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    Distillation Rectification English

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    Kaizer
    The document discusses distillation and rectification, which are processes that use differences in volatility to separate liquid mixtures. Distillation heats a liquid mixture until it boils, separating more volatile components into a vapor phase. Rectification applies repeated distillation in a column, allowing fractionation with trays or packing promoting countercurrent contact between vapor and liquid phases.

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    Distillation Rectification English

    Uploaded by

    Kaizer
    53 views1 page
    The document discusses distillation and rectification, which are processes that use differences in volatility to separate liquid mixtures. Distillation heats a liquid mixture until it boils, separating more volatile components into a vapor phase. Rectification applies repeated distillation in a column, allowing fractionation with trays or packing promoting countercurrent contact between vapor and liquid phases.

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    Distillation vs Rectification

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    The document discusses distillation and rectification, which are processes that use differences in volatility to separate liquid mixtures. Distillation heats a liquid mixture until it boils, separating more volatile components into a vapor phase. Rectification applies repeated distillation in a column, allowing fractionation with trays or packing promoting countercurrent contact between vapor and liquid phases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views1 page

    Distillation Rectification English

    Uploaded by

    Kaizer
    The document discusses distillation and rectification, which are processes that use differences in volatility to separate liquid mixtures. Distillation heats a liquid mixture until it boils, separating more volatile components into a vapor phase. Rectification applies repeated distillation in a column, allowing fractionation with trays or packing promoting countercurrent contact between vapor and liquid phases.

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    THERMAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DISTILLATION/RECTIFICATION

    BASIC KNOWLEDGE

    BASIC KNOWLEDGE

    DISTILLATION

    RECTIFICATION

    Distillation is a unit operation that can be used to fractionate liquid


    mixtures. It utilises the different volatility of the components of
    the mixture to be separated. Volatility refers to the tendency of a
    substance to pass from the liquid phase into the gas phase. Examples
    of volatile liquids include acetone, alcohol and petrol.
    To achieve separation, the liquid mixture is brought to boiling point.
    The resulting vapour phase is made up of several components, mainly
    the more volatile components of the mixture. The vapour phase is
    separated from the liquid phase and condensed (distillate). The less
    volatile components predominantly remain in the liquid phase.

    Distillation does not result in complete


    separation of the liquid mixture, but
    rather its division into two mixtures
    with different contents of volatile and
    less volatile components. The separating principle is based on the fact
    that the content of volatile components is greater in the vapour phase
    than in the liquid phase.

    Rectification is an application of
    distillation and its uses include
    fractionation of crude oil.
    If the distillate obtained during
    distillation is distilled again, a
    new distillate is obtained with
    an even higher concentration
    of volatile components. As the
    procedure is repeated, the
    concentration of volatile components in the distillate increases
    on each occasion.
    In practice, this multi-stage
    distillation process is carried
    out in the form of countercurrent distillation (rectification) in
    a column. The liquid mixture to
    be separated (feed) is fed to the
    bottom of the column, where
    it is brought to boiling point.
    The vapour produced moves
    upwards inside the column, exits
    it at the top and is condensed.
    Part of the condensate is
    carried away as top product.
    The remainder flows back into
    the column and moves downwards as liquid opposite phase.

    Simplified illustration of a rectification column:


    1 feed, 2 bottom heating, 3 bottom product, 4 bottom of column, 5 top product,
    6 reflux, 7 condenser, 8 top of column, 9 tray (here: bubble tray);
    x liquid phase, y vapour phase

    Principle of distillation:
    1 vapour phase, 2 boiling liquid mixture, 3 distillate, 4 condenser

    On its way to the top of the column, the


    mixed vapour created at the bottom is
    subjected to an intensive exchange of
    heat and material with the liquid phase
    as it passes through the tray or packing
    in the column. The less volatile components of the vapour phase condense
    and increase in concentration in the

    liquid phase. At the same time, the


    condensation heat released evaporates the more volatile components
    of the liquid phase. These processes in the column increase the
    vapour phase concentration of volatile components moving from the
    bottom to the top of the column. The

    liquid phase concentration of less


    volatile components increases in
    the opposite direction, from the top
    of the column to the bottom.

    15

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