WELCOME

FEATURES OF
HVDC
TALCHER KOLAR SCHEMATIC TALCHER

Electrode
Station
Electrode
Station
KOLAR +/- 500 KV DC line
1370 KM

Kolar
400kv System
220kv system
Hosur
Hoody
B’lore Chintamani
Salem Madras
Cudappah Udumalpet
 HVDC Control & Protection
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Tap Changer Sending End Receiving End Tap Changer
Control Control

U1 U2

I
d

Converter Converter
ACF Control Control ACF
Rectifier Inverter
capacitors capacitors
Id-Control Ud-Control
ACF ACF

Reactive Reactive
Power Control Power Control
(AC Voltage (AC Voltage
Limitation Limitation
Control) Control)
AC System A AC System B
Converter Control Reactive Power Control Tap Changer Control

Id: DC Current ACF: AC Filter

Ud: DC Voltage
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION

– CONTROLLED POWER FLOW IS POSSIBLE

VERY PRECISELY
– ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION POSSIBLE
BETWEEN REGIONS HAVING DIFFERENT
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
– NO RESTRICTION ON LINE LENGTH AS NO
REACTANCE IN DC LINES
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION

– STABILISING HVAC SYSTEMS -DAMPENING OF POWER SWINGS AND

SUB SYNCHRONOUS FREQUENCIES OF GENERATOR.

– FAULTS IN ONE AC SYSTEMS WILL NOT EFFECT THE OTHER AC

SYSTEM.

– CABLE TRANSMISSION

.
Points related to operation of HVDC
• Active Power Control
• RPC control
– Filter switching seq.
– Limitations by RPC
• Stability Controls
– Power Limitations
– Frequency limit controller
– Run-backs / Run-ups
– Power Swing damping control
• GRM operation & electrode limitation
• Overload of HVDC
• SPS scheme
• Power / current limits due to protection
• Power reversal
HVDC VALVE HALL LAYOUT
 MULTIPLE VALVE UNIT
Grd
Quadruplevalve Valve

Arrester

AC

Multiple
D
Y
Y
Valve
AC
Unit

DC
Circuit Diagram of the Converters for
Pole 1
 Valve Tower top view / 3D view

• Max. length of fibre optic cables in quadruple valve Lmax =

17.5m
• Weight of quadruple valve without arresters: approx. 19300 kg
• All dimensions in mm
1. AC Terminal 6. Thyristor Module
2. DC Terminal 7. Insulator
3. Cooling Water Inlet 8. Arrester
4. Cooling Water Outlet 9. Screen
5. Fibre Optic Cables Tubes
Hierarchy of valve structure

Each Thyristor level consists

•Thyristor
•Snubber circuit – to prevent high dv/dt
•Snubber Capacitor
•Snubber Resistor
•Valve Reactor – to prevent high di/dt
•Grading Resistor – to equilize the
potential across all the levels in a valve –
static equalizing
•Grading capacitor – dynamic equalizing
 Components in one valve
Component Population Population
at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 84 78
Snubber Capacitor 84 78
Snubber Resistor 84 78
Valve Reactor 24 24
Grading Capacitor 6 6
Grading Resistor 84 78
Valve arrester 1 1
TE card 84 78
 Components in one Pole
Component Population Population
at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 1008 936
Snubber Capacitor 1008 936
Snubber Resistor 1008 936
Valve Reactor 288 288
Grading Capacitor 72 72
Grading Resistor 1008 936
Valve arrester 144 144
TE card 1008 936
 Thyristor Module

GRADING CAPACITOR

SNUBBER CAPACITOR

SNUBBER RESISTOR

COOLING PIPE-PEX

THYRISTOR

TE CARD

FIBRE OPTICS
Thyristor Modular Unit top view
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (1)

Features:
• High-power thyristor for phase control
• Ceramic insulation
• Contacts copper, nickel plated
• Anode, Cathode and gate pressure
contacted
• Inter digitised amplifying gate
Applications:
• HVDC-Transmissions
• Synchro- drivers
• Reactive-power compensation
• Controlled Rectifiers
Internal Structure of Thyristor
 HARMONIC FILTERS

• Conversion process generates – Harmonics

• AC side Harmonics- Current harmonics
– Generated harmonics – (12n ± 1) harmonics
– n = 1,2,3….
– Predominant harmonics – 11,13,23,25,35,37
– Additionally 3rd harmonics
• DC side Harmonics- Voltage harmonics
– Generated harmonics – (12n) harmonics
– n = 1,2,3….
– Predominant harmonics – 12,24,36
 Disadvantages of Harmonics

• Over heating and extra losses in generators

• Over heating and extra losses in motors
• Instability in the converter control
• Interference with telecommunication systems
• Over voltages due to resonance
 12/24 Double Tuned Filter – 120 MVAr

C1=2.374µF

L1=16.208mH R1=420Ω

C2=4.503 µF

L2=7.751mH
11 13
23 25

Impedance Graph
12/24 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor Stack

