2013

F18XC1
1
Section A
Answer ALL questions
1. (a) Solve the following initial value problem

dy
= 4x3 y ,
dx
y(0) = 5 .
(5 marks)
(b) Use an integrating factor to find the general solution to the following differential
equation giving y as an explicit function of x
2
dy
6y = 12 .
dx
(5 marks)
ANSWER
(a)
Z
1
dy =
y
ln(y) = x4 + c
y(0) = 5
4x3 dt
5=A
[1 marks]
y = e(x
4 +c)
= Aex
y = 5ex
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(b)
dy
3y = 6
[1 mark]
dx
Z

Integrating Factor r = exp
3 dx = e3x
3x
Therefore e
Z
y=
y = 2 + ce3x
6e3x dx = 2e3x + c
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
F18XC1
2. (a) Find the general solution to the following differential equation

d2 y
dy
6 + 9y = 0 .
2
dt
dt
(5 marks)
(b) Find the general solution to the following differential equation
d2 y
dy
+ 2 15y = 0 .
2
dt
dt
(5 marks)
ANSWER
(a)
Auxiliary Equation: 2 6 + 9 = 0
36 36
=3
2
(repeated)
General Solution: y = (A + Bt)e3t
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(b)
Auxiliary Equation: 2 + 2 15 = 0
4 + 60
= 1 4 = 5, 3
General Solution: y = Ae3t + Be5t
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
F18XC1
3. Solve the following initial value problem

dy
d2 y
+ 2y = 2e2t ,
2
2
dt
dt
dy
(0) = 7 .
dt
y(0) = 3 ,
(10 marks)
ANSWER
Auxiliary Equation: 2 + 2 = 0
48
= 1i
2
Complementary Function: y = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t))
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
For Particular Integral try y = ce2t , y 0 = 2ce2t , y 00 = 4ce2t

Therefore 4c 4c + 2c = 2
c=1
General Solution: y = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t)) + e2t

y(0) = 3
3=A+1
[3 marks]
A=2
y 0 (t) = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t)) + et (A sin(t) + B cos(t)) + 2e2t

y 0 (0) = 7
7=A+B+2
Particular Solution: y = et (2 cos(t) + 3 sin(t)) + e2t
B=3
[3 marks]
F18XC1
4. Find the partial derivatives
f f 2 f
2f
,
,
and
for
x y x2
y 2
f = x3 y + sin(xy) .
Show that
2f
2f
=
.
x y
y x
Show that f satisfies the partial differential equation

x
f
2f
2f
y 2 = 2x3 .
y x y
y
(10 marks)
ANSWER
f
= 3x2 y + y cos(xy)
x
f
= x3 + x cos(xy)
y
2f
= 6xy y 2 sin(xy) ;
2
x
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
2f
= x2 sin(xy)
2
y
2f
2f
= 3x2 xy sin(xy) + cos(xy) =
x y
y x
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
LHS = 3x3 x2 y sin(xy)+x cos(xy)x3 x cos(xy)+x2 y sin(xy) = 2x3 = RHS
[2 marks]
F18XC1
5. Find the stationary points of the function

f (x, y) = 2x2 4xy + y 4 + 2
and determine their nature.
(10 marks)
ANSWER
f
f
= 4x 4y = 0 ;
= 4x + 4y 3 = 0
x
y
[2 marks]
Stationary points require x = y 4y(y 2 1) = 0 y = 1, 0, 1 x = 1, 0, 1

Stationary points are (x, y) = (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)
fxx = 4 ; fyy = 12y 2 ; fxy = 4
(1, 1) :
[2 marks]
fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 32 , fxx = 4 (Minimum)
(0, 0) :
(1, 1) :
[2 marks]
fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 16 (Saddle)
fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 32 , fxx = 4 (Minimum)
[4 marks]
F18XC1
6.
Sketch the region over which the double integral is evaluated and evaluate the double
integral
Z 2 Z 4x
x dy dx .
0
(10 marks)
ANSWER
y
4
y=4x
y=x
x
2
Z
=
0
[4 marks]
[xy]4x
x
Z
dx
2
2
x(4 x) x dx =
=
0
4x 2x2 dx

2
= 2x2 (2/3)x3 0 = 8 16/3 = 8/3
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
F18XC1
Section B
Answer ALL Questions
7.
During the manufacture of components it is often necessary to quench them in a large

