Bk3 LESSONS1 5view
Bk3 LESSONS1 5view
Bk3 LESSONS1 5view
English
as a Second Language
by
Richard R. Lane, Ph.D.
Illustrations
by
Leon Samoilovich
Book 3
1
The worlds most efficacious ESL series is given freely to all students and teachers of English by-
Lane Press
P.O. Box 17822
Stanford, CA 94305
USA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Forward
Lesson 1 - Europe and Asia.................................................................................................1
for a second, etc./in a second, etc.
so, all (complete), as...as...
to take (requires)
by (not later than),
to have: a) possessions, b) people, c) food/drink, d) must
every - some - any - no
persons with "er" and "or"
to make/to want
Lesson 2 - The European Discovery of the New World.................................................23
to take: a) + noun, b) to personalize things, c) take place, d) required,
e) + preposition, f) take to, g) take in, h) take part in
more, maybe
to make: a) + noun b) + adjective, c) + verb
comparative and superlative
to give/to get
Lesson 3 - Colonies in North America..............................................................................45
to get: a) give, b) + noun, c) + adjective, d) + preposition
word order of direct and indirect objectives
much - much more - much too
metaphoric word use
adjectives formed with "y"
right + (time or place)
over: a) under, b) = end
to like/to know
Lesson 4 - The American Revolution...............................................................................67
by (instrument), though, as (role), would like
to go for a drive, ride, run, swim, walk
come to ...
objective case
I know the way...
questions and exclamations,
nouns as adjectives,
uses of prepositions: on, in,
to see/to do
Lesson 5 - The American Government.............................................................................89
to do: a) negative, b) question, c) repeated actions, d) emphasis, e) in place of
a known verb, difference between to make and to do,
well (adverb),
adjectives with "ful" and "less,"
uses of prepositions: into, at, about, through, by, over
to think/to say
APPENDIX........................................................................................................................111
Review of verbs: to be, to have, to go, to come, to put, to take, to give,
to get, to do, to make, to think, to say, to see, to know, to like, to want.
Prepositions and their expansions.
FOREWORD
The English language is now closer to being the world's second language than any other since the
dominance of Latin in Western civilization. Today, English is the official or first language of 23 nations with
a combined population of about 500,000,000. In addition, it is a co-official or widely used second language
in another 25 nations with more than 900,000,000. The best estimates are that 50,000,000 primary school
students and 75,000,000 secondary school students are currently studying English as a second language.
To this can be added millions more who are studying English at the adult and college/university levels.
China alone is said to have more people (500,000,000) studying English than the combined populations of
the UK (61,000,000). the USA (305,000,000), and Canada (33,000,000) among whom 75%-80% claim
English as their mother tongue. As a student of English, you have a lot of company. You are part of a truly
global enterprise.
The fact that English is a key to many doorstechnology, science, business, politics, cultureaccounts in
large measure for its present attractiveness. To any list of causes that might be offered for this widespread
use, we should keep in mind that in sharp contrast to those who have made a near fetish out of their
languages, native speakers of English have not fixed it within any standard, except intelligibility. The
absence of any high authority to decide what is and what is not "English" has given the language a
relatively unfettered line of development which is probably more dynamic today than ever before. English
has never echoed to any call for "purity." Because it is not afraid of being corrupted and has such a high
tolerance for new words and expressions, regardless of their origins, English is able to adapt to local
conditions with ease.
There have been many well-intentioned efforts directed at the needs of English learners. The traditional
approaches were entirely grammar based. These were later supplemented by frequency word counts.
Then came the communicative approach, which spawned audio-lingual methods seeking to teach the living
language. A more recent development along this line has been Survival English.
Looking at these approaches in terms of progress in the language against time and effort expended, the
criteria of efficacy, we see that each is found seriously wanting. The grammatical approach to English was
nothing more than an extension of the traditional teaching of Greek and Latin. Students had a very difficult
time going from their passive knowledge to an active use of the language. Desiring to eliminate such
useless sentences as "Lightning has struck my carriage," textbook writers turned to word counts only to
discover that students needed a relatively large vocabulary before much of consequence could be said.
Though the word count approach strengthened reading and writing abilities, it did little to get students to
speak. Thus the door was opened for the communicative approach which demanded students be taught
the spoken language in daily situations. But, if we were to teach what students are likely to hear, we would
begin with a number of "four-letter" words and then graduate to "I ain't gonna" and "He done it." Since this
is unacceptable to most people, teachers and material developers have concentrated on getting and giving
information in a number of different situations: the post office, the bus stop, the doctor's office, job
interview, etc. Unfortunately, natural conversations in these various situations require a rather extensive
vocabulary and command of sophisticated grammatical structures as well as a plethora of idioms. Much of
this material seems designed to keep the teacher's interest, rather than approach the problem of language
acquisition from the student's perspective. The communicative approach can not be faulted for its goal.
The problem lies with its lack of any apparent criteria for introducing vocabulary and structures. Beginning
students do not need ten ways to say "Hello."
In my own search for an alternative to these approaches to English, I have been attracted by various ideas
of simplification, particularly those of C. K. Ogden, the developer of BASIC English. I see simplification as
principally a controlled and ordered approach to the language. There is no doubt in my mind that more than
80% of the English language conforms to certain rules and patterns and if students can begin to see this
underlying structure or logic, they can experience the joy of communication and gather the momentum to
carry them through the rough, illogical parts.
Lane's English as a Second Language is different because it offers the learner a step-by-step, cumulative
approach that unlocks the logic of English. It consciously excludes idiomatic word usage until the learner is
prepared to deal with it. By eliminating the capricious and/or arbitrary elements of English, the Lane
approach presents the learner with a system, a reasonable, logical linguistic system that can be explained,
and therefore understood and mastered. This approach is specifically designed for the learner who wants
to know why and the teacher who sees English as more than an inexhaustible jumble of words and
expressions best acquired with mother's milk.
The total vocabulary of Lane's English as a Second Language is about 1200 words. By limiting the
vocabulary, one of the major obstacles to learning Englishits non-phonetic spellingis skirted. With
approximately 200 words to be learned in each book, students need not be burdened with spelling rules
and their numerous exceptions. More than half of the words are only one syllable long, so they are easily
mastered by speakers of languages that are not cognate to English.
The 1200 words were selected on the basis of usefulness, not frequency. The choice was made in
accordance with the linguistic tendency toward general and away from specific uses. This allows the
vocabulary to be manipulated at various levels of sophistication. In the presentation of this vocabulary, the
approach is first to establish the primary meaning of each word and then to expand its usage in a
systematic manner. With this expanded usage the 1200 words actually give a learner a level of
expressability many times greater. This may be seen graphically as follows (in regard to body parts):
1. BASIC MEANING:
2. Compound words:
3. Expanded usage:
4. Metaphoric:
5. Set phrases.
6. Idioms (a):
7. Idioms (b):
8. Sayings:
This is a hand.
This is a shoulder bone.
I am the head of my family.
She has a big heart.
We came face-to-face with a problem.
The walls have ears.
He put his foot in his mouth.
His eyes were bigger than his stomach.
One of the primary advantages of this system is the development of a mind-set that causes learners to
form their thoughts directly in English, rather than to think in their native languages and merely plug in
English words. This is accomplished by concentrating on 12 verbs and 31 prepositions, which in
combination give about 4,000 verb ideas. For instance, we are quite comfortable saying: I put my hand in
my pocket; I put my money in the bank; I put $1000 in a company; I put my heart in my work; I put a new
sink in the kitchen; I put my ideas in English. The typical student, however, is more likely to express these
same ideas with the discrete verbs: insert, deposit, invest, concentrate, install and translate. The
economy of time and effort in learning put in vs. six different verbs is obvious. What is not so obvious is
the methodology that will enable the learner to manipulate verbs and prepositions like a native-speaker.
This is achieved through the logical, controlled, sequential presentation of material. The approach of this
text takes phrasal or two-word verbs out of the idiomatic category by showing an inner logic to their use.
When the learner once grasps this inner-logic, he has a hard time going back to his native language to find
equivalents and soon gives up the attempt. He thus makes the quantum leap to thinking in English.
There is no attempt to limit students to the vocabulary of this series. In fact, I assume that learners will
develop their own vocabularies according to individual needs and interests. I want to point out, however,
that the 1200 words of the system represent a common core that all learners need to know and control.
This stress on commonality is a conscious effort to counter the pernicious efforts of those pendants who for
their own reasons want to emphasize and exaggerate the differences between American and British
English. Imparting this common core is the first duty of all teachers.
A very important and unique feature of this system is that it gives learners a complete system of
communication. It is not an exaggeration to say that almost any thought or action can find expression
within its 1200 words. The required specificity for even very technical or specialized fields may be had with
the addition of only 60 to 100 words from a particular field. For students who wish to go on to university
level studies, this series provides an excellent basis to study for entrance examinations, especially the
TOEFL.
The efficacy of this approach to English is beyond doubt. It offers students, regardless of their objectives,
an extremely high rate of progress in relation to the time and effort they put into their studies. Because time
is our most precious commodity, I offer this series to students and teachers around the world.
Richard Lane
EUROPE
and
ASIA
_______________
cook
_______________
gift
_______________
pot
_______________
wood
_______________
pan
_______________
fire
_______________
computer
_______________
____________
system
____________
cover
The cook put a cover on the pot and put the fire down.
_____________________________________________________________
____________
experience
____________
dance
____________
vacation
____________
example
____________
interest in
____________
trip
____________
life
____________
story
____________
writing
____________
reading
____________
information
Do you have any new information about her trip to New York?
_____________________________________________________________
____________
sport
____________
art
____________
at war
____________
at peace
____________
empire
____________
silk
____________
spice
____________
business
____________
meeting
When the business meeting came to an end, I was tired, dead tired.
_____________________________________________________________
____________
company
____________
price
____________
customer
____________
for sale
____________
profit
____________
loss
____________
fall
____________
agreement
____________
choice
____________
decision
____________
manager
____________
rest
____________
great
____________
normal
____________
strange
____________
rich
____________
poor
____________
fast
____________
slow
____________
quite
____________
safe
____________
a lot of
____________
as...as...
____________
to want
____________
to make
for a week
for a month
for a year
Natalie:
Christine:
Natalie:
Christine:
Philip:
Theodore:
Philip:
Theodore:
Jessica:
Ashley:
Jessica:
Ashley:
Andrew:
Richard:
Andrew:
Richard:
How long does it take for light to come from the sun?
It takes 8 1/2 minutes for light to come from the sun.
