Senior Design - Miami Green - Final Draft
Senior Design - Miami Green - Final Draft
Senior Design - Miami Green - Final Draft
Final Report
Submitted By:
James Klein
Alejandro Franyie
November 28, 2007
FACULTY ADVISOR
x__________________________
Dr. Yong X. Tao
This report is written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4905. The contents
represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering.
PID #
Title
Alejandro Franyie
1305674
1304926
x______________________________
James Klein
x______________________________
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Miami Green Overview
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Goal Statement
Scope
Miami Green
Intended Clients
Design Organization
Challenges and Constraints
Concept Overview
Heating Load
Cooling Load
Miami Green Break-Down and Parameters
Results and Sizes
Concept Overview
Energy Baseline and Optimization
EQuest and Results
Concept Overview
Input Parameters
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Ownership and Initial Cost
System Specification and Details
Overview
Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Appendix A Cooling and Heating Loads
Appendix B Energy Modeling
Appendix C Economic Analysis
Appendix D Equipment Specification
Appendix E Mechanical Drawings
Appendix F Design Organization
1.2 Scope
Miami Green is in the preliminary design and development stage where the owner is still
gathering cost and feasibility estimates before pursuing construction. Drawings have been
provided to the mechanical engineers, Green Machine, by the architect to begin schematic
drawings of the HVAC systems design.
The Green Machine has been contracted to calculate heating/cooling loads and perform a
study of different HVAC systems that can be used in Miami Green. The study will include:
energy performance analysis, life cycle cost analysis and schematic drawings of the
recommended system. Also, the mechanical engineer will provide recommended constructions
to be used in the buildings envelope.
Since architectural drawings are still in the design stage and interior space layouts have not
been designed, the scope of the mechanical engineer is to treat Miami Green as a shell building.
Shell building means that the exterior and dividing walls of the building will be treated as
permanent but the space contained is to be designed later. This means that ductwork and space
design will be done as soon as the architect completes interior layouts. Therefore, Green
Machine will only provide a schematic design of the system and not detailed interior layouts.
Also, Green Machine has been contracted to make Miami Green a green building. Green
Machine shall design Miami Green using principles provided by the USGBC (United States
Green Building Council.) This will ensure that Miami Green becomes a certified green building
and will comply with the USGBCs LEED rating method. The LEED rating method is the topic
of chapter 5.
Comply with energy codes (ASHRAE 90.1 and Florida Mechanical Code Ch. 13)
Software shall be used to compute heating/cooling loads, energy performance, and life
cycle cost. The programs used will be discussed in the respective sections of the calculations
mentioned above. Also, AutoCAD shall be used to provide the schematic drawings of the
building with the recommended system.
Appendix F contains a function analysis diagram, a drawing tree, a failure modes and
effects analysis (FMEA) and a project timeline.
10
Must comply with Florida Building Code and good engineering practice
Must achieve a certain indoor design temperature (74F winter and 78F summer)
o This will correspond to approximately 1 ton cooling capacity per 300 square feet
Must have high indoor air quality (approximately 30% fresh air)
11
12
The heat losses transferred through the walls, ceilings, roof, window glass, floors and doors is all
sensible heat transfer, referred to as transmission heat loss, and computed using the equation
below. In order to calculate this heat loss, the heat transfer coefficient of the material that make
up the envelope of the structure must also be defined.
q = UA(t i t o )
Where:
U = overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr-ft2-F)
A = the net area for the given component for which U was calculated
(t
t o ) = the temperature difference on the two sides of the surface being analyzed.
Infiltrating air entering a building must be conditioned to satisfy the indoor design conditions.
The mass flow rate and the specific heat of the air must be determined to calculate the amount of
sensible heat required to condition the infiltrating air. The sensible heat required to heat the
outside air can be calculated with the following equation.
q s = mo c p (t i t o )
Where:
mo = the mass flow rate of the infiltrating air, lbm/hr
c p = the specific heat of the air, btu/(lbm-F)
(t
t o ) = the temperature difference between the infiltrating air and the indoor air.
The enthalpy and the humidity ratio of the infiltrating air affect the humidity of the indoor
conditioned air. The latent heat required to humidify the air is given by the equation below.
q l = mo i fg (Wi Wo )
i fg =the latent heat of vaporization at the indoor conditions, Btu/lbmv
Heat conduction through boundaries with convection and radiation from the inner
surfaces into the space.
