Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic

Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the
world's second largest country by total area,[2] and shares land borders with the United States to
the south and northwest.
The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal peoples.
Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the
Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven
Years War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through
Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.[4][5][6] This began an
accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the
United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the
Canada Act in 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.
A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary
democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a
bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the
federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified
economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly
with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship.

Etymology

Jacques Cartier
The name Canada most likely comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning
"village" or "settlement". In 1535, inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the
word to direct explorer Jacques Cartier toward the village of Stadacona.[7] Cartier used the word
'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject to Donnacona, Chief at
Stadacona. By 1545, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada.[8]
The French colony of Canada referred to the part of New France along the Saint Lawrence River
and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called
Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.
Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted for the entire country, and
Dominion was conferred as the country's title.[9] It was frequently referred to as the Dominion of
Canada until the 1950s. As Canada asserted its political autonomy from Britain, the federal
government increasingly used Canada on legal state documents and treaties. The Canada Act
1982 refers only to "Canada" and, as such, it is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name.
This was reflected in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to
Canada Day.
History

The fur trade was Canada's most important industry until the 1800s
Various groups of Inuit and First Peoples inhabited North America prehistorically. While no
written documents exist, various forms of rock art, petroforms, petroglyphs, and ancient artifacts
provide thousands of years of information about the past. Archaeological studies support a
human presence in northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500
years ago.[10][11] Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows
circa AD 1000. The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast included John Cabot in
1497 for England[12] and Jacques Cartier in 1534 for France;[13] seasonal Basque whalers and
fishermen would subsequently exploit the region between the Grand Banks and Tadoussac for
over a century.[14]
French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent
European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. These would become
respectively the capitals of Acadia and Canada. Among French colonists of New France,
Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley, Acadians settled the present-day
Maritimes, while French fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson
Bay and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The French and Iroquois Wars broke out over
control of the fur trade.

The Death of General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham at Quebec in 1759, part of the Seven
Years' War.
The English established fishing outposts in Newfoundland around 1610 and colonized the
Thirteen Colonies to the south. A series of four Intercolonial Wars erupted between 1689 and
1763. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); the
Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain following the Seven
Years' War.
The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France and annexed
Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. It also restricted the language and religious rights of French
Canadians. In 1769, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony. To
avert conflict in Quebec, the Quebec Act of 1774 expanded Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes
and Ohio Valley, and re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law in
Quebec; it angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the American
Revolution.[15] The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded
territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. Approximately 50,000 United Empire
Loyalists fled the United States to Canada.[16] New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part
of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking
Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking
Lower Canada and English-speaking Upper Canada, granting each their own elected Legislative
Assembly.
Canada was a major front in the War of 1812 between the United States and British Empire. Its
defence contributed to a sense of unity among British North Americans. Large-scale immigration
to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. The timber industry would also surpass the
fur trade in importance in the early 1800s.

Fathers of Confederation by Robert Harris, an amalgamation of Charlottetown and Quebec

conference scenes.
The desire for Responsible Government resulted in the aborted Rebellions of 1837. The Durham
Report (1839) would subsequently recommend responsible government and the assimilation of
French Canadians into British culture.[17] The Act of Union (1840) merged The Canadas into a
United Province of Canada. French and English Canadians worked together in the Assembly to
reinstate French rights. Responsible government was established for all British North American
provinces by 1849.
The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon
boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel, and paving the way for
British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). Canada launched a
series of western exploratory expeditions to claim Rupert's Land and the Arctic region. The
Canadian population grew rapidly because of high birth rates; British immigration was offset by
emigration to the United States, especially by French Canadians moving to New England.
An animated map, exhibiting the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories since
Confederation.
Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act, 1867 brought about
Confederation creating "one Dominion under the name of Canada" on July 1, 1867 with four
provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[18] Canada assumed control of
Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where Métis'
grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July
1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had united in 1866) and the colony of
Prince Edward Island joined Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively.
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party established a National Policy of tariffs
to protect nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open the West, the government
sponsored construction of three trans-continental railways (most notably the Canadian Pacific
Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the
North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. In 1898, after the Klondike
Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon territory.
Under Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the
prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.

Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917.