How long does it take for the world to go round the sun?
It takes 365 1/4 days for the world to go round the sun.
Mrs. Clinton:
Mrs. Bush:
Mrs. Clinton:
Mrs. Bush:
10
in a week
in a month
in a year
Nathaniel:
Susan:
Nathaniel:
Susan:
Martha:
John:
Martha:
John:
Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:
all may give the idea of complete. We can put all before both nouns and adjectives.
1. The price of this light green blouse is high because it is all silk.
2. We had an all vegetable dinner on Sunday evening.
3. That all wood house is for sale.
4. We were sorry that we had rain all day.
5. They will be in the United States of America all summer. Right?
6. She was one of the great dancers of all time.
7. Why are your shoes all wet?
8. The children's faces were all dirty after their ice cream.
9. I won't be worried because the children'll be all safe in their beds.
10. You will be all ready to go tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock. Right?
by
by may have the meaning of "not later than."
Anthony:
Mary:
Anthony:
Mary:
Henry:
George:
Henry:
George:
Mrs. Washington:
Mrs. Lincoln:
Mrs. Washington:
Mrs. Lincoln:
11
TO HAVE
A. have is used with all things to show possession.
James:
Paul:
James:
Paul:
Katherine:
David:
Katherine:
David:
Elizabeth:
Andrew:
Elizabeth:
Andrew:
Ashley:
Susan:
Ashley:
Susan:
Thomas:
Helen:
Thomas:
Helen:
12
EVERY
SOME+
ANY-,?
NO
everything
everybody
everyone
everywhere
every time
something
somebody
someone
somewhere
sometime
anything
anybody
anyone
anywhere
anytime
nothing
nobody
no one
no where
no time
Ruth:
Matthew:
Ruth:
Matthew:
Eugene:
Walter:
Eugene:
Walter:
Where is everyone?
Everyone, but I, went to Hawaii for a two week vacation.
That's terrible! Is everything okay?
Yes, everything is okay for now. Tomorrow may be a different story.
a lot of = many/much
a lot of may take the place of many and much everywhere but in questions.
Ann:
Mary:
Ann:
Mary:
William:
Arthur:
William:
Arthur:
How much silk does this kind of long evening dress take?
It takes a lot of silk and so it will be very expensive.
How many meetings did you have with him before you came to an agreement?
We had a lot of meetings before we came to an agreement.
Alexandra:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Nicholas:
13
Very often we put "er" or "or" at the end of a word to show a person or thing: teacher, shower,
computer, doctor, neighbor.
work
farm
bank
dance
garden
report
love
own
question
start
time
part
law
war
empire
building
reading
writing
juice
open
stop
direction
worker
farmer
banker
dancer
gardener
reporter
lover
owner
questioner
starter
timer
partner
lawyer
warrior
emperor
builder
reader
writer
juicer
opener
stopper
director
14
15
PRESENT
make always gives the idea of creation, production. Something new comes into existence.
to make (+)
I make
you make
he makes
she makes
it makes
we make
you make
they make
to make (-)
I do not make
you do not make
he does not make
she does not make
it does not make
we do not make
you do not make
they do not make
to make (+?)
do I make?
do you make?
does he make?
does she make?
does it make?
to make (-?)
don't I make?
don't you make?
doesn't he make?
doesn't she make?
doesn't it make?
do we make?
do you make?
do they make?
don't we make?
don't you make?
don't they make?
to want (+)
I wantwe want
you want
he wants
she wants
it wants
to want (-)
we do not want
you do not want
he does not want
she does not want
it does not want
I do not want
you want
they want
to want (+?)
do I want?
do you want?
does he want?
does she want?
does it want?
to want (-?)
don't I want?
don't you want?
doesn't he want?
doesn't she want?
doesn't it want?
do we want?
do you want?
do they want?
don't we want?
don't you want?
don't they want?
16
A BUSINESSMAN
John is a very busy businessman. He is up at
6:30 every morning, Monday through
Saturday. He has breakfast with his wife, Ann,
and then goes to work by car. The distance
from his home to his work is only about 10
miles. The trip takes about 20 minutes. His
bookstore is open from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. every
day, but Sunday. He has ten good workers.
Two of his saleswomen come only in the
afternoon, so they are part-time workers.
17
18
19
PAST
to make (+)
I made
you made
he made
she made
it made
we made
you made
they made
to make (-)
I did not make
you did not make
he did not make
she did not make
it did not make
to make (+?)
did I make?
did you make?
did he make?
did she make?
did it make?
to make (-?)
didn't I make?
didn't you make?
didn't he make?
didn't she make?
didn't it make?
did we make?
did you make?
did they make?
didn't we make?
didn't you make?
didn't they make?
to want (+)
I wanted
you wanted
he wanted
she wanted
it wanted
to want (-)
I didn't want
you didn't want
he didn't want
she didn't want
it didn't want
we wanted
you wanted
they wanted
we didn't want
you didn't want
they didn't want
to want (+?)
did I want?
did you want?
did he want?
did she want?
did it want?
to want (-?)
didn't I want?
didn't you want?
didn't he want?
didn't she want?
didn't it want?
did we want?
did you want?
did they want?
didn't we want?
didn't you want?
didn't they want?
20
21
22
23
FUTURE
to make (+)
I will make
you will make
he will make
she will make
it will make
we will make
you will make
they will make
to make (-)
I will not make
you will not make
he will not make
she will not make
it will not make
to make (+?)
will I make?
will you make?
will he make?
will she make?
will it make?
to make (-?)
won't I make?
won't you make?
won't he make?
won't she make?
won't it make?
will we make?
will you make?
will they make?
won't we make?
won't you make?
won't they make?
to want (+)
I will want
you will want
he will want
she will want
it will want
to want (-)
I will not want
you will not want
he will not want
she will not want
it will not want
we will want
you will want
they will want
to want (+?)
will I want?
will you want?
will he want?
will she want?
will it want?
to want (-?)
won't I want?
won't you want?
won't he want?
won't she want?
won't it want?
will we want?
will you want?
will they want?
won't we want?
won't you want?
won't they want?
24
25
26
she will take the juice out of the pan and then
put it back over the top of the meat with a big
kitchen spoon.
In an hour and 15 minutes, after she takes
their skins off, Mary will put some new
potatoes together with a few onions, in the
pan, round the meat. Mary's oven has a
special kind of kitchen clock, an oven timer,
and so, in 45 minutes, when the potatoes are
ready, a little red light will come on and the
oven will go off.*** Everything will be ready to
put on the table at the same time.
When they are through with dinner, Mary,
David and their friends, the Pierces, will go
into the living room and take their seats by the
fireplace where there will be a big, but safe
fire. David wants to have Mr. Pierce's ideas
about two new pieces of art that he came
across on sale not long ago.
Next, Mary will put her oven on. If she has any
problem or question about the meat, she can
always take a look in one of her many different
cookbooks. Before the oven is hot enough,
Mary will take the meat out of the icebox and
take off the paper, which is round it. Then she
will put it under the water for a minute or two
to be sure that it is clean. When it is all dry,
Mary will put some salt, pepper and a few
spices all over** the outside of the meat. Next,
she will put the meat in a special meat pan
and the pan inside the oven. From time to
time, she will take a look at it. Now and then,
* put on off: I put the radio on. She put the radio off.
the baby's face. There were broken plates all over the
floor.
27
everything
everywhere
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
nothing
no where
everybody
every time
nobody
no time
Everybody
great
light
important
normal
rich
strange
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
weak
dark
important
strong
special
28
easy
poor
EUROPE
and
the NEW
WOLRD
29
king
_______________
wave
_______________
queen
_______________
swim
_______________
nurse
_______________
run
_______________
____________
mistake
____________
attention
____________
medicine
____________
pain
____________
pleasure
____________
equipment
____________
accident
____________
cut
____________
bandage
____________
feeling
____________
help
____________
injury
____________
condition
____________
ray
____________
emergency
____________
control
____________
prescription
____________
discovery
____________
health
____________
temperature
____________
degree
30
____________
sea
____________
beach
____________
sand
____________
harbor
____________
burn
____________
danger
____________
appointment
____________
disease
____________
shot
____________
operation
____________
infection
____________
favorite
____________
serious
____________
sick
____________
well sick
____________
economic
____________
political
____________
military
____________
religious
____________
physical
____________
real
____________
more
____________
less more
____________
most
____________
least most
____________
than
____________
to give
____________
to get
31
TO TAKE
A. take + NOUN
Helen:
Walter:
Helen:
Walter:
Henry:
Lisa:
Henry:
Lisa:
B. take + NOUN is often used to personalize things (to make things our own).
1. Please take a seat.
2. May I take your picture?
3. Who will take control if we have a real emergency?
4. My friend and I took a run along the beach.
5. May I take a look at your work?
6. It is normal for a woman to take her husband's family name after they are married.
7. How did she take the bad news about her uncle's heart operation?
8. After his swim, John took a ten minute rest.
9. I want to take a trip across North America by bus.
Peter:
Paul:
Peter:
Paul:
32
E. take + PREPOSITION
1. I took the dirty bandage off, before I put a clean one on.
2. She is not strong enough to put the child on the horse, but she can take him off.
3. John puts his money in the bank and his wife takes it out.
4. After my helper took the old sink out of the kitchen, I put a new one in.
5. The bad boy took a page out of our English book with his pocket knife.
6. A policeman took the knife away from the boy.
7. You took the words out of my mouth.
8. This Chinese medicine will take all your muscle pain away.
9. Okay, you took your new French bicycle apart, but can you put it back together?
Nicholas:
Martha:
Nicholas:
Martha:
Why did you take your new silk dress back to the store?
I took it back to the store because it was the wrong size.
What should we take to John's party?
Why don't we take a bottle of his favorite red wine?
How many people took part in the discovery of the new medicine?
Only ten people took part in its discovery.
Who will take part in the religious meeting?
I'm not quite sure, but two of our close friends will be among those who take part.
Christine:
Eugene:
Christine:
Eugene:
33
more
We use more with both people and things (NOUNS).
Ashley:
John:
Ashley:
John:
I have the feeling that there are more people here today than yesterday.
You are right. There must be at least 20 more people here today than yesterday.
Are any more nurses or any more equipment necessary for the emergency room?
Yes, please. Both more nurses and equipment are necessary.
Katherine:
Richard:
Katherine:
Richard:
Ann:
Arthur:
Ann:
Arthur:
William:
Anthony:
William:
Anthony:
Mr. Tyler:
Mr. Kennedy:
Mr. Tyler:
Mr. Kennedy:
Who had more mistakes on her physical geography test, Mary or Diana?