CT
Resistor
Reactor Reactor
 3/36 Double Tuned Filter – 97 MVAr

C1=1.85µF

L1=15.444 mH R1=300Ω

R2=1500 Ω
C=23.759µF

L2=204.2mH
3
35 37

Impedance Graph
 3/36 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor stack

CT

Resistor
Reactor Reactor

C=23.759µF
Shunt Capacitor – 138 MVAr

•No harmonic filtering

C1=2.744 µF
•Supplies MVAr to the grid
•Switched into the circuit for voltage
L1=1.602 mH control purpose
•Capacity – 138 MVAr
DC Filter 12/24 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=14.71 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=5700 nF

L2=8.19 mH
DC Filter 12/36 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=7.21 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=3300 nF

L2=12.68mH
 STABILITY FUNCTIONS
– Power Limitations
• Always enabled in the control system
• Becomes active once the AC switchyard configuration
for NTPC at Talcher or 400kV S/y at Kolar changes-
refer tables
• Introduced to improve stability in the regions, self
excitation of generators, failure of control systems etc.
• Power capability depends upon the no. of generators /
lines connected to HVDC
• Automatic limitation of power takes place
 STABILITY FUNCTIONS
– Frequency limit controller
• Stability functions needs to be enabled by the operator
• FLC comes into action if the frequency limits are set
within a band of current frequency
• Enabled automatically during islanding or split bus
mode at Talcher
• Enabled automatically during split bus mode at Kolar
• Can be enabled individually at Talcher or Kolar
• If telecom is faulty – FLC of Kolar is disabled
auotmatically
 STABILITY FUNCTIONS

– Run-backs / Run-ups
• If stability functions are enabled, these functions are automatically
enabled
• At present this functions are not programmed
• Automatic ramping up of power is possible with certain conditions
• 5 conditions can be programmed / hardware inputs
• Automatic ramping down of power is possible with certain
conditions
• 5 conditions can be programmed / hardware inputs
• Individual run ups/run backs can be enabled or disabled for
Talcher/Kolar station
 STABILITY FUNCTIONS

– Power Swing damping control

• Stability functions are to be enabled & power swing damping
function to be enabled
• Power Swing Damping function provides positive damping to the
power flow in the parallel AC system
• This function becomes active automatically during emergency
conditions or major disturbance of the AC system
• Additional DC power is calculated based on the frequency variation
/ swing of the connected AC system
• This function is provided for each pole at each station
 Modes of Operation
Bipolar
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves
Current

Converter Converter
Transformer Transformer

Current

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters, shunt

Reactors capacitors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Ground Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Metallic Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 Basic Components of HVDC Terminal

Converter Xmers
DC Line
400 kV Smoothing Reactor

AC PLC

DC Filter

AC Filter

Valve Halls
-Thyristors -Control & Protection
-Firing ckts -Telecommunication
-Cooling ckt
Control Room
 SPS OF HVDC kolar

Trip generation LOGIC

• Condition 1:
• (500MW<Power loss ≤1000MW) & Pole Block = TRIP I
• Condition 2:
• (1000MW<Power flow ≤1500MW) & Line fault & Pole Block =
TRIP I
• Condition 3:
• (Power loss >1000MW) & Pole Block = TRIP II
• Condition 4:
• (Power flow >1500MW) & Line fault & Pole Block = TRIP II
Whenever Trip II is generated, Trip I also generates
 I/O signals
Power

HVAC PLCC
Block

Deblock
Protection couplers
P1
Line fault

"ESOF"
Protection couplers

Power PLC

Block SER

Deblock
P2

Line fault Fault Recorder

"ESOF"
 DEFENCE MECHANISM FOR SR

Load relief: TRIP I

Andhra Pradesh
Chinakampalli
150MW

Karnataka Kolar
Trip I Chintamani
250MW Hoody

Tamil Nadu Hosur

Sriperambudur
300MW Selam
 DEFENCE MECHANISM FOR SR

Load relief: TRIP II

Gooty
Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur
200MW Somayajulapalli
Kurnool

Karnataka
200MW Somanahalli
Trip II
Madurai
Tamil Nadu Karaikudi
Thiruvarur
200MW Trichy
Ingur
Kerala
Trichur
200MW Kozhikode
Kannur
 DC LINE FAULTS

• DC line faults detected by the DC protection based

on Wave front / under voltage protection
• Line fault recovery seq. initiated
• De-ionisation times
– 1st – 200msec
– 2nd – 250msec
– 3rd - 300msec at RVO
– After 300msec Pole block
• Line fault locator – distance accuracy upto one tower
• On one pole trip – healthy Pole in GRM – 150MW
 UdL UdL
IdH IdL IdL IdH

DC-Line

IdN IdE Idee1 Idee1 IdE IdN

Electrode Line Electrode Line

UdN
A Idee2 Idee2
B
 Power Reversal on HVDC
• Power reversal can only be initiated by the operator
SR  ER
• Pole needs to be Blocked before going for reverse
power operation
• Off-line power reversal can be performed in
monopolar or bipolar operation
• In bipole power control mode the power direction is
changed on a bipolar basis
• Power reversal on a pole basis is provided in current
control mode