Canada automatically entered the First World War in 1914 with Britain's declaration of war,
sending volunteers to the Western Front, who played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy
Ridge. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert
Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objection of French-speaking Quebecers.
In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain; in 1931 the Statute of
Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.
The Great Depression of 1929 brought economic hardship to all of Canada. In response, the Co-
operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan presaged a welfare
state as pioneered by Tommy Douglas in the 1940s and 1950s. Canada declared war on Germany
independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King,
three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[19]
Canadian troops played important roles in the Battle of the Atlantic, the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid
in France, the Allied invasion of Italy, the D-Day landings, the Battle of Normandy and the
Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. The Canadian economy boomed as industry manufactured military
materiel for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Despite another Conscription Crisis in
Quebec, Canada finished the war with one of the largest armed forces in the world.[19]
In 1949, Newfoundland joined Confederation. Post-war prosperity and economic expansion
ignited a baby boom and attracted immigration from war-ravaged European countries.[20]

The Queen and the Registrar General signing the Constitution Act, 1982.
Under successive Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau, a new Canadian
identity emerged. Canada adopted its current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965. In response to a more
assertive French-speaking Quebec, the federal government became officially bilingual with the
Official Languages Act of 1969. Non-discriminatory Immigration Acts were introduced in 1967
and 1976, and official multiculturalism in 1971; waves of non-European immigration had
changed the face of the country. Social democratic programs such as Universal Health Care, the
Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans were initiated in the 1960s and consolidated in
the 1970s; provincial governments, particularly Quebec, fought these as incursions into their
jurisdictions. Finally, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau pushed through the patriation of the
constitution from Britain, enshrining a Charter of Rights and Freedoms based on individual
rights in the Constitution Act of 1982. Canadians continue to take pride in their system of
universal health care, their commitment to multiculturalism, and human rights.[21]
Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the Quiet Revolution of the
1960s. Quebec nationalists under Jean Lesage began pressing for greater autonomy [22]. The
radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970 with bombings
and kidnappings. The more moderate Parti Québécois of René Lévesque came to power in 1976
and held an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Efforts by Progressive
Conservative (PC) government of Brian Mulroney to recognize Quebec as a "distinct society"
under the Meech Lake Accord in 1987 collapsed in 1989. Anger in French Quebec and a sense of
alienation in Canada's western provinces resulted in a sovereignist federal party Bloc Québécois
under Lucien Bouchard and the Reform Party of Canada under Preston Manning rising to
prominence in the election of 1993. Each advocated greater decentralization in Canadian
federalism. Another Parti Québécois government in Quebec led by Jacques Parizeau held a
second referendum in 1995 that was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6% to 49.4%.[23] In
1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province to be
unconstitutional, and Parliament passed the "Clarity Act" outlining the terms of a negotiated
departure.[23] A merger of Reform and PC Parties into the Conservative Party of Canada was
completed in 2003. Stephen Harper became party leader and formed a minority government in
2006.
Government and politics

Parliament Hill, Ottawa.

Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, as head of state.[24][25]
The country is a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government
and strong democratic traditions. Executive authority is constitutionally vested in the
monarch,[26][27] but is in practice exercised by the Cabinet, a committee of the Queen's Privy
Council, through the monarch's representative, the Governor General. In practice, the role of the
monarch and viceroy is apolitical and predominantly ceremonial in order to ensure the stability
of government. By convention, all governmental matters are almost invariably deferred to
ministers in the Cabinet, who are themselves responsible to the elected House of Commons. Real
executive power is therefore said to lie with the Cabinet,[26] though the monarch and Governor
General do retain the right to use discretionary powers in exceptional constitutional crisis
situations.[28] The Prime Minister, generally the leader of the political party that commands the
confidence of the House of Commons, is appointed by the Governor General to select and head
the Cabinet;[28] thus, the Prime Minister's Office is one of the most powerful organs of
government, responsible for selecting, besides the other Cabinet members, Senators, federal
court judges, heads of Crown corporations and government agencies, and the federal and
provincial viceroys for appointment. The leader of the party with the second most seats usually
becomes the Leader of the Opposition and is part of an adversarial Parliamentary system that
keeps the government in check. Michaëlle Jean has served as Governor General since September
27, 2005; Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative Party has been Prime Minister since
February 6, 2006; and Stéphane Dion, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, has been Leader of
the Opposition since December 2, 2006.
The Chamber of the House of Commons.
The federal parliament is made up of the Queen and two houses: an elected House of Commons
and an appointed Senate. Each member in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality
in a riding or electoral district; general elections are called by the Governor General when the
Prime Minister so advises or when the government loses the confidence of the House. While
there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the
last general election. Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are
chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Governor General, and serve until
age 75.
Four parties have had substantial representation in the federal parliament since 2006 elections:
the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the Liberal Party of Canada (Official
Opposition), the New Democratic Party (NDP), and the Bloc Québécois. The Green Party of
Canada does not have current representation in Parliament, but garners a significant share of the
national vote. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Law