Without question, Mary had a lot more mistakes on her test paper.
Who has more control, Dr. Harrison or Dr. Taft?
Without question, Dr. Taft has a lot more control than before.
Mrs. Roosevelt:
Mrs. Nixon:
Mrs. Roosevelt:
Mrs. Nixon:
Are you sure that Mr. Grant took his heart medicine today?
Yes, I am sure that he took more than enough of his heart medicine.
Does Mrs. Cleveland have enough help with her housework?
She has more than enough help, because both of her daughters are at home.
Maybe
1. He may be at the doctor's office.
2. There may be a real infection.
3. Everyone may be at the harbor already.
4. She may have some sand in her eye.
5. The dog may have some kind of disease.
34
TO MAKE
A. make + NOUN shows creation/production (something new)
1. Wind makes waves.
2. That factory makes hospital equipment.
3. We made a big fire on the beach.
4. She will make a honey spice cake.
5. How much profit did the company make last year?
6. I want to make an appointment for Friday.
7. It was a difficult choice to make.
8. Columbus' discovery of America made history.
9. The accident made news.
10. Make three cuts on both the left and right sides and one through the middle.
11. Who made the first computer and when?
12. She has to make another business trip to New York next week.
13. Can you make us some tea?
14. You can make a bandage out of a clean shirt or blouse.
15. You can make newspaper into a hat.
B. make + ADJECTIVE shows a new or changed condition.
1. Rain makes everything wet.
2. The smell of the car makes me sick.
3. The waves made us afraid.
4. The film made her sad.
5. The disease made him weak.
6. The war made some people rich.
7. The new equipment will make our work easy.
8. The fire will make the water hot.
9. This medicine will make you well.
10. Make the room clean.
11. Make the room dark.
12. Make the map big.
13. Don't make me angry!
14. Don't make the lights too bright.
15. Don't make your clothes so dirty.
C. make + VERB shows force.
1. The wife makes her husband go to work.
2. The mother makes her children have a hot breakfast every morning.
3. She made me put on a clean shirt.
4. He made me come to school.
5. The dog made us have an accident.
6. Helen makes us want to be real swimmers.
7. Make him take his medicine.
8. Make him take his wet boots off, before he comes in the house.
9. Make the children be good.
10. I will make them take part in the work.
11. I will make him take you to the train station.
12. I will make her take another picture of us.
13. Don't make the birds go away.
14. Don't make me make another mistake.
15. Don't make me make you all wet.
35
3, 4, 5...
sweet
clean
strong
rich
safe
high
new
sick
fast
great
dark
few
slow
easy
dirty
heavy
lucky
far
good
bad
sweeter than
cleaner than
stronger than
richer than
safer than
higher than
newer than
sicker than
faster than
greater than
darker than
fewer than
slower than
easier than
dirtier than
heavier than
luckier than
farther than
better than
worse than
the sweetest
the cleanest
the strongest
the richest
the safest
the highest
the newest
the sickest
the fastest
the greatest
the darkest
the fewest
the slowest
the easiest
the dirtiest
the heaviest
the luckiest
the farthest
the best
the worst
serious*
important
difficult
beautiful
interesting
very clean
very big
very good
very bad
very delicious
very necessary
* If the adjective is long (three or more syllables), we put more/most and less/least with it.
36
COMPARATIVE
James:
Theodore:
James:
Theodore:
Why are there fewer swimmers at the beach today than yesterday?
There are fewer swimmers today, because the weather is colder than yesterday.
Who is older, you or your brother?
I am older than he.*
Elizabeth:
Matthew:
Elizabeth:
Matthew:
Thomas:
Alexandra:
Thomas:
Alexandra:
Dr. Taylor:
Ruth:
Dr. Taylor:
Ruth:
Mrs. Truman:
Mrs. Hoover:
Mrs. Truman:
Mrs. Hoover:
SUPERLATIVE
Dr. Hayes:
Jessica:
Dr. Hayes:
Jessica:
Nathaniel:
Andrew:
Nathaniel:
Andrew:
Susan:
Charles:
Susan:
Charles:
Among all the boys, who had the fewest mistakes on the test?
Philip had the fewest mistakes on his mathematics test.
Where should we take the people with the most serious injuries?
You should take the people with the most serious injuries to the emergency room.
Edward:
Richard:
Edward:
Richard:
Mrs. Grant:
Mrs. Coolidge:
Mrs. Grant:
Mrs. Coolidge:
* In formal English use I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they after "than."
37
PRESENT
to give (+)
I give
you give
he gives
she gives
it gives
we give
you give
they give
to give (-)
I do not give
you do not give
he does not give
she does not give
it does not give
we do not give
you do not give
they do not give
to give (+?)
do I give?
do you give?
does he give?
does she give?
does it give?
to give (-?)
don't I give?
don't you give?
doesn't he give?
doesn't she give?
doesn't it give?
do we give?
do you give?
do they give?
don't we give?
don't you give?
don't they give?
to get(+)
I get
you get
he gets
she gets
it gets
to get(-)
I do not get
you do not get
he does not get
she does not get
it does not get
we get
you get
they get
we do not get
you do not get
they do not get
to get(+?)
do I get?
do you get?
does he get?
does she get?
does it get?
to get(-?)
don't I get?
don't you get?
doesn't he get?
doesn't she get?
doesn't it get?
do we get?
do you get?
do they get?
don't we get?
don't you get?
don't they get?
38
NURSES
problems: cuts, burns, broken bones and so
on. She has very strong feelings about her
work and the kind of emergency attention
people should get.
39
40
41
PAST
to give (+)
I gave
you gave
he gave
she gave
it gave
we gave
you gave
they gave
to give (-)
I did not give
you did not give
he did not give
she did not give
it did not give
to give (+?)
did I give?
did you give?
did he give?
did she give?
did it give?
to give (-?)
didn't I give?
didn't you give?
didn't he give?
didn't she give?
didn't it give?
did we give?
did you give?
did they give?
didn't we give?
didn't you give?
didn't they give?
to get (+)
I got
you got
he got
she got
it got
to get (-)
I did not get
you did not get
he did not get
she did not get
it did not get
we got
you got
they got
to get (+?)
did I get?
did you get?
did he get?
did she get?
did it get?
to get (-?)
didn't I get?
didn't you get?
didn't he get?
didn't she get?
didn't it get?
did we get?
did you get?
did they get?
didn't we get?
didn't you get?
didn't they get?
42
43
44
45
FUTURE
to give (+)
I will give
you will give
he will give
she will give
it will give
to give (-)
I will not give
you will not give
he will not give
she will not give
it will not give
we will give
you will give
they will give
to give (+?)
will I give?
will you give?
will he give?
will she give?
will it give?
to give (-?)
won't I give?
won't you give?
won't he give?
won't she give?
won't it give?
will we give?
will you give?
will they give?
won't we give?
won't you give?
won't they give?
to get (+)
I will get
you will get
he will get
she will get
it will get
to get (-)
I will not get
you will not get
he will not get
she will not get
it will not get
we will get
you will get
they will get
to get (+?)
will I get?
will you get?
will he get?
will she get?
will it get?
to get (-?)
won't I get?
won't you get?
won't he get?
won't she get?
won't it get?
we will get?
will you get?
will they get?
won't we get?
won't you get?
won't they get?
46
47
48
49
go
make
give
get
come
cleaner than
the cleanest
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
50
NORTH
AMERICAN
COLONIES
51
_______________
percent
_______________
ticket
_______________
area
_______________
check
_______________
center
_______________
machine
_______________
line
_______________
____________
copy
____________
monument
____________
service
____________
order
____________
purchase
____________
care of
____________
industry
____________
plan
____________
card
____________
hope
____________
success
____________
change
____________
group
____________
use
____________
credit
____________
town
____________
colony
____________
way
____________
payment
____________
organization
____________
development
52
____________
support
____________
army
____________
navy
____________
force
____________
call
____________
flight
____________
reservation
____________
government
____________
president
____________
under attack
____________
contact with
____________
trade
____________
wait
____________
free
____________
responsible
____________
direct
____________
medical
____________
in general
____________
common
____________
full
____________
empty
____________
warm
____________
cool
____________
straight
____________
international
____________
even
____________
to like
____________
to know
How much support does the queen have among the workers?
_____________________________________________________________
When did you go into the army?
_____________________________________________________________
Maybe the navy will give all its support to the army.
_____________________________________________________________
How many airplanes does the air force have?
_____________________________________________________________
I want to make a telephone call to Tokyo.
_____________________________________________________________
What time is your next flight to Boston?
_____________________________________________________________
I want to make a reservation for flight #865.
_____________________________________________________________
She is a strong supporter of the government.
_____________________________________________________________
The president is the head of the American government.
_____________________________________________________________
The city was under attack before sunup.
_____________________________________________________________
Why does she still have contact with him?
_____________________________________________________________
There is a lot of trade between the US and Canada.
_____________________________________________________________
She was angry because she had a half hour wait.
_____________________________________________________________
You are free and may go where and when you want.
_____________________________________________________________
Who in the government is responsible for science and industry?
_____________________________________________________________
There are direct flights from London to New York four times a day.
_____________________________________________________________
He is a medical student, not a doctor.
_____________________________________________________________
In general, flight reservations are easy to make.
_____________________________________________________________
It is a common medical problem.
_____________________________________________________________
The truck was full of vegetables direct from the field.
_____________________________________________________________
Why is your glass empty? Have another bottle of beer.
_____________________________________________________________
A baby's bath water should be warm, not hot.
_____________________________________________________________
The weather was cool, so I put my sweater on.
_____________________________________________________________
Go straight along this street to the next corner, then left.
_____________________________________________________________
You have an international call on line 5, Mr. President.
_____________________________________________________________
She makes all her own clothes,
_____________________________________________________________
People like the new stone monument.
_____________________________________________________________
I want to know all about you.
_____________________________________________________________
53
TO GET
A. get ( give) + NOUN shows goes from one person to another.
Elizabeth:
Victoria:
Elizabeth:
Victoria:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
Susan:
Henry:
Susan:
Henry :
B. get + NOUN may also have the meaning of "go, take and come back with."
Helen:
Philip:
Helen:
Philip:
Will you get me some vegetable oil when you go to the market?
Sure, I'll be happy to get you everything you want, if you give me the money.
Will you get some honey also?
It'll be a pleasure to get you some honey, Honey! But my pockets are empty!