The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient method can be used to calculate the heat gain from solar
radiation through fenestrations. A coefficient defined by the glazing of windows is multiplied by
the total irradiation of the sun.
q i = Gi (SHGC )
Where:
Gi = incident irradiance
structure, and convection caused by the outside air. The heat balance on an exterior surface can
be calculated considering the equation below.
q ' ' conduction ,ext = q ' ' solarheat ,ext + q ' ' convection ,ext + q ' ' radiation ,ext
Where:
q ' ' conduction ,ext = conduction hear flux through the wall, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' solarheat ,ext = absorbed solar heat flux, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' convection ,ext = convection heat flux from the outside air, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' radiation ,ext = thermal radiation heat flux form other external objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)
The heat absorbed by the envelope of the structure is conducted through the material to
the interior surface. Heat is transferred through convection to the inside conditioned air. Heat is
also radiated to and from inside object to the interior surface. The heat balance on the interior
surface can be calculated considering the equation below.
q ' ' conduction ,int = q ' ' solarheat ,int + q ' ' convection ,int + q ' ' radiation ,int
Where:
q ' ' conduction ,ext = conduction hear flux through the wall, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' solarheat ,ext = absorbed radiation from other objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' convection ,ext = convection heat flux to the air, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' radiation ,ext = thermal radiation heat flux to other objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)
Considering that the air inside the building has no thermal storage, the sum of all the heat
transfers is equal to zero. The heat gained/lost by the heating and cooling system must be equal
to the amount of heat gained/lost by convection from the wall, infiltrating air and the heat
15
transferred to the conditioned air from the people lights and equipment inside. Finally the heat
balance of the zone air may be represented by the equations below.
Aq ' ' convection ,int + q inf iltration + q system + q radiation ,int + q int ernal ,conv = 0
Where:
A= area of internal surface
q inf iltration = heat gain due to infiltration, BTU/hr
q ' ' system = heat gain to do heating/cooling system, BTU/hr
q ' ' int ernal ,conv = convective portion of internal heat gains
The mathematical analysis of the heat balance on the envelope of the structure of a large
building is too tedious to calculate without the aid of computer software. The specifications of
the Miami Green building were determined by using the Carrier software to calculate the heating
and cooling loads. Using the results of the calculations the equipment can be selected.
16
Figure 2.1 and figure 2.2 show floor plan layouts of two typical floors in Miami Green. The
units are called Penthouse, unit C1 and Unit C2.
General
Some key elements in performing a cooling/heating load are general parameters that
have to do with the basic geometry of building. Things such as floor area, ceiling height, and
building weight are all crucial to a buildings required cooling and heating. Table 2.1 shows a
breakdown of the different zones and areas to be calculated. Table 2.2 shows the wall/window
area breakdown of the typical floor. The material and the thermal characteristics of the walls and
windows will be specified later.
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Description
Ceiling Height
(Ft.)
8,355
7,715
2,827
4,888
640
9
9
9
9
Entire Conditioned
Area
Large Layout
Half Layout
Half Layout
Hallway
Typical Floor
Penthouse
C1
C2
Corridor
Wall
Corridor Wall
Partition
24.5
122.25
123
21.75
19
41
122
103
103
Area
220.5
1100.25
1107
195.75
171
369
1098
927
927
U
value
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
The building weight is assumed to be medium density (70 lb/ft2). This is a standard
assumption for a building made of lightweight concrete and steel. The building weight affects
the thermal retention characteristics of the building and describe how easily cooled/heated a
building is.
Internals
Internal loads deal with heat generated within the buildings envelope. Internal loads are
things such as lighting, electrical equipment, and people. The heat produced by these elements
do not cross the buildings walls and is generated within the cooled space. The following are
some assumptions that have been made for this project:
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Walls/Partitions
For most spaces, the wall construction is one of the highest transmitters of heat. Since the
exterior of Miami Green is mostly glass, the walls are primary partitions used between the
conditioned corridor and the non-conditioned garage. To calculate the cooling load a typical wall
construction will be used. A typical exterior/partition used in this application is 8 lightweight
concrete, stucco finish and interior gypsum board with air gap. A wall with this
construction has a U-value of 0.24
BTU
. This U-value has been inserted into table 2.2.
h ft 2 F
In chapter 3 the overall U-value of the wall will be improved by adding insulation. The
reason the overall U-value is not being considered in the cooling load is because it does not
affect the overall system to be used. It does change the sensible heat load and that is something
that will have to be recalculated before the tenant spaces are built.
Windows/Doors
Windows and doors are also called fenestrations. Since Miami Green is a high rise
building, the only exterior doors to be considered are on the ground floor (lobby entrance).
These doors are made of frameless glass and are considered more as glass than as doors.
Therefore, all the fenestrations in this project will be considered as glass.
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The most important window factors to consider when performing a cooling load are
window area, overall U-value, and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). These factors determine
how much heat enters a space by means of radiation due to U and solar radiation due to SHGC.
For this application the SHGC is not used directly. It is used by means of a shading coefficient
(SC). The SHGC and SC is a measure of how much radiation is transmitted, absorbed and
reflected by the glass.
