Historical Development Profession of Pharmacy and Pharmacutical Industry
Historical Development Profession of Pharmacy and Pharmacutical Industry
Historical Development Profession of Pharmacy and Pharmacutical Industry
PROFESSION OF PHARMACY
AND PHARMACUTICAL
INDUSTRY
Ancient Origins
Pharmacy comes from the Greek word pharmakon,
meaning drug
Scientific approach to medicine began with the
ancient Greeks
Hippocrates
Proposed that disease came from natural, not
supernatural causes
Established the theory of humors
(blood,
phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
Galen
Conducted animal experiments
Produced a systematic classification of drugs for treatment
of disease
Galenical pharmacy described the process of creating
extracts of active medicinals from plants
Diascorides
First century A.D.
De Materia Medica (standard text on drugs for 1500
years)
Dr. John Morgan
Eighteenth Century
Supported the separation of the professions of
pharmacy and medicine
Pharmacist
The profession of pharmacy exists to safeguard
the health of the public
The pharmacist is one who is licensed to
prepare and dispense medications, counsel
patients, and monitor outcomes pursuant to a
prescription
from
a
licensed
health
professional
Traditional Era
Early twentieth century
Formulation and dispensing of drugs from
natural sources
Pharmacognosy
The study of the medicinal properties of natural
products of animal, plant, and mineral origins
Galenical pharmacy
Techniques for preparing medications
Scientific Era
Began after World War II
Emergence of the pharmaceutical industry
Drugs made in factories, not apothecary shop
Clinical Era
1975: Millis Report, Pharmacists for the Future
New educational emphasis on clinical (patientoriented) pharmacy
Pharmacokinetics
the activity of a drug within the body over a period of
time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination
Pathophysiology
the study of disease and illnesses affecting the normal
function of the body
Pharmaceutical-Care Era
1990: Hepler and Strand defined
Pharmaceutical care
a philosophy that expanded the pharmacists role to
include appropriate medication use to achieve positive
outcomes with prescribed drug therapy
includes
Monitoring response to therapy
Educating patients and dispensing prescriptions
Pharmaceutical industry
The roots of the pharmaceutical industry lie
back with the apothecaries and pharmacies that
offered traditional remedies.
Originating as a pharmacy founded in
Darmstadt in 1668, it was in 1827 that
Heinrich Emanuel Merck began the transition
towards an industrial and scientific concern, by
manufacturing and selling alkaloids.
The First Hospital Pharmacy in Colonial America (circa 17551756). John Morgan
(1735 1789), is shown here at the Pennsylvania Hospital as staff apothecary. Morgan
subsequently obtained a medical degree and served as physician-in-chief for the
Continental Army in 1776, while advocating the importance of the separation of the
practice of pharmacy from the practice of medicine.
The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs (circa 1830). The first U.S. industry in medicinal
herbs was established by the United Society of Shakers. Commencing cultivating herbs
in 1820, the Shakers of Mount Lebanon, N.Y., gained wide recognition in the 1850s by
compressing powdered herbs into bricks as shown here. The business was purchased
by the Tilden Company in 1893.
The Standardization of Pharmaceuticals (circa 1883). Parke-Davis was one of the first
American firms to produce standardized pharmaceuticals. At work on the left is Albert
B. Lyons (18411926), founding secretary of the APhA Scientific Section, who
developed assay procedures permitting Parke-Davis in 1883 to introduce for the first
time chemically assayed fluid extracts.