Paul:
Ruth:
Paul:
Ruth:
There is a bottle of beer in the icebox. Will you get it for me?
Do you want me to get the cheese also?
Yes, that's a good idea! And get some bread also. Okay?
Okay, okay! I'll get the beer, bread and cheese for you, when I'm ready.
David:
Jessica:
David:
Jessica:
This man got a broken leg from his fall off the roof.
I'll get a doctor.
Yes! And get some bandages also.
Okay, I'll get a box of clean bandages for his injuries.
Nicholas:
Katherine:
Nicholas:
Katherine:
Please get ready and be sure to take a warm coat, because it's already cool outside.
I'll get ready, but who'll get the kitchen clean?
I'll get it clean, but you get busy now! We don't want to be late again!
What a change! This is the first time in history you don't get angry about kitchen work.
Mr. Eisenhower:
Mrs. Monroe:
Mr. Eisenhower:
Mrs. Monroe:
Does the study of English get easier or more difficult with time?
Without question, English gets easier, much easier with time.
Do you get worried, if your husband is late for dinner?
Yes, if he doesn't give me a call, so I know where he is, I get very worried.
54
D. get + PREPOSITION only the preposition is important. get does not have a meaning of its own in such
sentences, so the preposition determines the meaning.
1. The man gets up at 6:30.
2. The man gets out of his house at 7:15.
3. The man gets in his car at 7:18.
4. The man gets to his work at 7:45.
5. The man gets through his work at 5:00.
6. The man gets back to his house at 5:50.
7. The boy got up in the high tree.
8. The boy got down out of the high tree.
9. The boy got up on the roof.
10. The boy got down off the roof.
11. The boy got away from the angry dogs.
12. The boy got together with his best friends.
13. The woman will get down on her knees.
14. The woman will get up off her knees.
15. The woman will get down in the water.
16. The woman will get up out of the water.
17. The woman will get back from the mountains tomorrow.
18. The woman will get out from under the control of the government.
19. Get your hands up!
20. Get your head down!
22. Get your feet together!
21. Get your back against the wall!
23. Get your eyes on your own paper!
24. Get your fingers out of the cake!
Very often get is used in place of another verb of action to show difficulty.
EASY
DIFFICULT
55
to give/to get
In sentences with give/get the normal order of direct object and indirect object is often changed.
1. I give a lot of care to the dog.
2. She gives music lessons to children.
3. I gave my flight reservation to Lisa.
4. He gave the use of his car to John.
5. They will give their support to us.
6. Please give a call to me.
7. Give good service to them.
56
It is very important for every student to see that there are two levels of thinking: The concrete and the metaphoric.
With our words we make pictures in either the world of things or the world of ideas.
The World of Things: Concrete
57
ADJECTIVES
Many adjectives have "y" at the end.
busy
sorry
ready
angry
hungry
easy
dirty
heavy
empty
lucky
We can make many nouns into adjectives by putting "y" at the end.
storm
rain
wind
cloud
snow
sun
star
fog
fun
salt
water
blood
sand
health
smell
oil
sleep
ice
hair
box
cream
glass
juice
silk
spice
stormy
rainy
windy
cloudy
snowy
sunny
starry
foggy
funny
salty
watery
bloody
sandy
healthy
smelly
oily
sleepy
icy
hairy
boxy
creamy
glassy
juicy
silky
spicy
58
right + (time/place)
right means exactly at the indicated time or place.
Alexandra:
Anthony:
Alexandra:
Anthony:
Richard:
Ashley:
Richard:
Ashley:
Theodore:
Nathaniel:
Theodore:
Nathaniel:
When did Thomas give you the news of his latest success?
He gave me the happy news right before class.
When did he go to his friend's apartment?
He went right after he got a call from Jessica.
Henry:
George:
Henry:
George:
Natalie:
Susan:
Natalie:
Susan:
over
over ( under) may have the meaning of up.
Mrs. Madison:
Mrs. Lincoln:
Mrs. Madison:
Mrs. Lincoln:
Mr. Ford:
Mr. Adams:
Mr. Ford:
Mr: Adams:
Mr. Roosevelt:
Mr. Eisenhower:
Mr. Roosevelt:
Mr. Eisenhower:
59
PRESENT
to like (+)
I like
you like
he likes
she likes
it likes
we like
you like
they like
to like (-)
I do not like
you do not like
he does not like
she does not like
it does not like
we do not like
you do not like
they do not like
to like (+?)
do I like?
do you like?
does he like?
does she like?
does it like?
to like (-?)
don't I like?
don't you like?
doesn't he like?
doesn't she like?
doesn't it like?
do we like?
do you like?
do they like?
don't we like?
don't you like?
don't they like?
to know (+)
I know
you know
he knows
she knows
it knows
to know (-)
I do not know
you do not know
he does not know
she does not know
it does not know
we know
you know
they know
we do not know
you do not know
they do not know
to know (+?)
do I know?
do you know?
does he know?
does she know?
does it know?
to know (-?)
don't I know?
don't you know?
doesn't he know?
doesn't she know?
doesn't it know?
do we know?
do you know?
do they know?
don't we know?
don't you know?
don't they know?
60
61
62
63
PAST
to like(+)
I liked
you liked
he liked
she liked
it liked
to like (-)
I did not like
you did not like
he did not like
she did not like
it did not like
we liked
you liked
they liked
to like (+?)
did I like?
did you like?
did he like?
did she like?
did it like?
to like (-?)
didn't I like?
didn't you like?
didn't he like?
didn't she like?
didn't it like?
did we like?
did you like?
did they like?
didn't we like?
didn't you like?
didn't they like?
to know (+)
I knew
you knew
he knew
she knew
it knew
to know (-)
I did not know
you did not know
he did not know
she did not know
it did not know
we knew
you knew
they knew
to know (+?)
did I know?
did you know?
did he know?
did she know?
did it know?
to know (-?)
didn't I know?
didn't you know?
didn't he know?
didn't she know?
didn't it know?
did we know?
did you know?
did they know?
didn't we know?
didn't you know?
didn't they know?
64
65
66
67
FUTURE
to like (+)
I will like
you will like
he will like
she will like
it will like
to like (-)
I will not like
you will not like
he will not like
she will not like
it will not like
we will like
you will like
they will like
to like (+?)
will I like?
will you like?
will he like?
will she like?
will it like?
to like (-?)
won't I like?
won't you like?
won't he like?
won't she like?
won't it like?
will we like?
will you like?
will they like?
won't we like?
won't you like?
won't they like?
to know (+)
I will know
you will know
he will know
she will know
it will know
to know (-)
I will not know
you will not know
he will not know
she will not know
it will not know
we will know
you will know
they will know
to know (+?)
will I know?
will you know?
will he know?
will she know?
will it know?
to know (-?)
won't I know?
won't you know?
won't he know?
won't she know?
won't it know?
will we know?
will you know?
will they know?
68
won't we know?
won't you know?
won't they know?
69
70
** get in: Our train should get in at 4:45. What time will
flight 354 get in?
71
you
I gave _
_ my life.
He gave ______________________ feeling.
She gave _____________________ a bath.
We gave __________________ much help.
Mary gave __________________ medicine.
It gives _________________________ pain.
They give ___________________ pleasure.
Do you give __________________ support?
Did he give _________________ attention?
Will you give ______________ an answer?
out
off
over
up
under away
down
through
together
to
in
order
free
out of
copy
weak
to
call
check
rich
down
postcard
worried
on
1. I got a _
_ from my best friend yesterday.
2. Did you get my _______________ from Paris?
3. Every month he gets a __________ for more than $3,000.
4. She got _________ from both her mother and father.
5. Did you get your ______________of his new book?
6. The company got an _____________ for more than $1,000,000.
7. In springtime the days get ______________.
8. After the sun goes down, it always gets _____________.
9. How did the dog get ______________?
10. Because he is very lucky, he may get ______________ very soon.
11. Without good food a person's body will get _______________.
12. She gets _______________ if I am more than half an hour late.
13. I don't know how he got that big machine ________________ the door.
14. I don't know how he got ______________ the theater without a ticket.
15. I don't know how he got ______________ the flight without a reservation.
16. I don't know how he got ______________ from the roof of that building.
17. I don't know how he got ______________ the president.
18. I don't know how he got ______________ town without a car.
72
support
cool
in
The
American
Revolution
73
_______________
list
_______________
mosquito
_______________
earth
_______________
fly
_______________
pipe
_______________
wing
_______________
pump
_______________
step
_______________
well
_______________
____________
present
____________
past
____________
future
____________
drive
____________
ride
____________
job
____________
dish
____________
turn
____________
sign
____________
tax
____________
insect
____________
bite
____________
study
____________
growth
____________
talk
____________
pressure
____________
chemical
____________
gold
____________
silver
74
____________
training
____________
plant
____________
enemy
____________
effect
____________
action
____________
nature
____________
defense
____________
revolution
____________
understanding
____________
noise
____________
surprise
____________
reason for
____________
meaning
____________
process
____________
secret
____________
policy
____________
simple
____________
complex
____________
chief
____________
quiet
____________
loud
____________
sudden
____________
wild
____________
dependent
____________
though
____________
would like
____________
to do
____________
to see
75
by
by may show the person or instrument through which something is done.
Nathaniel:
Christine:
Nathaniel:
Christine:
Ashley:
Theodore:
Ashley:
Theodore:
Henry:
George:
Henry:
George:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
I like to go for a run early in the morning, before it gets too hot.
Early morning runs are not for me. I like to take my time after I get up.
You and I are so different. We have very little in common.
Yes, you like the outdoors and I like the indoors. But different isn't the same as bad!
Martha:
Susan:
Martha:
Susan:
Mrs. Cleveland:
Mrs. Reagan:
Mrs. Cleveland:
Mrs. Reagan:
76
come to ...
come to (+ verb) shows a process or a change.
Matthew:
Mary:
Matthew:
Mary:
How did Mr. Johnson come to be the owner of his own business?
He was lucky. He was the right person, in the right place, at the right time.
How did he come to have an interest in law?
His father was a lawyer, so he also became one.
Andrew:
Helen:
Andrew:
Helen:
How did Mary come to have so much money all the time?
Her father was a very rich man, so he gave her everything she wanted.
How did he come to be so rich?
His grandfather made the family's real money.
Natalie:
Katherine:
Natalie:
Katherine:
How did you come to have this great interest in plants, animals and insects?
I like nature very much and they are part of nature.
How did you come to know so much about plants, animals and insects?