For the purposes of the cooling load we will use an overall U-value of 0.52
BTU
and
h ft 2 F
a shading coefficient of 0.78. This corresponds to high impact glass with a tint. In the next
chapter the specification of the glass to be used in Miami Green will be done in much more
detail.
Roof
For most applications, the heat gain through the roof is a significant factor. In Miami
Green this is not as important because only the top floor roof is exposed to the outside. All other
typical levels will not be affected by heat gain through the roof because they are located directly
below a conditioned space. There is zero heat transfer across a surface when the temperature on
both sides is equal.
According to energy codes, the minimum insulation value for a roof in this application is
R-15. Therefore, the cooling load will be performed so that the roof construction has an overall
U-value of 0.063
BTU
. The conversion between resistance value (R) and heat transfer
h ft 2 F
1
R
20
Infiltration
Infiltration is the introduction of unconditioned air into a conditioned space or
conditioning system. It is important to take infiltration into account because it is heat added or
removed from the system in the form of convection. Miami Green will be a pressurized building
meaning that all infiltration will be controlled in the form of fresh air supply to the spaces. So
measuring the infiltration into the spaces is a matter of calculating the amount of fresh air that
the design will supply to the spaces.
Fresh air is also called outside air (O/A). Outside air requirements are set forth by
ASHRAE Standard 62. For a building of this type, the O/A is calculated by measuring the
expected occupancy for this type of space and multiplying that quantity by 20 CFM/person of air
supply. The expected occupancy for office space is 7 persons per 1,000 ft2. Table 2.3 shows the
outside air calculations for Miami Green.
Space
Penthouse
C1
C2
Area
(S.F.)
7,715
2,827
4,888
Provided
(CFM)
1,404
500
884
The above table shows minimum O/A required by code and also shows the air that is going to be
provided in Miami Green. The reason the project is going to be provided with more fresh air is
to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) and achieve LEED credit points. LEED credit points will
be discussed in chapter 5. Also, it should be noticed that O/A was not calculated for the
corridors. This is because the corridors will be provided with air conditioning units that will
supply 100% outside air. Doing this will greatly improve the IAQ, pressurize the building, and
serve as smoke control in the event of a fire.
21
Space
Total
Load
(Tons)
Penthouse
18.4
221000
179,500
C1
C2
Corridor
A types
7.2
11.3
28.5
18.4
86100
135700
342,000
221000
73500
109400
280,800
83200
Appendix A, Cooling Loads, contains all the detailed calculations and summaries
calculated by HAP. As can be seen, the cooling load of the penthouse is equal to the sum of the
C units. Also, the last row of the table shows the proposed (5) A units shown in figure 2.3,
which also equal a total of 20 tons.
22
2nd Floor
o 22.5 Total Tons of Cooling
23
11 Typical Floors
o (3) Layout Penthouse
o (4) Layout C
o (4) Layout A
Corridor
o (2) 15 Ton 100% O/A Roof-Top Units
The system type for these units mentioned above has yet to be determined. The choice of which
system to use will be a result of the next two chapters. From Chapter 2, the size and quantity of
the units that will be used have been determined.
24
cooled, meaning the refrigerant is cooled being blown by the condenser coil. A DX split,
air-cooled system is schematically represented in figure 3.1.
26
condenser section. The water is then taken to a cooling tower which transfers heat to the
environment. A DX package, water-cooled system is schematically represented in figure 3.2.
27
Walls
Roof
Windows
Lighting
Air Conditioners
28
The baseline building shall be modeled using these minimum requirements to determine
the maximum allowable energy usage for the building. The proposed building will differ from
the baseline by improving mechanical equipment performance, envelope specifications
(insulation, glazing, glass thickness, etc.), and lighting efficiency. By improving these
parameters, the overall building performance improves thereby creating an overall reduction in
energy usage.
Since different HVAC systems will be modeled, the first step shall be to improve the
buildings envelope and lighting characteristics. Improving the buildings envelope and lighting is
a basic step in improving the buildings overall energy performance. These changes to the
building will be constant regardless of the HVAC system chosen.
Envelope
Improving a buildings envelope is a broad statement. For Miami Green the most
important factor is improving the envelope is to improve window performance since the faade
of the building is over 80% glass. This is where the major reduction in energy usage shall occur.
By decreasing the overall U value (heat transfer coefficient) and increasing the shading
coefficient, the heat that enters the condition space by conduction and radiation is reduced. The
reduction in the heat that enters the space is reflected by lowering the amount of electricity
needed to cool the space.
For a high rise building the use of impact resistant glass is mandated by the state of
Florida. Therefore 0.5 impact resistant glass shall be used. This glass not only serves for safety,
but it also drastically reduces heat gain and noise pollution. It has also been specified that the
glass shall be covered in a blue-green tint to further reduce the heat that enters due to radiation.
