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    Chapter 4 Vocab

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    Jordon Halteman
    This document contains notes from a statistics class covering chapters 4.1 and 4.2, which define key vocabulary terms used in sampling and experimental design. Some of the key terms defined include population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, treatment, experimental unit, randomized block design, and statistically significant. The notes provide definitions and explanations of 20 statistical concepts.

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    Chapter 4 Vocab

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    Jordon Halteman
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    This document contains notes from a statistics class covering chapters 4.1 and 4.2, which define key vocabulary terms used in sampling and experimental design. Some of the key terms defined include population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, treatment, experimental unit, randomized block design, and statistically significant. The notes provide definitions and explanations of 20 statistical concepts.

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    This document contains notes from a statistics class covering chapters 4.1 and 4.2, which define key vocabulary terms used in sampling and experimental design. Some of the key terms defined include population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, treatment, experimental unit, randomized block design, and statistically significant. The notes provide definitions and explanations of 20 statistical concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    500 views2 pages

    Chapter 4 Vocab

    Uploaded by

    Jordon Halteman
    This document contains notes from a statistics class covering chapters 4.1 and 4.2, which define key vocabulary terms used in sampling and experimental design. Some of the key terms defined include population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, treatment, experimental unit, randomized block design, and statistically significant. The notes provide definitions and explanations of 20 statistical concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Jordon Halteman

    AP Statistics
    27 October 2011

    Chapter 4 Notes Pages 205-251

    4.1 Vocabulary
    Bias: When a statistical study systematically favors certain outcomes. Response
    bias is when incorrect answers are given by respondents
    Cluster Sample: To take a cluster sample, first divide the population into smaller
    groups. Ideally, these clusters should mirror the characteristics of the
    population. Then choose an SRS of the clusters. All individuals in the chosen clusters
    are included in the sample.
    Convenience Sample: Choosing individuals who are easiest to reach
    Nonresponse: Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cant be contacted
    or refuses to participate.
    Population: The entire group of individuals about which we want information.
    Random Sample:
    Sample: The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We
    use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population.
    Sample Survey: selects a sample from the population of all individuals about
    which we desire information. We base conclusions about the population on data
    from the sample.
    Sampling Frame: The list from which the sample is chosen
    Simple random sample(SRS): An SRS of size n consists of n individuals from the
    population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance
    to be the sample actually selected.
    Stratified Random Sample: To select a stratified random sample, first classify the
    population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate
    SRS in each stratum and combine these SRSs to form the full sample.
    Table of random digits: A long string of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 with
    these properties:

    The entries are independent of each other. That is, knowledge of one part of
    the table gives no information about any other part.

    Each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9.

    Undercoverage: When some groups in the population are left out of the process of
    choosing the sample.

    Voluntary Response Sample: People who choose themselves by responding to a


    general appeal. Voluntary response samples show bias because people with strong
    opinions (often in the same direction) are most likely to respond.
    4.2 Vocabulary
    Treatment: A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an
    experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of
    specific values of these variables.
    Block: A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be
    similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.
    Completely randomized design: The treatments are assigned to all the
    experimental units completely by chance.
    Confounding: When two variables are associated in such a way that their effects
    on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.
    Double-blind: Neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure
    the response variable know which treatment a subject received.
    Experiment: Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their
    responses.
    Experimental Units: The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are
    applied
    Lurking Variable: A variable that is not among the explanatory or response
    variables in a study but that may influence the response variable.
    Observational Study: observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
    does not attempt to influence the responses.
    Placebo: Fake treatment to a control group
    Random Assignment: The experimental units are assigned to treatments at
    random, that is, using some sort of chance process.
    Randomized block design: The random assignment of experimental units to
    treatments is carried out separately within each block.
    Statistically significant: An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by
    chance
    Subjects: When the units are people

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