If one has an interest in a subject, one comes to know a lot about it.
Richard:
David:
Richard:
David:
Elizabeth:
Edward:
Elizabeth:
Edward:
How did the enemy forces come to take the city in so short a time?
They had more and better equipment than the defenders.
How did the revolution come to take place?
The policy-makers made one terrible mistake after another.
Mrs. Clinton:
Mrs. Garfield:
Mrs. Clinton:
Mrs. Garfield:
Mr. Nixon:
Mr. Kennedy:
Mr. Nixon:
Mr. Kennedy:
us
you
them
77
way
way is used to get from point A to point B, so it can be used in place of how.
I know how....
as
as may be used to show role.
1. She was very good as a teacher.
2. As a part-time job, it was okay.
3. I came to you as an old friend.
4. They were worried as new parents.
5. It was a success as an economic revolution.
6. As a gift, you can't go wrong with gold.
7. I can not take his empty talk as a serious call to action.
8. As president, he made a defense agreement with our one-time enemies.
9. She made the decision as the head of the hospital.
10. The government wanted to make use of the school as a military training center.
11. The special service that they got, they took as normal.
12. He was nothing as a doctor, but as a lover he was out of this world!
would like
would like is the polite way to say want in the present.
1. I want a simple gold ring for my birthday.
2. She wants a better job.
3. He wants a list of our policy changes.
4. We want a bottle of good, red wine.
5. They want seats on the next flight to London.
6. Do you want an appointment on Thursday?
7. Do you want us to know all the new words?
8. I want you to make a left turn at the next corner.
9. I want to know more about his past.
10. She wants to be an eye doctor.
11. He wants to make a change in the process.
12. We want to go for a nature walk with you.
13. They want to come to our next party.
14. Do you want to have lunch together?
15. Do you want to take your coat off?
78
QUESTIONS
EXCLAMATIONS
Who is she?
Who she is!
That's who she is!
I know who she is.
What is it?
What it is!
That's what it is!
I know what it is.
When was he here?
When he was here!
That's when he was here!
I know when he was here.
Where was the sign?
Where the sign was!
That's where the sign was!
I know where the sign was.
Why is the music so loud?
Why the music is so loud!
That's why the music is so loud!
I know why the music is so loud.
ADJECTIVES
Nouns used as adjectives are normally singular.
1. There are many vegetables in this soup.
2. This is a group of students.
3. This factory makes chemicals.
4. The apartment has two bedrooms.
5. The trip will be 200 miles.
6. He is 25 years old.
7. The call is $.50 (cents).
8. That house is $200,000 (dollars).
9. The pipe is 2 meters across.
10. The well goes down 5000 feet (1524 meters).
11. My vacation was for 3 weeks.
12. There are 250 pages in that book.
79
on off
SURFACE: When on has reference to a surface, the opposite is off.
1. He put a bag of silver on the table.
2. Mary put her computer on the shelf.
3. John put his name on the business agreement.
4. Did you put a picture on the wall?
5. She put the buttons on her evening dress.
6. He put a new sign on the side of the building.
7. Put new heels on my shoes.
8. The government put a tax on oil.
9. They have their Sunday shoes on.
10. The leaves are on the tree.
11. She got up on the horse.
12. He got down on his knees.
13. How much salt did he put on his meat?
14. There is a price on every piece of equipment.
15. The enemy was on the beach.
80
in out of
PLACE: When in has reference to a three dimensional enclosure the opposite is out of.
1. The airplane is in our area.
2. The piece of silver is in his pocket.
3. We put our money in the bank.
4. She put the film in the box.
5. They put the animals in the barn.
6. She put something in his drink.
7. He put a new sink in the kitchen.
8. The doctor put blood in my arm.
9. I put information in my computer.
10. He put a bucket down in the well.
11. They got up in the tall tree.
81
PRESENT
to see (+)
I see
you see
he sees
she sees
it sees
we see
you see
they see
to see (-)
I do not see
you do not see
he does not see
she does not see
it does not see
we do not see
you do not see
they do not see
to see (+?)
do I see?
do you see?
does he see?
does she see?
does it see?
to see (-?)
don't I see?
don't you see?
doesn't he see?
doesn't she see?
doesn't it see?
do we see?
do you see?
do they see?
don't we see?
don't you see?
don't they see?
do is used to indicate a general, repetitive action that is clear from the general situation. Do not confuse
this with make used to indicate creation or the bringing into existence of something new.
to do (+)
I do
you do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do
to do (-)
I do not do
you do not do
he does not do
she does not do
it does not do
we do not do
you do not do
they do not do
to do (+?)
do I do?
do you do?
does he do?
does she do?
does it do?
to do (-?)
don't I do?
don't you do?
doesn't he do?
doesn't she do?
doesn't it do?
do we do?
do you do?
do they do?
don't we do?
don't you do?
don't they do?
82
A STUDENT'S STUDY
At present, Katherine is a second year
student at the University of Florida. She has
her own little apartment, in a nice quiet area,
only about a five minute bicycle ride from the
university. She does all her own house work,
for example, the carpets, the dishes, her
clothes and even the bed clothes. It is easy for
her to know what she has to do every day
because she makes a list and puts it on the
icebox door.
83
84
85
PAST
to see (+)
I saw
you saw
he saw
she saw
it saw
we saw
you saw
they saw
to see (-)
I did not see
you did not see
he did not see
she did not see
it did not see
to see (+?)
did I see?
did you see?
did he see?
did she see?
did it see?
to see (-?)
didn't I see?
didn't you see?
didn't he see?
didn't she see?
didn't it see?
did we see?
did you see?
did they see?
didn't we see?
didn't you see?
didn't they see?
to do (+)
I did
you did
he did
she did
it did
to do (-)
I did not do
you did not do
he did not do
she did not do
it did not do
we did
you did
they did
we did not do
you did not do
they did not do
to do (+?)
did I do?
did you do?
did he do?
did she do?
did it do?
to do (-?)
didn't I do?
didn't you do?
didn't he do?
didn't she do?
didn't it do?
did we do?
did you do?
did they do?
didn't we do?
didn't you do?
didn't they do?
86
87
88
* get back at: After many years, I got back at him for all
the terrible things he did to me. It may be a part of our
nature to want to get back at those who do us wrong.
** give up The war was over when the enemy gave up.
I know he will give up when he sees how strong we are.
89
FUTURE
to see (+)
I will see
you will see
he will see
she will see
it will see
to see (-)
I will not see
you will not see
he will not see
she will not see
it will not see
we will see
you will see
they will see
to see (+?)
will I see?
will you see?
will he see?
will she see?
will it see?
to see (-?)
won't I see?
won't you see?
won't he see?
won't she see?
won't it see?
will we see?
will you see?
will they see?
won't we see?
won't you see?
won't they see?
to do (+)
I will do
you will do
he will do
she will do
it will do
to do (-)
I will not do
you will not do
he will not do
she will not do
it will not do
we will do
you will do
they will do
we will not do
you will not do
they will not do
to do (+?)
will I do?
will you do?
will he do?
will she do?
will it do?
to do (-?)
won't I do?
won't you do?
won't he do?
won't she do?
won't it do?
will we do?
will you do?
will they do?
won't we do?
won't you do?
won't they do?
90
91
92
93
insect_
To be
to see
give
to go
take
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
to do
wants
to be
to get
are
to have
put
to know
come
1.
or not
, that is the question.
2. I have ____________ to the training center before 6:00
3. I want ____________ your first and last name.
4. He is too sick ___________ to the doctor without my help.
5. He knows how ____________ many things.
6. She would like ______________ dinner with him this weekend.
7. She doesn't want ______________ him again.
8. Who ___________ you?
9. Where do you ____________ from?
10. He ____________ a big mistake when he didn't go into the air force.
11. She knows what she ____________ and she will get it.
12. Please ___________ me a call tomorrow morning.
13. If we __________ our heads together, I'm sure we can come up with the right answer.
14. ___________ all the time you want, but don't make any mistakes.
94
.
.
.
.
.
!
!
!
!
!
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The
American
Government
95
_______________
square
_______________
officer
_______________
poison
_______________
gun
_______________
camera
_______________
____________
uniform
____________
shock
____________
member
____________
battle
____________
education
____________
space
____________
program
____________
court
____________
argument
____________
explosion
____________
heat
____________
technology
____________
relation
____________
constitution
____________
museum
____________
right
____________
division
____________
fight
____________
opinion
____________
limit
96
____________
damage
____________
fact
____________
representative
____________
lead
____________
visit
____________
republic
____________
monarchy
____________
democracy
____________
level
____________
power
____________
election
____________
vote
____________
nuclear
____________
basic
____________
national
____________
separate
____________
natural
____________
wide
____________
narrow
____________
complete
____________
private
____________
public
____________
executive
____________
legislative
____________
judicial
____________
well
____________
to think
____________
to say
97
TO DO
A. do is used to make the negative form of verbs.
1. I do not have enough facts to make a good decision.
2. He does not see the level of power that she has.
3. She does not like his judicial opinions.
4. We did not know the way to the National Museum of Space Technology.
6. You did not go to the nuclear power station yesterday.
5. They did not want to know about the outcome of the election, because it has no meaning for them.
B. do is used to make questions.
1. Do you have any insect poison?
Don't you have any insect poison?
2. Does she want more heat?
Doesn't she want more heat?
3. Did you see him take my computer program?
Didn't you see him take my computer program?
4. Who do you know in Paris?
5. What do they want to see at the National Museum of Art?
6. Why did he put his old officer's uniform on?
C. do is a verb showing general or daily actions.
Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Andrew:
Nathaniel:
Andrew:
Nathaniel:
98
The verbs to make and to do are very different. To make gives the idea of creation, production. It is used
to show something new comes into existence. To do gives the idea of a general, often repeated, noncreative action which is clear from the other words in the sentence.
1. After she made the poison, what did she do with it?
2. After the lawyer made his argument, what did he do?
3. After we made him our representative, he did a lot of work for us.
4. After I made the decision, the rest was easy to do.
My mother makes our clothes.
The shoemaker makes shoes.
The factory makes both pots and pans.
They made a nice floor in the house.
My grandmother made this rug.
My grandfather made our dining table.
They want to make a special window.
They know how to make cheese.
They make paper out of wood.
He makes a lot of work for his mother.
The young man made a beautiful gold ring for his girlfriend.
Did Mr. Jefferson make a lot of money as a wine trader?
I want to know your opinion. Who made the world?
Do you know what company makes underwater cameras?
Without question, the Germans make the best beer.