Also, a second low-e glazing with a 0.5 inch air gap shall be added to reduce the amount of heat
29
that enters due to thermal conduction. Figure 3.4 shows a dimensioned cross-section of the glass
to be used.
BTU
and the shading coefficient is equal to 0.605.
h ft 2 F
The second most important step in improving the building envelope is to decrease the
overall U value of the exterior walls and partitions. The difference between an exterior wall and
a partition wall is that an exterior wall is exposed to solar radiation while a partition is not. An
exterior wall experiences the combined effects of solar radiation and conduction. A partition
wall only experiences heat conduction. Regardless of the type of wall, the overall U value is
extremely important.
30
Figure 3.5 illustrates the wall section specified for Miami Green. As can be seen, R-20
insulation has been added greatly reduces the baseline U value. The total U-value of the wall
shown in the figure is 0.04
BTU
.
h ft 2 F
31
The primary reason for the reduction in lighting wattage is as follows. Since Miami
Green is for office/retail usage, its primary use shall be during the day. And since Miami Green
is over 80% glass, the need for interior lighting during the day is greatly reduced. Therefore, the
amount of glass on the building decreases the efficiency of the HVAC system but also reduces
the amount of interior lighting required.
Another way Miami Green is reducing energy is by using smart lighting systems. For
example, bathrooms and closets will be equipped with motion sensors to activate only when
occupied. Basically, reducing the amount of time non-essential lighting is on. Interior smart
lighting will also shut down lighting when the building occupancy is sensed to be low. These
times shall correspond to night time and holidays.
HVAC
The three HVAC systems being used considered in Miami Green were explained in the
previous overview section. The energy efficiency of these three systems differs with different
application. There is no system which is generally more efficient. Within each system there are
varying efficiencies available with a certain cost associated with them. For instance, the
minimum efficiency required for a DX air-cooled system over 65,000 BTU/h cooling capacity is
9.5 EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). Systems of this type are available with EER values up to 15
but are also much more expensive. The EER of equipment is calculated by the following
formula:
EER =
Packaged DX water-cooled systems are also rated by the value of the EER. Package watercooled systems are more efficient by also require a cooling tower and water pumps. Generally,
32
for larger scale projects, the water-cooled systems are preferable because they save space and
can sometimes be more efficient. Therefore, the choice is between the two is not clear.
A chilled water system is sometimes more desirable because all refrigeration is localized
to the chiller. In this system the chiller is primarily responsible for energy usage. In Miami
Green the chiller necessary will need to have approximately 300 tons cooling capacity. Chiller
efficiency is measured in COP (Coefficient of Performance). For a 300 ton centrifugal watercooled chiller the minimum efficiency required is 5 COP. The conversion from tons of
refrigeration to BTU/H and the formula for COP are shown below. Chiller efficiencies are
available up to 6.5 COP but with significant cost associated with them. Also, chilled water
systems are only feasible in larger scale applications.
1 Ton Refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/H
COP =
Cooling Capacity(BTU/H)
Input Power(BTU/H)
Since the choice between systems is vague, it is up to the energy modeling and life cycle
cost analysis to determine the system to be used. The life cycle cost analysis is a study of the
economics involved in an HVAC system. Parameters such as initial cost, service life,
maintenance costs and energy costs by a role in the life cycle cost analysis. Often times,
ownership and future plans play a significant role in the choice of the HVAC system to be used.
The importance of the life cycle cost analysis and ownership will be discussed in the next
chapter.
33
called DOE-2. This software began development in the 1970s with collaborative efforts by
ASHRAE, NASA, the US Postal Service, and energy industry leaders. It was created to answer a
growing concern in the industry, that society as a whole was not leading a sustainable lifestyle.
DOE-2/eQuest is the most widely used and respected software in field of energy
modeling. The results of an energy model cannot be assumed to be 100% accurate but do serve
as a basis of comparison to determine that one alternative is more energy efficient than another.
This will be the usefulness of eQuest in Miami Green. This software will serve as a benchmark
to gauge how energy efficient the proposed building has become in comparison to a baseline
building. The measure of improvement will be shown as a percent reduction in the baseline
energy usage. Below is the formula used to find the percent reduction,
% Reduction =
34
As seen in Figure 3.4, the total annual electric consumption of the baseline model is
2,820 MWh. This means that Miami Green will use 2,820 Megawatt-hours of electricity
annually if it is build to minimum standards. Our primary goal is reduce this gross energy usage
as much as possible while maintaining a safe, comfortable environment at a reasonable cost.
Now we will make improvements to the shell/envelope, lighting, and HVAC system. In
order to present the results of our comparisons in an organized fashion, Table 3.2 will show
designations and nomenclature used for different test runs with different specifications.