The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill.

The constitution is the supreme law of the country,[29] and consists of written text and unwritten
conventions.[30] The Constitution Act, 1867, affirmed governance based on parliamentary
precedent "similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom" and divided powers between the
federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster, 1931, granted full autonomy;
and the Constitution Act, 1982, added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which
guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any level of
government – though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial
legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years – and added a
constitutional amending formula.[31]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down
laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final
arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. since
2000. Its nine members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime
Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed
after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices
to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at the lower provincial and
territorial levels are filled by their respective governments (see Court system of Canada for more
detail).
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law
is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including
criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario
and Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
Foreign relations and military

The Peacekeeping Monument in Ottawa.

Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on
military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partners. Canada has
nevertheless maintained an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations
with Cuba and declining to participate in the Iraq War. Canada also maintains historic ties to the
United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's
membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie (French-Speaking
Countries).
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of about 64,000 regular and
26,000 reserve personnel.[32] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the army, navy, and air
force. Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting vehicles, 34 combat
vessels, and 861 aircraft.[33]

Lester B. Pearson with 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.

Strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth in English Canada led to major
participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, the First World War, and the
Second World War. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts
to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.[34][35] Canada joined the United
Nations in 1945 and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War,
Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War, and founded the North
American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to
defend against aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.
Canada has played a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts. During the Suez Crisis of 1956,
Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping
Force.[36] Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN
peacekeeping effort until 1989[37] and has since maintained forces in international missions in the
former Yugoslavia and elsewhere.
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990; Canada hosted the OAS
General Assembly in Windsor in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City
in April 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in
the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).

Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan.

Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force
and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force. Canada's
Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the
past two years; the two-hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after the
December 2004 tsunami in South Asia, Hurricane Katrina in September 2005 and the Kashmir
earthquake in October 2005.
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, Britain, Norway, and Russia announced their funding
commitments to launch a $1.5 billion project to help develop vaccines they said could save
millions of lives in poor nations, and called on others to join them.[38] In August 2007, Canadian
sovereignty in Arctic waters was challenged following a Russian expedition that planted a
Russian flag at the seabed at the North Pole. Canada has considered that area to be sovereign
territory since 1925.[39]
Provinces and territories
A geopolitical map of Canada, exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories.
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be
grouped into regions. Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie
provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Central Canada consists of Quebec and
Ontario. Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Eastern Canada
refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Three territories (Yukon, Northwest
Territories, and Nunavut) make up Northern Canada. Provinces have more autonomy than
territories. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbols.
The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as health care,
education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an
almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal
government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the
provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by
the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are
kept between the richer and poorer provinces.
All provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures headed by a Premier selected in the same
way as the Prime Minister of Canada. Each province also has a Lieutenant-Governor
representing the Queen, analogous to the Governor General of Canada. The Lieutenant-Governor
is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, though with increasing
levels of consultation with provincial governments in recent years.
Geography and climate