Why not make a big dinner for our friends this weekend?
They make their own butter and sour cream at the farm.
They want to make a spaceship, but they don't know how.
There was some new information in the study that they made about bees.
If you don't want war, you have to make peace right now!
He wants to make a revolution, but not right now. It's too hot today.
The president is the executive decision maker in the American government.
You made a delicious dinner, so I will do the dishes.
My mother made this shirt and I do it when it gets dirty.
Rome wasn't made in a day! When in Rome do as the Romans!
99
Well
Ashley:
Natalie:
Ashley:
Natalie:
Mr. Clinton:
Mrs. Bush:
Mr. Clinton:
Mrs. Bush:
I see that you know how to take good pictures with that old camera.
I can do okay, but not as well as I would like.
How did your visit to Spain go?
It went very well. We had so much fun, we want to go again!
Dr. Kennedy:
Ms. Harding:
Dr. Kennedy:
Ms. Harding:
That was a good question and you put it very well in court today. You're a natural lawyer.
Thank you, but next time, I will do even better. You can be sure!
How well did your political party do in the last election?
It did quite well. We got over half the votes. Not too bad for a new group!
ADJECTIVES
Many adjectives can be made from nouns by adding "ful" or "less" at the end.
1. A party full of color is a colorful party.
2. A night full of rest is a restful night.
3. A sign full of hope is a hopeful sign.
4. A machine full of use is a useful machine.
5. A nurse full of care is a careful nurse.
6. An injury full of pain is a painful injury.
7. An afternoon full of peace is a peaceful afternoon.
8. An idea full of help is a helpful idea.
9. People full of success are successful people.
10. Actions full of meaning are meaningful actions.
1. The opposite of a colorful party is a colorless one.
2. The opposite of a restful night is a restless one.
3. The opposite of a hopeful sign is a hopeless one.
4. The opposite of a useful machine is a useless one.
5. The opposite of a careful nurse is a careless one.
6. A problem with no end is an endless problem.
7. A body with no life is a lifeless body.
8. A revolution with no blood is a bloodless revolution.
9. A nation with no law is a lawless nation.
10. A winter with no snow is a snowless winter.
+
colorful
restful
hopeful
useful
careful
tasteful
thankful
powerful
meaningful
colorless
restless
hopeless
useless
careless
tasteless
thankless
powerless
meaningless
100
into
MOVEMENT: "into" shows movement, not place.
1. She went into the museum at 10:10.
She came out of the museum at 12:27.
2. The officer came into the classroom.
The officer went out of the classroom.
3. When did he go into the navy?
When did he get out of the navy?
4. After the explosion no one could go into the area.
5. The man went into shock a short time after he had a heart attack.
6. The boys went into the water without any clothes on.
SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS
1. He went into the army when he was 18 years old.
2. The army went into action.
3. The law will go into effect on January 1.
at
POINT: at may show a point of time.
1. The bus will be here at 9:30.
2. The explosion took place at 5:45.
3. They went into the court room at 10:00.
4. Who was president at that time?
5. I went to bed at midnight.
6. We had lunch at noon.
PLACE: at may show a "geographic" or focal point.
1. My book is at the corner of the table.
2. Who is at the door?
3. The party will be at my house.
4. His hands are at his sides.
5. The dog came at me with its mouth open.
6. Did you take a look at the price of that computer?
at may also be used when the action is more important than the place.
1. I was at work all day.
2. The children were at school until 4 o'clock.
3. We were at the theater yesterday?
4. He was at Oxford University for four years.
SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS
1. The officers may be at breakfast/lunch/dinner when you come.
2. I was at a loss for words.
3. I know that at one time he was in England, but I'm not sure where he is at present.
4. He came home late at night.
5. Nathaniel is good at football.
6. Elizabeth is not too good at higher mathematics.
7. There were at most 50 people in the area.
8. He never goes anywhere without at least $10 pocket money.
9. The USA was at war in Europe from December 1941 until May 1945.
10. When will the nations of the world be at peace?
11. At first, I did not see her.
12. Help came at last!
101
about
CONCERNING
1. This book is about English.
2. That film was about political problems in the Republic of South Africa.
3. I know all about you, my sweet.
4. They had an all-night argument about the different meanings of democracy.
5. Does he know anything about the political history of French monarchy?
APPROXIMATELY: more or less.
1. The seaman is about 25 years old.
2. The air force officer was about 6 feet (185 centimeters) tall.
3. The safe area is about 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) from here.
READY
1. We were about to go.
2. They are about to have dinner.
3. I was about to give you a call.
ROUND: here and there.
1. She put flowers about the room.
2. We went for a walk about the city.
3. He went about his apartment with one shoe on and one shoe off.
through
OTHER SIDE: through may give the idea - from one side to the other side.
1. The sunlight came through my window.
2. They went through miles and miles of woods.
3. The oil goes through the pipe.
4. The rain came through the roof.
5. There is a hole through the bottom of his shoe.
6. I could see her through the fog.
END/FINISH: through may give the idea of end.
1. What time will the film be through?
2. I got through my work with the help of a computer.
3. Our class went through the book in only one month.
4. He came through the battle without any injury.
5. She went through his money in a very short time.
6. Now she is through with him.
BECAUSE OF: through may give the idea of from or because of.
1. He got the information through reading.
2. She got rich through much hard work.
3. Soldiers know about guns through their training.
4. He got that job through his uncle.
102
by
VERY CLOSE: by may give the idea of close to something.
1. Why is that man by your car?
2. He has a gun by the door.
3. Who put the bottle of poison by my bottle of medicine?
TRANSPORT: by may be used with all forms of transport.
1. They came by airplane.
2. He came to school by car.
3. Do you want to go to the store by foot or by bicycle?
MEANS: by may show the person or thing through which something is done.
1. War and Peace is by Tolstoy.
2. She did it by mistake.
3. I got the information by accident.
NOT LATER THAN:
1. Please be here by 8:00.
2. It will be ready by Saturday.
3. We have to get there by the start of the meeting.
over
PLACE: over under
1. A branch of the tree was over the roof of our house.
2. The soldier went over the stone wall.
3. The water went over the side of the pot.
END: over may indicate end or finish.
1. The film will be over at 8:45.
2. Do you know why our science class was over early today?
3. Mr Adam's business meeting will be over by 4 o'clock.
MORE: over may indicate more than.
1. The meeting was over three hours long.
2. He is over six feet tall.
3. She is over 21 years old.
AGAIN: over may have the meaning of again.
1. You must do this work over.
2. Do this report over and give it to me in the morning.
3. Go over pages 30 to 40 and be ready for a test on Tuesday.
ABOUT: over may sometimes have the same meaning as about.
1. They had a fight over money.
2. Their argument was over what direction the space program should take.
3. The court battle was over who was responsible for the car accident.
103
PRESENT
to think (+)
I think
you think
he thinks
she thinks
it thinks
to think (-)
I do not think
you do not think
he does not think
she does not think
it does not think
we think
you think
they think
we do not think
you do not think
they to not think
to think (+?)
do I think?
do you think?
does he think?
does she think?
does it think?
to think (-?)
don't I think?
don't you think?
doesn't he think?
doesn't she think?
doesn't it think?
do we think?
do you think?
do they think?
don't we think?
don't you think?
don't they think?
to say (+)
I say
you say
he says
she says
it says
to say (-)
I do not say
you do not say
he does not say
she does not say
it does not say
we say
you say
they say
we do not say
you do not say
they do not say
to say (+?)
do I say?
do you say?
does he say?
does she say?
does it say?
to say (-?)
don't I say?
don't you say?
doesn't he say?
doesn't she say?
doesn't it say?
do we say?
do you say?
do they say?
don't we say?
don't you say?
don't they say?
104
105
106
107
PAST
to think (+)
I thought
you thought
he thought
she thought
it thought
we thought
you thought
they thought
to think (-)
I did not think
you did not think
he did not think
she did not think
it did not think
to think (+?)
did I think?
did you think?
did he think?
did she think?
did it think?
to think (-?)
didn't I think?
didn't you think?
didn't he think?
didn't she think?
didn't it think?
did we think?
did you think?
did they think?
didn't we think?
didn't you think?
didn't they think?
to say (+)
I said
you said
he said
she said
it said
to say (-)
I did not say
you did not say
he did not say
she did not say
it did not say
we said
you said
they said
to say (+?)
did I say?
did you say?
did he say?
did she say?
did it say?
to say (-?)
didn't I say?
didn't you say?
didn't he say?
didn't she say?
didn't it say?
did we say?
did you say?
did they say?
didn't we say?
didn't you say?
didn't they say?
108
109
104
3 supreme = highest
* go on: What went on at the meeting? The teacher
knows everything that goes on even when she is out of
the room.
105
FUTURE
to think (+)
I will think
you will think
he will think
she will think
it will think
to think (-)
I will not think
you will not think
he will not think
she will not think
it will not think
we will think
you will think
they will think
to think (+?)
will I think?
will you think?
will he think?
will she think?
will it think?
to think (-?)
won't I think?
won't you think?
won't he think?
won't she think?
won't it think?
will we think?
will you think?
will they think?
won't we think?
won't you think?
won't they think?
to say (+)
I will say
you will say
he will say
she will say
it will say
to say (-)
I will not say
you will not say
he will not say
she will not say
it will not say
we will say
you will say
they will say
to say (+?)
will I say?
will you say?
will he say?
will she say?
will it say?
to say (-?)
won't I say?
won't you say?
won't he say?
won't she say?
won't it say?
will we say?
will you say?
will they say?
106
won't we say?
won't you say?
won't they say?
3 supreme = highest
107
1 3 district = area
108
*get along with: He gets along with his brother very well.
109
powerless
one.
1. The opposite of a powerful government is a
2. The opposite of a tasteless film is a ________________________________
3. The opposite of a meaningful gift is a _______________________________
4. The opposite of a hopeful battle is a ________________________________
5. The opposite of a careful student is a _______________________________
one.
one.
one.
one.
makes
1. She
all her own dresses.
2. She _____________ a big dinner on Sundays.
3. She _____________ her husband's shirts every Monday.
4. She _____________ as much work as she can every day.
5. She _____________ a square cake with an airplane on top.
6. She _____________ an important job for the manager.
7. She will __________ some more tomorrow.
8. She will __________ a visit to Portugal some time next year.
into
about
at
through
by
over
into
get along
take to court
get along
at all
110
APPENDIX
111
to be
Her hair is black.
Her eyes are brown.
Her lips are red.