35
Detailed Description
DXS
DXWC
CHW
Shell Only
EER *
COP *
Baseline
Table 3.3 shows the energy model results for different scenarios. The first model shown
in table is the baseline model shown in detail in figure 3.6. The energy usage of the baseline
model is the basis for measuring the % reduction as previously discussed. The last column
shows the percent reduction of all the different models. Appendix B Energy Analysis contains
the complete summary of all the models created and their respective breakdowns and electric
consumptions.
Table 3.3 - Energy Model Results
Model Name
Energy
Usage
(kWh x 000)
Description
%
Improvement
Baseline
2,820
n/a
DXS Shell
DXS EER 12
DXWC Shell
DXWC 14 EER
CHW Shell
CHW 6 COP
2,328
2,164
2,289
2,107
2,277
2,088
17.45%
23.26%
18.83%
25.28%
19.26%
25.96%
36
For each different system (DXS, DXWC, and CHW) two models were made. First, the shell
only run, which only improves the building envelope and lighting efficiency while maintaining
the minimum HVAC equipment efficiency allowable by code. The second run makes
improvements upon the HVAC system efficiency.
The data shown in table 3.3 shows that with specifications made the chilled water
system (CHW) is the most energy efficient followed by the DX packaged system and then the
DX split system. Using minimum and maximum efficiency equipment the DX split system is the
least efficient when compared respectably to the other system types. The two other systems are
very close in energy efficiency and the difference is almost negligible.
Also, it should be noted that the greatest improvement in energy efficiency was done by
improving the envelope/shell (walls and windows) and lighting efficiency. This upgrade
accounted for approximated 18% reduction. Improving the HVAC efficiency alone accounted
for only an additional 6% reduction. Therefore, the primary energy savings is made by
improving the structures thermal properties. Improving equipment efficiencies is a good step but
not as drastic a change.
The choice of which system to use is still not complete. The energy efficiency of the
systems has been measured and a distinction has been made between them. We cannot simply
choose the most efficient system. Other factors such as ownership type, useful life and initial
cost must be accounted for. All of these factors will be weighted and balanced and the system
type will be chosen in the next chapter.
37
At the end of the expected life there are replacement costs. This system must be replaced two
times in a span of 31 years.
Table 4.1 - DXS Cost
Equipment
(AHU and
CU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T Unit
Installed
Cost/Unit
($)
Quantity
29,000
7
17,400
13
11,600
20
Total Initial Cost =
Cost ($)
203,000
226,200
232,000
661,200
Life
(years)
10
10
10
The annual costs for DXS include maintenance and energy costs. The annual
maintenance cost for this system can be estimated at $200/AHU for filter, fan and coil
maintenance and $200/CU for refrigerant and compressor maintenance. Since there are 40 AHU
and CU in this proposed design, the average annual maintenance cost for this system is
$16,000/year.
The annual energy usage of this system is the topic of the previous chapter. Using the
results from the last chapter, the local energy costs are applied to find that this system will have
an energy cost of approximately $152,000/year.
Table 4.2 contains the initial cost of the DX package system for Miami Green. Note that
the unit cost includes equipment costs, ductwork, piping and installation. The estimated life of
packaged units (PU) and pumps is approximately 15 years. The estimated life of a cooling tower
is 20 years. Therefore, this system must be replaced once in a span of 31 years. This replacement
cost along with inflation must be taken into account.
39
Equipment (PU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T. Unit
Cooling Tower
Pumps
Cost ($)
216,300
240,500
248,000
38,500
8,400
751,700
Life
(years)
15
15
15
20
15
The annual maintenance costs of this system are similar to that of the DXS system. An
average of $400/PU equals to a total of $16,000 per year. Cooling tower maintenance and water
treatment must also be considered for this system. These costs can be estimated at $5,000 per
year. Therefore, the total maintenance cost of the DXWC system is $21,000 per year. Using the
energy usage results from the last chapter, the annual energy cost of this system can be estimated
at $142,000 per year.
Table 4.3 contains the initial cost and life of the chilled water system for Miami Green.
Note that the unit cost includes equipment costs, ductwork, piping and installation. The
estimated life of fan coil units (FCU) and pumps is approximately 15 years. The estimated life of
a cooling tower and chiller is 20 years. Therefore, this system must be replaced once in a span of
31 years. This replacement cost along with inflation must be taken into account.
Equipment
(FCU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T. Unit
Cooling Tower
Chiller
Pumps
Cost ($)
185,500
234,000
220,000
38,500
205,500
16,800
900,300
Life
(years)
20
20
20
20
20
15
The annual maintenance costs of this system much lower than the previous two since
there is one centralized compressor. An average of $200/FCU equals to a total of $8,000 per
year. Cooling tower, Chiller maintenance and water treatment must also be considered for this
system. These costs can be estimated at $6,000 per year. Therefore, the total maintenance cost of
the DXWC system is $14,000 per year. Using the energy usage results from the last chapter, the
annual energy cost of this system can be estimated at $141,000 per year.