A satellite composite image of Canada. Boreal forests prevail on the rocky Canadian Shield. Ice
and tundra are prominent in the Arctic. Glaciers are visible in the Canadian Rockies and Coast
Mountains. Flat and fertile Prairies facilitate agriculture. The Great Lakes feed the St. Lawrence
River (in the southeast) where lowlands host much of Canada's population.
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the
contiguous United States to the south and with the US state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching
from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic
Ocean. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second largest country in the world,
after Russia, and largest on the continent. By land area it ranks fourth, after Russia, China, and
the United States.[40] Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and
141°W longitude,[41] but this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in
Canada and in the world is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere
Island—latitude 82.5°N—just 817 kilometres (450 nautical miles) from the North Pole.[42]
Canada has the longest coastline in the world: 243,000 kilometres.[43]
The population density, 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.1/sq mi), is among the lowest in
the world.[44] The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City-Windsor
Corridor along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast.[45] To the north of this
region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly
soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers. Canada by far has more lakes than any
other country and has a large amount of the world's freshwater.[46][47]
A Maritime scene at Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, which has long been sustained by the Atlantic
fishery.
In eastern Canada, most people live in large urban centres on the flat Saint Lawrence Lowlands.
The Saint Lawrence River widens into the world's largest estuary before flowing into the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence. The Gulf is bounded by Newfoundland to the north and the Maritime provinces
to the south. The Maritimes protrude eastward along the Appalachian Mountain range from
northern New England and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are
divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. Ontario and
Hudson Bay dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread
toward the Rocky Mountains, which separate them from British Columbia.
In northwestern Canada, the Mackenzie River flows from the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic
Ocean. A tributary of a tributary of the Mackenzie is the South Nahanni River, which is home to
Virginia Falls, a waterfall about twice as high as Niagara Falls.
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic
barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago
containing some of the world's largest islands.
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary depending on the location.
Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie
provinces which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near
−15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[48] In non-coastal
regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal
British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F),
while between the coasts the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (75 to
85 °F) with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[49][50]
For a more complete description of climate across Canada see Environment Canada's Website.[51]

Economy
Canadian banknotes depicting, top to bottom, Wilfrid Laurier, John A. Macdonald, Queen
Elizabeth II, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Robert Borden.
Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income, a member of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight (G8).
Canada is a mixed market,[52] ranking lower than the U.S. but higher than most western European
nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.[53] Since the early 1990s, the
Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low unemployment and large government
surpluses on the federal level. Today Canada closely resembles the US in its market-oriented
economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards.[2] As of October 2007,
Canada's national unemployment rate of 5.9% is its lowest in 33 years. Provincial unemployment
rates vary from a low of 3.6% in Alberta to a high of 14.6% in Newfoundland and Labrador.[54]
In the past century, the growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed
the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As with other
first world nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs
about three quarters of Canadians.[55] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in
the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's
most important.
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.[2] Atlantic Canada
has vast offshore deposits of natural gas and large oil and gas resources are centred in Alberta.
The vast Athabasca Tar Sands give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind
Saudi Arabia.[56] In Quebec, British Columbia, Newfoundland & Labrador, New Brunswick,
Ontario and Manitoba, hydroelectric power is a cheap and clean source of renewable energy.
Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian
Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat, canola and other grains.[57] Canada is the
world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources
such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead;[58] many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the
country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber.
Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with
automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.
Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The
Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in 1965 opened the borders to trade
in the auto manufacturing industry. The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of
1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) expanded the free trade zone to include Mexico in the 1990s . Canadian nationalists
continue to worry about their cultural autonomy as American television shows, movies and
corporations are omnipresent.[59]
Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has maintained the best
overall economic performance in the G8.[60] Since the mid-1990s, Canada's federal government
has posted annual budgetary surpluses and has steadily paid down the national debt.
Demographics