Her ears are little.
Her skin is soft.
Her nose is short.
His feet are big.
His nose is long.
His muscles are hard.
His teeth are white.
His arms are strong.
His heart is okay.
It was on the ship.
It was in the report.
It was under the train.
It was by the truck.
It was among my papers.
It was from the king.
It is under control.
It is at the end of my tongue.
It is against law.
It is for your pleasure.
It is after the fact.
It is out of the question.
I am sad.
I am angry.
I am cold.
I am hot.
I am wet.
I am poor.
I will be a student.
I will be a doctor.
I will be a farmer.
I will be a businessman.
I will be a secretary.
I will be an executive.
Be good !
Be happy!
Be safe!
Be ready!
Be soft!
Be simple!
Don't be late!
Don't be sick!
Don't be bad!
Don't be difficult!
Don't be angry!
Don't be afraid!
112
to have
I have a problem.
I have a plan.
I have a question.
I have a secret.
I have an idea.
I have a reason.
He has no time.
He has no money.
He has no work.
He has no understanding.
He has no interest.
He has no experience.
She had a beautiful smile.
She had a bad cough.
She had a long talk with Mary.
She had an argument with John.
She had a lot of pleasure.
She had a lot of taste.
She had work to do.
She had people to see.
She had places to go.
She had something to say.
She had a decision to make.
She had a right to know.
We had some rice and fish.
We had some orange ice cream.
We had breakfast together.
She had a drink of my coffee.
She had a bite of my chicken salad.
She had dinner at a restaurant.
I have to go to the bank.
I have to see you tomorrow.
I had to get up at 7:00.
I had to do my own work.
I will have to think about your idea.
I will have to give her some more money.
What do you have under your arm?
What do you have on your face?
What do you have round your neck?
What do you have over your shoulders?
What do you have for me?
What do you have against me?
The girl has her coat on.
The boy has his shoes off.
The cook has the gas on.
The cook has the water off.
The USA has a president.
The USA has 50 states.
113
to go
I went to Brazil.
I went to Rome.
I went to Asia.
I go to school.
I go to class.
I go to church.
I will go to the book shelf.
I will go to the king.
I will go to the company.
I will go to the tax office.
I will go to the department store.
She went for milk.
She went for pleasure.
She went from table to table.
She went from page 1 to page 10.
She went by ship.
She went by train.
She went into the court room.
She went into the army.
She went with her pots and pans.
She went without her checkbook.
She went along the wall.
She went back along the river.
He went away angry.
He went away poor.
He will go before the court.
He will go before the people.
The street goes across the city.
The bridge goes across the river.
The fire went through the house.
The students went through the book in less than six weeks.
The price of gold went up.
The sun went down at 6:14.
The cat went after the chickens.
The dog went under the chair.
All the pain went away.
The legislative group went to work.
He went on with the story after our visitors took their seats.
The store went out of business after only six months.
The nations went to war.
The wine went to her head.
The navy went into action.
Her shoes did not go with her dress.
The students went over their lessons before the test.
The sugar went to the bottom of my coffee.
New car sales went up.
The light went off.
The fire went out.
What went on after I went home?
114
to come
I come from Bolivia.
My coat comes from France.
Milk comes from cows.
Beef comes from cows also.
Pork comes from pigs.
Eggs come from chickens.
Fish come from the ocean.
Bananas come from trees.
A comes before B.
4 comes before 5.
May comes after April.
Summer comes after spring.
Please come here.
Please come again.
Please come at 7:30.
Please come to my house.
Please come with me.
Please come in my car.
Please come down from the tree.
Please come out of the water.
Please come across the street.
Please come through the other door.
Please come away from the dog.
Please come back to me.
She will come to school.
She will come by bus.
She will come at 9:00.
She will come through the door.
She will come with her books.
She will come for English.
He came to be the head of the committee.
She came to want only red flowers.
He came to have a lot of money.
They came to be very good friends.
They came to say the words without any problem.
They came to see the light!
A lot of rain came down.
The flowers came up.
The stars came out.
A strong wind came from the West.
The water came up to my knees.
The street lights came on when the sun went down.
An idea came to me in the middle of the night.
I came across the bridge on my way home.
I came across an important book at the library.
My shoe came apart.
The sun came up at 5:58.
Nothing good came out of the war.
He came up with a very good idea.
115
to put
I put my shirt on.
I put my pants on.
I put my new shoes on.
I put my raincoat on.
I put my books on the shelf.
I put my answers on the paper.
I put my name on the list.
I put the price on the books.
I put the sign on the door.
I put the top on the box.
I put the salt on the meat.
I put the picture on the wall.
He put his hand in his pocket.
He put his money in the bank.
He put his things in the car.
He put his heart in his work.
He put $1000 in the new company.
He put his ideas in English.
They put the ship in the water.
They put eggs in the cake.
They put their man in Congress.
They put gold in his back teeth.
They put a new heart in the sick woman.
They put many problems in my way.
Put your hands up!
Put your chin out!
Put your shoulders back!
Put your stomach in!
Put your feet apart!
Put your fingers together!
Put your pencils down!
Put your books away!
Put your shoes by the fire!
Put your coat over the back of the chair!
Put your shoulder against the door!
Put your tongue between your teeth to say "th."
They put buttons on the dress.
They put a new bridge across the river.
They put a new building up in three months.
They put a new sink in the kitchen.
They put the light on.
They put the light off.
They put the children in danger.
They will put the car in good condition.
They will put the army into action.
They will put the revolution down.
They will put their money together and get a new car.
They will put their heads together and come up with a new plan.
They will put their ideas down on paper.
116
to take
I take my coat off.
I take my shoes off.
I take my glasses off.
I take my clothes off.
I take the book off the table.
I take the bottle off the shelf.
I take the egg off the child's face.
I take the sign off the window.
I take the picture off the wall.
I take the writing off the blackboard.
I take the branch off the tree.
I take the buttons off the shirt.
He took his pen out of his pocket.
He took his money out of the bank.
He took his papers out of the box.
He took the page out of the book.
He took some blood out of my arm.
He took the children out of danger.
He took the pleasure out of the party.
He took the medicine out of the bottle.
He took the woman's bad tooth out.
He took the woman's long hair off.
He took the woman's bicycle apart.
He took the woman's gold away.
Take my hand!
Take my book!
Take some more potato salad!
Take a cold shower!
Take this medicine every three hours!
She took her baby to the park.
She took the shoes back to the store.
It took a lot of work.
It took a long time.
He will take my picture.
The medicine will take effect in five minutes.
The law will take effect in two months.
The discovery of gold took place in 1848.
The American revolution took place more than 200 years ago.
Many people took part in the meeting.
The president took part in the talks.
The older children take care of the younger ones.
Take care of your health.
The farmers took in a lot of fruits.
When do they take in the rice in Japan?
The airplane took off at 8:20.
The students will take the test on Thursday.
She took him to be rich.
I want to take him to court.
Most dogs take to children.
117
to give
It gives me an idea.
It gives me pleasure.
It gives me stomach problems.
It gives me a reason.
It gives me experience.
It gives me power.
It gives me an example.
It gives me a lot of ideas.
It gives me the right to do what I want.
It gives me the time of day.
It gives me pain.
It gives me help.
She gave him her pencil.
She gave him her book.
She gave him her hand.
She gave him her understanding.
She gave him her decision.
She gave him her address.
She gave him a lot of problems.
She gave him a lot of news.
She gave him a lot of papers.
She gave him a ride.
She gave him a surprise.
She gave him her heart.
Give me a better understanding.
Give me a new idea.
Give me some hope.
Give me some news.
Give me some help.
Give me some more money.
Give her the use of your bicycle.
Give her the control of the class.
Give her the basic idea.
Give her the good news.
Give her the broken dish.
Give her the box of candy.
His work gave us a new medicine.
She gave us a long answer.
Sugar gives coffee a sweet taste.
Salt gives food a good taste.
The Constitution gives the President a lot of power.
The election gave us a new president.
The war gave the nation a new system of government.
The insect gave me a bad bite.
The doctor gave him a shot.
I gave up when I saw his muscles.
His wife always gives in to what he wants.
The mother will give her baby a warm bath.
His writings gave us a lot of pleasure.
118
to get
I get a new level of understanding.
I get credit from the bank.
I get a newspaper every evening.
I get my money on Fridays.
I get ideas from books.
I get questions from the teacher.
I get good service at the restaurant.
I get medicine from the pharmacy.
I get help from my friends.
I get books from the library.
I get money from my father.
I get experience from my work.
He got up at 6:00.
He got his clothes on.
He got the top off the box.
He got over the garden wall.
He got through the fire.
He got away from the dogs.
He got across the river.
He got into his bed.
He got to work late.
He got down on his knees.
He got under the car.
He got back after midnight.
The days will get longer.
The nights will get warmer.
The people will get angry.
The animals will get free.
The children will get dirty.
The service will get better.
The ideas will get complex.
The questions will get difficult.
The clothes will get dry.
The muscles will get stronger.
The company will get rich.
The ice cream will get soft.
Get out of my room !
Get out of my way!
Get in the bus!
Get off the grass!
Get your hands off me!
Get your head down!
Get your fingers out of the cake!
Get your eyes on your own paper!
Don't get sick!
Don't get wet!
Will he get in before 8 o'clock?
Do you want to get back at them for all the terrible things they did to you?
How does he get along with his father?
119
to do
She does her hair.
She does her eyes.
She does her lips.
She does her face.
She does a lot of reading.
She does a lot of writing.
I did a lot of business last year.
I did a lot of work yesterday.
I did a lot of things today.
They will do an Arabic dance.
They will do the right thing.
They will do the town on Saturday night.
I do not want any more food.
I do not know who to get to their house.
I do not think you said the right thing.
I did not have enough facts.
We did not like the film.
We did not give him our votes.
We did not see any high level of economic development.
We did not do all the windows. There are still some for you.
Does he make big plans all the time?
Does he put his sweater on when he goes out?
Does he think about the feelings of other people?
Does he give her flowers very often?
Did she go to the national museum?
Did she get two theater tickers?
Did she do anything about the noise?
Did she take her coat off?
Who do you want to come to our party?
What do you do after class?
When do you have time for a rest?
Where do you put your old newspapers?
Why do you make those secret trips to Paris?
How do you want your eggs, fried or boiled?
I do like your new dress.
I do want to see you again.
I do think we should have dinner this weekend.
She does give us all the juicy news.
She does like him a lot.
She does know much more than he.
They did see us.
They did say too much.