Initial Cost
o DXS
- $661,200 (winner)
o DXWC - $751,700
o CHW - $900,300
chilled water system (CHW) has the lowest total present worth and annual operating costs. It
should be noted that the DX packaged water-cooled system is in second place in all three
categories. Also, DXS is the worst in total present worth and annual operating costs. Using this
data, the next section will determine which system shall be used.
41
42
$90,000 more in construction, the DX packaged (DXWC) system will achieve 2 more LEED
credit points that the DX split system does not. The DXWC system will obtain an extra point for
energy efficiency (since it is 2% more efficient than DXS) and an extra point for Enhanced
Refrigerant Management that DXS does not get. The basis for LEED points will be further
discussed in the next chapter.
Therefore, even though the DXWC system costs more, the marketability of the label
Green Building is out weights the difference in initial costs. The reason the chilled water
system was ruled out is because it does not achieve and extra points over DXWC and costs
$150,000 more.
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Two (2) 100% outside-air roof-top units located supply the corridors on Miami Green via
shafts throughout the building. Outdoor fresh air is supplied to the packaged units within the
spaces from the roof via a shaft located in the center of the building.
The garage of Miami Green is open to the outside and naturally ventilated. Recirculation
fans guarantee that there are no stagnation points and CO/CO2 levels remain below critical.
Exhaust fans are provided in all bathrooms and equipment rooms. For exact location of all fans
please see drawings.
The drawings provided in Appendix E are only schematic and are not intended as
construction documents. The goal of this project is to provide schematic drawings of the
recommended HVAC system to the owner for his/her approval. The drawings provided are for
the shell layout only. Once approved, the exact interior layouts must be chosen.
NOTE: The drawings provided in Appendix E are scaled to fit inside of this report. A
full sized set of drawings were provided along with the report on the date of completion.
44
45
The forth credit in the Energy and Atmosphere section deals with Enhanced Refrigerant
Management (EA Credit 4). Miami Green achieves this credit by using packaged units designed
to use refrigerant R-410a. Using this refrigerant drastically reduces ozone depletion. Also, using
packaged units reduces the quantity of the refrigerant used, further reducing the environmental
impact. The combined effect of these two factors gives Miami Green a point for EA credit 4.
47
system. The sensors will also alert the mechanical room if the minimum requirement is not met.
If this were to occur, proper cautions will be addressed. This ventilation monitoring system
receives a point for Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring. The Ventilating systems for the Miami
Green project will be set to provide airflow of 30 percent over the minimum required by
ASHRAE section 62.1. The increased airflow will provide the occupants with better quality air
and achieves a LEED point for increased ventilation (EQ Credit 2).
When the construction of a building is complete the quality of the air initially in the
building is poor due to the processes of the construction of the building. An Indoor Air Quality
Management Plan is made to control the air quality during construction and preoccupancy
periods. This plan is used to take action in following air quality standards and protect absorption
materials from moisture damage. Once the Miami Green Building is constructed, a flush process
will be performed. This process includes flushing the building with 100% outside air for 10 days
and replacing all filtration systems prior to occupancy. This flush process achieves one point
towards the LEED certification (EQ Credit 3).
Finally the air filters used in the packaged units will be of a minimum efficiency rating
value of 13. These air filters will be applied to both the return air and the outside air which is
delivered as supply air. Using these filters achieves another point towards the LEED certification
(EQ Credit 5).
5.4 Conclusion
These HVAC designs outlined above conclude that a total of 10 points will be achieved
towards the LEED certification that is associated with the HVAC design. Also another point can
be awarded for having the occupants of the building complete a survey after six months of the
building occupancy. This survey will ask for a detailed description of the occupants view of the
thermal comfort of the building. Depending on how the occupants feel, provisions will be taken
48
to maximize the occupants thermal comfort. The 11 points accumulated is almost half of the
points necessary to certify the buildings as Green. The remainder of the points can be achieved
through architectural and construction processes. Criteria focusing Sustainable sites, Water
Efficiency, and Material and Resources are sections which the architects design and contractors
equipment can achieve the remaining points necessary for LEED certification.
Indoor Environmental
Quality
Criteria
Points
Minimum Energy
Performance
Fundamental Refrigerant
Management
Optimize Energy
Performance
Enhance Refrigerant
Management
Minimum IAQ Performance
Outdoor Air Delivery
Monitoring
Increased Ventilation
Construction IAQ
Management Plan
Indoor Chemical and
Pollutant Source Control
Thermal Comfort
Verification
49
Requirements
PreReq
PreReq
5
1
PreReq
1
1
References
ACEC, 1982, Consulting Engineering Practice Manual, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York City, NY.
ASHRAE, 2001 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 2000 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment, American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 1999 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 1998 ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings,
2004, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, Standard 62 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2001, ASHRAE Inc.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Florida Mechanical Building Code 2004, Florida Building Department, Tallahassee, FL.