Toronto, Ontario skyline with the CN Tower. Toronto is Canada's most populous metropolitan
area with 5,113,149 people.[61][62]
Canada's 2006 census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of 5.4% since
2001.[63] Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About
three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometres (90 mi) of the US border.[64] A
similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor
(notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe including Toronto and area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the
BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary-
Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[65]
According to the 2006 census, there are 43 ethnic origins that at least one hundred thousand
people in Canada claim in their background.[66] The largest ethnic group is English (21%),
followed by French (15.8%), Scottish (15.2%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (5%),
Chinese (4%), Ukrainian (3.6%), and First Nations (3.5%); Approximately, one third of
respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian.[2] Canada's aboriginal population is growing
almost twice as fast as the Canadian average. In 2006, 16.2% of the population belonged to non-
aboriginal visible minorities.
According to Statistics Canada's forecasts, the number of visible minorities in Canada is
expected to double by 2017. A survey released in 2007 reveals that virtually 1 in 5 Canadians
(19.8%) are foreign born.[67] Nearly 60% of new immigrants hail from Asia (including the Middle
East).[67]
Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world,[68] driven by economic policy
and family reunification; Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. Newcomers settle
mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. In the 2006 census, there
were 5,068,100 people considered to belong to a visible minority, making up 16.2% of the
population. Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 %.[69][70]
Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada's political culture. According to
the 2001 census,[71] 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up
the largest group (43.6% of Canadians). The largest Protestant denomination is the United
Church of Canada. About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining
6.3% are affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the largest is Islam numbering
1.9%, followed by Judaism at 1.1%.
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar while
reflecting regional history, culture and geography.[72] The mandatory school age ranges between
5–7 to 16–18 years,[72] contributing to an adult literacy rate that is 99%.[2] Postsecondary
education is also administered by provincial and territorial governments, who provide most of
the funding; the federal government administers additional research grants, student loans and
scholarships. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post-secondary education;
for those aged 25 to 34 the post-secondary attainment reaches 51%.[73]
Culture

A Kwakwaka'wakw totem pole and traditional "big house" in Victoria, BC.

Canadian culture has historically been influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and
traditions. It has also been influenced by American culture because of its proximity and
migration between the two countries. American media and entertainment are popular if not
dominant in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are
successful in the US and worldwide.[74] Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified
"North American" or global market.
The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government
programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the
National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).[75]
Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. There are cultural variations and
distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been
greatly influenced by immigration from all over the world. Many Canadians value
multiculturalism, and see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural.[21] Multicultural
heritage is the basis of Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, seen here at Expo 67, are the federal and national police
force of Canada and an international icon.
National symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and First Nations sources. Particularly, the
use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted
on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms.[76] Other prominent symbols
include the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, the Crown, the RCMP[76], and more recently
the totem pole and inukchuk.
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey (winter) and lacrosse (summer).[77] Hockey is a
national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is the most popular sport
Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004.[78] Canada's six largest
metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton – have
franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the
league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports
include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League
(CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball, and basketball are widely played at youth and
amateur levels,[78] but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread.
Canada hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer
Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada will be the
host country for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.[79][80]
Language
The population of Montreal, Quebec is mainly French-speaking, with a significant English-
speaking community.
Canada's two official languages are English and French. Official Bilingualism in Canada is law,
defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and
Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English
and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The
public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in
either English or French, and official language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all
provinces and territories.[81]
English and French are the mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population respectively,[82]
and the languages most spoken at home by 68.3% and 22.3% of the population respectively.[83]
98.5% of Canadians speak English or French (67.5% speak English only, 13.3% speak French
only, and 17.7% speak both).[84] English and French Official Language Communities, defined by
First Official Language Spoken, constitute 73.0% and 23.6% of the population respectively.[85]
Although 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone
populations in Ontario, Alberta and southern Manitoba, with an Acadian population in the
northern and southeastern parts of New Brunswick constituting 35% of that province's
population, as well as concentrations in Southwestern Nova Scotia and on Cape Breton Island.
Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. The Charter of the French
Language in Quebec makes French the official language in Quebec, and New Brunswick is the
only province to have a statement of official bilingualism in the constitution.[86] Other provinces
have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and
for other government services in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec allow for
both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both
languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-official. Several aboriginal
languages have official status in Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in
Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory.
Non-official languages are important in Canada, with 5,202,245 people listing one as a first
language.[82] Some significant non-official first languages include Chinese (853,745 first-
language speakers), Italian (469,485), German (438,080), and Punjabi (271,220).[82]
International rankings
Organization Survey Ranking
United Nations Development
Human Development Index 4 out of 177
Programme
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy
Globalization Index 2006 6 out of 111
Magazine
IMD International World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 10 out of 60
The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-
The Economist 14 out of 111
life index, 2005
Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005
Yale University/Columbia University 6 out of 146
(pdf)
Reporters Without Borders World-
Press Freedom Index 2006 16 out of 168
wide
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2005 14 out of 159
Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street
Index of Economic Freedom, 2007 10 out of 161
Journal
The Economist Global Peace Index 8 out of 121
168 out of
Fund for Peace/ForeignPolicy.com Failed States Index, 2007
177[87]

See also
v•d•e

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