They did know that it was against the law.
They can do a lot of damage.
How do you do?
120
to make
She makes good coffee.
She makes good bread.
She makes good cakes.
She makes big plans.
She makes a few mistakes.
She makes a few problems.
She makes a few changes.
The factory makes big machines.
A wood fire makes heat.
A government makes laws.
Courts make decisions.
Businesses make profits.
The wind made me cold.
The fire made me warm.
The smell made me sick.
The news made me sad.
The decision made me happy.
The work made me dirty.
Her food makes us strong.
Her ideas make us angry.
Her plans make us afraid.
Her help made things easy.
Her actions made us poor.
Her discovery made us rich.
The baby made me get up.
The doctor made me go to bed.
The teacher made me do the reading.
The man made me put my hands up.
Make him go away!
Make him come here!
Make him do the work!
Make him give me some help!
Your problem made me want to give you some help.
Your words made me want to be with you.
Your bright eyes made me want to see you again.
Your sad eyes made me want to take you in my arms.
The students will make good use of their time.
The people will make good use of the public library.
The doctor will make good use of the new medicine.
The lawyer will make good use of our argument.
The government will make good use of the tax money.
The soldiers will make good use of their training.
How can we make use of her experience?
How can we make use of their information?
How can we make the best use of these machines?
How can we make the best use of the sun's heat?
Five people make up our study group.
Fifty states make up the United States of America.
How many people make up your family?
121
to think
I think that she is beautiful.
I think that he does good work.
I think that the facts are on our side.
I think that you are the right person for this job.
I think that we should get a new camera.
I think that they know who we are.
Think of a waterfall.
Think of the last time you were happy.
Think of her in a short red dress.
Think of him without his uniform.
Think of the fun we will have.
Think of the profit we will make.
He thought about her all the time.
He thought about the future.
He thought about public opinion.
He thought about our training program.
He thought about which medicine to give her.
He thought about the best way to say what he had to say.
Think, what should we do next?
Think, where could the money be?
Think, who would want to take our defense secrets?
Think, when did you see him last?
Think, why did they make that decision?
Think, how can we get out of here?
I think that I'll be back about 11 o'clock.
I think that he took your bicycle.
I think that she knows much more than she says.
I think that there will be an election before the end of the year.
I think that I saw her yesterday in the courtroom.
I think that I know who did it.
You didn't think through your decision.
You didn't think through their answer.
You didn't think through the changes that you made.
You didn't think through the nature of their defense.
You didn't think through the economic program.
You didn't think through the control system.
I have to think up a new story, before the police get here.
I have to think up a way to get him out of the picture.
I have to think up a better argument for my next step.
I have to think up a new plan of attack.
I have to think up another example.
I have to think up a different computer program.
What do you think of Peter?
What do you think I should do now?
Who do you think you are to say those terrible things to me?
I like to think back to when I was a child.
I want some more time to think over your ideas.
I can't think why not.
I think so!
122
to say
What did your father say about our plans?
What did your mother say about your report?
What did your teacher say about your homework?
What did the officer say to the soldier?
What did the policeman say to you?
What did the president say to our representative?
The newspaper says that we will have rain on Saturday.
The radio says that the storm did a lot of damage.
The television news says that he is a member of a right wing political group.
What will it say on the monument?
The agreement says that the price to us will be 10% less than to other companies.
The constitution says that we all have basic political rights.
The order says that you must be in court next Wednesday at 10 o'clock.
The clock says 10:15.
That picture doesn't say anything to me.
What does his business card say?
They say that this winter will be very cold.
They say that he was a great dancer in his younger days.
They say that there will be very few voters in this year's election.
He said no to my ideas.
He said no to any change.
He said no to our training program.
How do you say this word?
How do you say your name?
How do you say "hello" in French?
Who said, "To be or not to be, that is the question"?
Who said, "There is a time and place for everything"?
Who said, "My country, right or wrong"?
Say, don't I know you?
Say, aren't you a film star?
Say, didn't I see you at John's party?
Say, why don't we have dinner on Saturday?
Say, where can I get a good meal in this town?
Say, when is the next flight to Rome?
Say it one more time, but louder!
If you say that one more time, you'll never see me again.
Please say a few words to our group about your meeting with the president.
Please say something to him about those loud noises he makes at the dinner table.
I can't say that I liked her new dress.
I can't say that he was the best man for the job.
I can't say no to another piece of your chocolate cake.
I couldn't say no to those beautiful eyes.
It's cold outside, that is to say, don't go out without your coat.
It's too expensive for me, that is to say, I can't go.
I have nothing to say to the newspaper reporters about the change of our foreign policy.
The police have nothing to say about the explosion at this time.
123
to see
Do you see that officer with the big overcoat?
Do you see the big sign that says "Hotel"?
Do you see how much damage the explosion did?
Can you see without your glasses?
Can you see that big house with the blue roof?
Can you see where they went?
I see that you know one another.
I see that you are already old friends.
I see that he is very hungry.
I see that he did a lot of work today.
I see that she made one of her special cakes.
I see that she came to the party with her new husband.
I don't see what the problem is.
I don't see why he came here.
I don't see how he did that.
I see what kind of person he is.
I see the meaning in back of everything he does.
I see now what I didn't see before.
See that your room is clean before you go to the park.
See that all the books are put back on the shelves after class.
See that the windows are closed before you go home.
I have to see that the dog has water and food every day.
I have to see that the pressure is always between 15 and 20.
I have to see that my uniform is clear and in good condition.
I saw in the newspaper that we will have rain tomorrow.
I saw in the report that she wants to put more money into new equipment.
I saw in the business plan that you want to have three offices.
I will see about your problem before I go home today.
I will see about his trip to the museum after lunch.
I will see what I can do about the broken water pipe as soon as I am free.
She saw what she could do for the children and did it.
I see that there is nothing more you can or will do for me.
Will you see what you can do for my sister and her family.
See how I do it.
See where he goes.
See why the children are so quiet.
I will see you to the door.
I will see him to the airport.
I will see her to the train station.
Come and see us again.
Come and see us on Saturday afternoon.
Come and see me when you are in town.
See you soon.
See you on Wednesday.
See you tomorrow, same time, same place.
124
to know
125
to like
He likes football.
He likes red meat.
He likes fast cars.
She likes soft music.
She likes quiet little restaurants.
She likes long walks by the ocean.
We like to make things with our hands.
We like to get up early.
We like to do things together.
They like to be with their friends.
They like to go to new places.
They like to have wild parties.
She likes the red dress.
She likes the shoes with high heels.
She likes the gold earrings.
He liked the brown cowboy boots.
He liked the silk tie.
He liked the business suit.
I would like a glass of ice water.
I would like a green salad.
I would like some chicken with rice.
Would you like any more coffee?
Would you like any more potato salad?
Would you like any more apple pie?
How would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow?
How would you like to see a film on Saturday night?
How would you like to go with me to Paris next week?
How would you like to make me happy?
How would you like to do it all again?
How would you like to get me another cup of coffee?
How would you like to make breakfast for us?
I like you.
I like horses.
I like the effect of sunlight on water.
I don't like John.
I don't like his long nose.
I don't like the smell of his dirty clothes.
126
to want
127
to keep
I keep my coat on in the summer.
I keep my shoes on at the ocean.
I keep my hair dry in the shower.
I keep my money at the bank.
I keep my attention on the problem.
I keep my car in good condition.
I keep my room clean.
I keep the medicine on a high shelf.
I keep the cows out of the garden.
I keep the baby happy.
I keep the soup hot.
I keep the dog away from the cat.
He kept his money under the bed.
He kept his back against the wall.
He kept his arm round my shoulders.
He kept the meat in the ice box.
He kept her letters in a box.
He kept her picture on his writing table.
They will keep the army strong.
They will keep the navy ready.
They will keep the prices high.
They will keep the snow off the streets.
They will keep the children out of danger.
They will keep the old ways.
Keep your body strong.
Keep your teeth clean.
Keep your hair short.
Keep your feet dry.
Keep your skin soft.
Keep your shoulders back.
Keep your head up.
Keep your arms out.
Keep your feet together.
Keep your stomach in.
Keep your eyes open.
Keep your mouth closed.
Get off the grass and keep off it.
Put your sweater on and keep it on.
Take your hands out of your pockets and keep them out.
Get out of my way and keep out of it.
Put your hands up and keep them up.
Take some air in your lungs and keep it in.
Let the air out of your lungs and keep it out.
Make some soup and keep it hot for me.
Don't keep the door open.
Don't keep the window closed.
Don't keep the lights on.
Don't keep the children up.
128
to let
She let her arms down.
She let her stomach out.
She let her mouth open.
She let her hair down.
She let the ice cream get soft.
She let the bread get hard.
She let the tea get cold.
She let the meat get old.
She let the stove get dirty.
She let the plants get dry.
She let the fire get low.
She let the dog get sick.
I let the dog come in.
I let the fish get away.
I let the boy take the book.
I let the girl keep my watch.
I let the students see the picture.
I let the man do the work.
I let them go to the park.
I let them go into the deep water.
I let them make a cake.
I let them keep the money.
I let them put their new shoes on.
I let them go by themselves.
Please, let me (come) in.
Please, let me (go) through.
Please, let me (go) out.
Please, let me have some food.
Please, let me have a drink.
Please, let me see the package.
Please, let me keep this book.
Please, let the children come with us.
Please, let the children have some cake.
Please, let the children keep the cat.
Please, let the children get on the horse.
Please, let the children put their new clothes on.
He let the horse get out of control.
He let the profits go down.
He let the machine come apart.
He let the fire go out.
He let the pain get worse.
He let the cows get in the garden.
He let the floor get wet. He let the dinner get cold.
He let the flowers get dry.
He let the cat get sick.
He let the milk get warm.
He let the bananas get brown.
He let the food get cold.
129
in out
(3 dimensions)
(month)
(year)
(future point of time)
He is in the room.
His tongue is out.
Will you be here in April?
Where were you in 1998?
We will be there in a week.
under over
A light is over the table.
(end)
(repeat)
by (very close)
(transport)
(not after)
(instrument)
A tree is by my window.
She went to school by bicycle.
You must be back by October 1.
I made this by hand.
against
at (a point in time)
(a point in space)
(action is more important than place)
to (end point)
from (starting point)
up down
Hands up.
Head down.
They had some ups and downs in their life together.
(end)
round
about (concerning)
(more or less)
(ready)
(here and there)
of (organic connection)
(partive)
for (connection)
(purpose)
(period of time)
130