2
2
=
48,700 10 4 12.6
= 1.88 MPa
= 1.88 MPa
Steel Structures
Summary of Stresses
Type of Stress
Normal Stress
z Vertical Bending, fb
z Torsional Bending, fbw
Support
Mid Span
0
0
81.13
57.69
Sum = 138.82 MPa < 0.9 x 250 = 225
MPa O.K.
16.34
8.68
Sum = 25.02 MPa
< 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK
0
8.68
Sum = 8.68 MPa
< 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK
26.72
0.31
1.88
Sum = 28.91 MPa
< 135 MPa
0
1.88
1.88
Sum = 3.76 MPa < 135 MPa,
O.k.
OK
Results: Beam is safe in flexure, torsion and shear at all the sections
Steel Structures
Analogy Between Warping Torsion and Lateral
Bending
PH
T
h
PH
PHx h = T
PH = T/h
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Table 12.2. Values of Factor for Equivalent Lateral Bending Analogy of Torsion.
Type of Torque
Torsional End
Conditions
Location of
Concentrated
Torque
Positive Mf Factor
at Load Point or
0.5L in case of UDL
Point torque
Negative Mf Factor
at z = 0
Negative Mf Factor
at z = L
Simple
z = 0.5L
1.08
0.186(L)
+ 0.0099(L)2
Point torque
Simple
z = 0.3L
1.065
0.133(L)
+ 0.00569(L)2
Point torque
Fixed
z = 0.5L
1.024
0.0475(L)
0.00405(L)2
1.055
0.0799(L)
+ 0.0012(L)2
1.055
0.0799(L)
+ 0.0012(L)2
Point torque
Fixed
z = 0.3L
1.017
0.0261(L)
0.00371(L)2
1.046
0.062(L)
+ 0.000333(L)2
1.059
0.0858(L)
+ 0.00197(L)2
Uniformly
Distributed
Simple
Uniformly
Distributed
Fixed
1.029
0.0498(L)
0.00126(L)2
1.029
0.0498(L)
0.00126(L)2
1.096
0.228(L)
+ 0.0128(L)2
Steel Structures
Analogy For Torsion (contd)
PH
f bw
PH/2
T t
vs =
C
Mf
2M f
=
=
Sy / 2
Sy
PH/2
vw =
Vf Qf
Iftf
Vf=PH/2
PHL/4 =VfL/2
L
M f = V f
2
Correction factor
Steel Structures
Example:
Select a W section for a beam to carry 9kN/m dead load including the self
weight, and a live load of 24 kN/m. The load is applied at an eccentricity
of 175mm from center of web. The simply supported span is 8.0 m.
Assume that ends of beam are simply supported for torsion.
Solution:
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 9 + 1.6 24
= 49.2 kN / m
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
wu = 49.2 kN / m
175 mm
8.0 m
mu
mu L
2
Torque diagram
mu L
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
49.2 8.0 2
M ux =
= 393.60 kN m
8
175
mu = 49.2
= 8.61 kN m / m
1000
d min
Let
Assume
L 8000
=
=
= 364mm
22
22
h 364mm
L = 3.0
Initial assumption
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
z = 0.5L, a = 0.5
wH L2
Mf =
8
2
mu L
=
h 8
mu
wH =
h
8.61 8.0
= 96.51 kN m
M f = 0.51
0.364 8
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
(S x )req
M ux 2 M f (S x S y )
=
+
b Fy
b Fy
Approximate value
(S x )req
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Where high torsional strength is required, W360 sections are preferable
because these usually give less stresses due to torsional warping.
Trial Section
W 360 x 237
Check conditions of
compact section
bf = 395 mm
bf/2tf = 6.5
tf = 30.2 mm
h/tw = 13.7
tw = 18.9 mm
d = 380 mm
1/ = 1735 mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Assuming that Lb Lp, no problem of LTB
1
L =
8000 = 4.61
1735
h 8
8.0 2
1
= 0.309 8.61
= 60.85kN m
8 0.3498
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Normal Bending Stress At Mid-span
M ux 2M f
f un =
+
Sx
Sy
393.60 106 2 60.85 106
=
+
3
4160 10
1580 103
= 171.64 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Shear Stress
w =
Vf Qf
Iftf
mu
8.611000
Vf =
= 0.309
= 7606 N
h
0.3498
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Qf =
If =
bf
Iy
2
t f
bf
4
= 15550 10 4 mm 4
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Web Shear Stress (end section):
(
w L 2) Q
=
At N.A.
I x tw
htf
h
Q = b f t f + t w
2
htf
4
(
49.2 8.0 2) 1000 2328 103
=
79100 10 4 18.9
= 30.65MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Pure Torsion (end section):
T tw
s =
C
mu L
T=
= 34.44 kN mm
2
34.44 106 18.9
s =
= 79.00 MPa
4
824 10
Warping shear stress in the web = vw = 0
Total web shear stress at end section = v + vs + vw
= 30.65 + 79.00 + 0 = 109.65MPa
Steel Structures
Flange Shear Stress (end section):
(
w L 2) Q
=
I x tw
bf
2
t f
bf
4
= 8.59MPa
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion (end section):
T tw
s =
C
Including small
mu L
warping
T=
= 34.44 kN mm
contribution in the
2
same formula
6
34.44 10 30.2
s =
= 113.62 MPa
4
824 10
Total shear stress at end section
= v + vs + vw
Steel Structures
Concluded