Gladstone, J., 1981, Air Conditioning Testing/Adjusting/Balancing, A Field Practice Manual,
2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York City, NY.
Haines, R. W. and Wilson, C. L., 1994, HVAC Systems Design Handbook, 2nd Ed McGraw-Hill,
Inc. New York City, NY.
Incropera, F. P., Dewitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L. and Lavine, A. S., 2007, Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
McQuistion, F. C., Parker, J. D., and Spitler, J.D., 2005, Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, Analysis and Design 6th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro, H. N., 2004, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
NFPA, 2000, Life Safety Code Handbook, NFPA 101 8th Edition, National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.
NFPA, 2005, Florida Fire Prevention Code, 2004 Edition, National Fire Protection Association,
Quincy, Massachusetts.
50
Rowe, W. H. III, 1988, HVAC Design, Criteria, Options, Selections, R. S. Means Company,
Inc., Kingston, MA.
SMACNA, 1995, HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible, 2nd Ed. Sheet Metal
and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc., Chantilly, Va.
51
Appendix A
Cooling and Heating Loads
52
Appendix B
Energy Modeling
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
51.7
1.4
21.9
0.0
10.6
Feb
53.6
0.0
20.5
0.0
8.5
Mar
61.3
23.8
0.0
9.4
Apr
72.1
22.4
9.1
May
83.0
22.6
7.6
Jun
90.7
23.1
7.4
Jul
95.2
22.4
7.6
Aug
97.8
23.3
10.6
Sep
87.2
22.2
10.3
Oct
83.2
22.6
10.6
Nov
67.1
21.2
10.3
Dec
55.4
23.0
0.0
10.6
Total
898.4
1.4
269.0
0.0
112.9
61.9
56.4
64.9
62.2
64.4
62.2
62.4
66.9
57.6
64.4
59.2
60.3
742.8
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
66.5
60.3
69.7
66.6
69.5
66.6
66.7
72.4
60.9
69.5
63.5
64.0
796.2
214.0
199.3
229.1
232.5
247.0
250.0
254.3
271.1
238.3
250.3
221.3
213.3
2,820.6
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
48.2
1.2
13.6
0.0
7.1
Feb
51.0
0.0
12.7
0.0
5.7
Mar
57.6
14.8
0.0
6.3
Apr
67.0
13.9
6.1
May
77.2
14.0
5.1
Jun
83.7
14.4
4.9
Jul
87.8
13.9
5.1
Aug
90.5
14.5
7.1
Sep
80.3
13.8
6.9
Oct
77.4
14.0
7.1
Nov
62.7
13.1
6.9
Dec
52.4
14.3
0.0
7.1
Total
835.8
1.2
167.0
0.0
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
174.3
164.1
187.9
191.5
204.9
207.5
211.6
225.0
197.2
207.1
182.3
174.7
2,328.3
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
38.7
1.2
13.6
0.0
7.1
Feb
40.9
0.0
12.7
0.0
5.7
Mar
46.3
14.8
0.0
6.3
Apr
53.8
13.9
6.1
May
62.0
14.0
5.1
Jun
67.2
14.4
4.9
Jul
70.6
13.9
5.1
Aug
72.7
14.5
7.1
Sep
64.5
13.8
6.9
Oct
62.2
14.0
7.1
Nov
50.4
13.1
6.9
Dec
42.1
14.3
0.0
7.1
Total
671.4
1.2
167.0
0.0
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
164.8
154.1
176.6
178.3
189.7
191.0
194.3
207.3
181.5
191.9
170.0
164.4
2,164.0
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
41.8
4.8
1.5
3.3
8.8
7.1
Feb
44.5
4.4
0.1
3.1
9.4
5.7
Mar
49.7
5.4
3.6
11.3
6.3
Apr
56.3
6.3
3.4
10.7
6.1
May
66.3
7.7
3.4
10.8
5.1
Jun
70.9
8.3
3.5
11.0
4.9
Jul
75.1
8.1
3.4
10.7
5.1
Aug
77.1
8.4
3.5
11.1
7.1
Sep
68.9
8.0
3.3
10.6
6.9
Oct
67.1
7.7
3.4
10.8
7.1
Nov
53.8
6.5
3.2
10.1
6.9
Dec
45.5
4.2
3.5
10.9
7.1
Total
717.0
79.8
1.6
40.5
126.2
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
171.5
162.0
185.5
187.3
201.8
203.2
207.1
220.2
194.0
204.7
180.1
172.1
2,289.5
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
31.7
4.6
1.5
3.3
8.5
7.1
Feb
33.8
4.2
0.1
3.1
9.0
5.7
Mar
37.7
5.2
3.6
10.8
6.3
Apr
42.8
6.0
3.4
10.2