bath of liquid to cool them. The temperature, T in C, of the component at time t in
minutes is represented by the following equation
dT
= k(T Ts )
dt
where Ts is the constant temperature of the bath of liquid and k is a constant rate
coefficient.
If the temperature of the bath of liquid is 20 C and the initial temperature of the
component is T = 280 C, solve the initial value problem for T (t).
If k = 0.5 how long will it take for the component to reach 10 C.
(10 marks)
ANSWER
Z
1
dT =
T TS
ln(T Ts ) = kt + c
T (0) = 280, Ts = 20
Z
k dt
1/10 = ekt
T = Ts + Cekt
280 = 20+C
Solve for T=10
[2 marks]
T = 20+300ekt
[3 marks]
[2 marks]
10 = 20 + 300ekt
ln(10)/k = t = 4.61 mins
[3 marks]
F18XC1
8. The landing gear of a plane is tested using a drop test onto a runway surface so that the
speed when the landing gear first hits the surface is given by V = 10m/s. The suspension
system is modelled using the differential equation
k
dx
d2 x B dx
+ x = g ;
x(0) = 0,
(0) = V,
+
2
dt
m dt
m
dt
where x is measured as the height of the landing gear above a reference level. The mass
m = 100kg, the damping coefficient B = 400Ns/m, the spring coefficient k = 400N/m
and the acceleration due to gravity g = 10m/s2 .
Solve the initial value problem for x(t).
(10 marks)
ANSWER
d2 x
dx
+4
+ 4x = 10
[2 marks]
2
dt
dt
Auxiliary Equation: 2 + 4 + 4 = 0 = 2 repeated
Differential Equation:
Complementary Function: x = (A + Bt)e2t
[3 marks]
For Particular Integral try x = c, x0 = 0, x00 = 0

Therefore 4c = 10
c = 5/2
General Solution: x = (A + Bt)e2t 5/2

x(0) = 0
0 = A 5/2
[2 marks]
A = +5/2
x0 (t) = 2e2t (A + Bt) + Be2t

x0 (0) = V
10 = 2A + B
Particular Solution: x = (5t + 5/2)e2t 5/2
B = 5
[3 marks]
F18XC1
9. The surface area of a cylinder is

S = 2rh + 2r2 ,
where r is the radius and h is the height of the cylinder. If r and h are errors in r and
h leading to an error S in S, use Taylor series to derive a linear approximation for the
error in S.
If (r, h) changes from (2, 4) to (2.04, 3.96) use your approximation to estimate the change
in surface area.
Use your answer to estimate the percentage change in surface area.
(10 marks)
ANSWER
S
r=2 ;
h=4 ;
S
S
r +
h
r
h
[2 mark]
S = (2h + 4r) r + 2r h
r = 2.04 2 = 0.04 ;
h = 3.96 4 = 0.04
S = (16)(0.04) + (4)(0.04) = 0.48 1.51

% change =
[2 marks]
S
0.48
100 =
100 = 2%
S
24
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
F18XC1
10.
10
A flat plate with the shape of a ring can be represented by the region D given by
1 < x2 + y 2 < 4. Sketch the region D.
The density of the plate at at point (x, y) is equal to (x, y) = e(4x
of the plate, which is given by
Z Z
Mass =
(x, y) dx dy .
2 y 2 )
. Find the mass
[Hint: You might wish to use polar coordinates (r, ); x = r cos and y = r sin .]
(10 marks)
ANSWER
x
1
[2 marks]
Limits in polar form are 0 < < 2 ; 1 < r < 2.
[2 marks]
(r, ) = exp(4 r2 cos2 () r2 sin2 ()) = e4r

Z
1
2
Z
=
4r2
re
4r2
= 2 (1/2)e
[2 marks]
Z
dr = 2
i2
re4r d dr
Mass =
re4r dr
[2 marks]
i2
= (e0 e3 ) 60.
END OF EXAM
[2 marks]

2013

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2013

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F18XC1

1. (a) Solve the following initial value problem

2. (a) Find the general solution to the following differential equation

General Solution: y = (A + Bt)e3t

General Solution: y = Ae3t + Be5t

3. Solve the following initial value problem

Complementary Function: y = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t))

For Particular Integral try y = ce2t , y 0 = 2ce2t , y 00 = 4ce2t

General Solution: y = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t)) + e2t

y 0 (t) = et (A cos(t) + B sin(t)) + et (A sin(t) + B cos(t)) + 2e2t

Particular Solution: y = et (2 cos(t) + 3 sin(t)) + e2t

4. Find the partial derivatives

Show that f satisfies the partial differential equation

LHS = 3x3 x2 y sin(xy)+x cos(xy)x3 x cos(xy)+x2 y sin(xy) = 2x3 = RHS

5. Find the stationary points of the function

Stationary points require x = y 4y(y 2 1) = 0 y = 1, 0, 1 x = 1, 0, 1

fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 32 , fxx = 4 (Minimum)

fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 16 (Saddle)

fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 32 , fxx = 4 (Minimum)

During the manufacture of components it is often necessary to quench them in a large

Solve for T=10

ln(10)/k = t = 4.61 mins

Complementary Function: x = (A + Bt)e2t

For Particular Integral try x = c, x0 = 0, x00 = 0

General Solution: x = (A + Bt)e2t 5/2

x0 (t) = 2e2t (A + Bt) + Be2t

Particular Solution: x = (5t + 5/2)e2t 5/2

9. The surface area of a cylinder is

S = (16)(0.04) + (4)(0.04) = 0.48 1.51

. Find the mass

(r, ) = exp(4 r2 cos2 () r2 sin2 ()) = e4r

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