6.1
May
50.3
7.3
3.4
10.3
5.1
Jun
53.8
7.9
3.5
10.6
4.9
Jul
57.0
7.7
3.4
10.2
5.1
Aug
58.5
8.0
3.5
10.7
7.1
Sep
52.3
7.6
3.3
10.2
6.9
Oct
51.0
7.3
3.4
10.3
7.1
Nov
40.9
6.2
3.2
9.7
6.9
Dec
34.6
4.0
3.5
10.5
7.1
Total
544.5
76.0
1.6
40.5
121.0
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
160.9
150.6
172.8
173.0
185.0
185.3
188.2
200.8
176.6
187.7
166.4
160.5
2,107.9
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
48.0
1.5
1.4
6.8
10.1
7.1
Feb
48.1
1.5
0.0
6.3
9.8
5.7
Mar
55.4
1.8
7.4
11.4
6.3
Apr
57.4
2.3
6.9
11.3
6.1
May
61.8
3.5
7.0
11.6
5.1
Jun
64.2
4.1
7.2
11.9
4.9
Jul
64.3
4.7
6.9
11.6
5.1
Aug
66.5
4.6
7.2
12.0
7.1
Sep
62.4
4.1
6.9
11.4
6.9
Oct
62.5
3.4
7.0
11.6
7.1
Nov
55.4
2.3
6.6
10.8
6.9
Dec
52.4
1.4
7.1
10.9
7.1
Total
698.3
35.3
1.4
83.3
134.3
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
179.1
166.1
191.5
188.6
197.6
196.8
197.3
210.5
188.0
200.2
181.4
179.9
2,277.1
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment
Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans
Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating
Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling
Jan
35.3
1.5
1.4
6.8
9.7
7.1
Feb
35.4
1.5
0.0
6.3
9.4
5.7
Mar
40.7
1.7
7.4
11.0
6.3
Apr
42.4
2.2
6.9
10.9
6.1
May
45.8
3.4
7.0
11.1
5.1
Jun
47.6
3.9
7.2
11.4
4.9
Jul
47.7
4.5
6.9
11.1
5.1
Aug
49.4
4.4
7.2
11.6
7.1
Sep
46.3
3.9
6.9
11.0
6.9
Oct
46.3
3.2
7.0
11.2
7.1
Nov
40.9
2.1
6.6
10.3
6.9
Dec
38.5
1.3
7.1
10.5
7.1
Total
516.2
33.7
1.4
83.3
129.2
75.2
55.7
50.7
58.4
56.0
58.0
56.0
56.1
60.2
51.9
58.0
53.3
54.3
668.7
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
48.5
44.0
50.8
48.6
50.6
48.6
48.6
52.8
44.4
50.6
46.3
46.6
580.4
165.9
153.0
176.3
173.0
181.0
179.6
180.1
192.7
171.2
183.4
166.4
165.5
2,088.2
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total
eQUEST 3.60.5200
Page 1
Appendix C
Economic Analysis
Appendix D
Equipment Specification
Appendix E
Mechanical Drawings
Note: Full size set provided separately
Appendix F
Design Organization
Project Timeline
Category
EML
4551Design
Org.
SubCategory
Progress
Report #1
Progress
Report #2
Presentation
#1
Progress
Report #3
Presentation
#2
Final Report
Senior
Project
Design
Progress
Report #1
Progress
Report #2
Progress
Report #3
Final Demo
HVAC
Design
For
Miami
Green
Research
Code
Resrictions
Cooling
Loads
Ventilation
Design
Equipment
Selection
Drafting
Preliminary
Review
Re-Design
Code
Compliance
Final Design
Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
Component
Description
AC
Failure Mode
Effects
Safeguard
Actions
Complete Malfunction
Uncomfortable
Select More
Reliable
Equipment
Select Proper
Warranty Info
Uncomfortable
Better Design
Over Design
Humidity
Uncomfortable
Accurate Design
Refrigerant Leak
Environmental
Impact;
Uncomfortable
Environmentally
Safe Refrigerant
Proper Equipment
Selection.
Check Regularly
Select Proper
Warranty Info
Better Design
Over Design
Better Design
Accurate Design
Loss of Cooling;
Loss of Efficiency
Check
Construction
Contractor
Guarantee
Redundancy
Over Design
Complete Malfunction
2
Stair
Pressurization
Fans
Insufficient Pressure
Over Pressurization
Duct Leak
Ducts
Improper Insulation
Unsmooth Finish
CO Sensor Failure
Sensors
Unsafe in event
of a fire
Mold and
Bacteria Growth;
Heath
Unsafe Garage
Conditions
Thermostat Failure
Uncomfortable
Unsafe in event
of a fire
Select More
Reliable
Equipment
Select More
Reliable
Equipment
Select Proper
Warranty Info
Contractor
Guarantee