Turnip
Turnip
Turnip
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275331204
CITATIONS
READS
69
6 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Niraj kumar Patel
Vishv Kumar
University of Allahabad
University of Allahabad
25 PUBLICATIONS 29 CITATIONS
18 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
70
REFERENCES
Ground Water Year Book of Uttar Pradesh
Accepted : 12.02.2014
ABSTRACT
first flowering.
per plant,
flowering.
compete in market.
Sudhir Kumar Dwivedi, H.N. Mishra, H.K. Pandey and P.R. Singh
A N A LY S I S O F G R O U N D WAT E R
PROBLEMS
Rapid extraction of groundwater in the
city has resulted into decline in prelatic
groundwater level and reduction in discharge of
tube wells during summer season. On the basis
of current ground water withdrawal, rainfall and
decline in water level (last five year) the
projected demand and its consequence on
ground water has been analyzed and tabulated
below keeping the current rainfall pattern and
population growth.
Table 4 : Decline trend of ground water
level and projected demand.
Present
Water
Projected
Water
Level
Demand
supply
Decline
by 2015
(MLD) (2006-2010)
(MLD)
251
25- 80cm/yr 285MLD
Projected
Water Level
Decline by
2015
60cm/yr
Name of
city
Allahabad
T9 (1.5 % Urea)
69
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Since, the groundwater problems as
envisaged on the basis of existing data has been
analyzed, the following management options
are suggested to improve the ground water
condition.
1. Tapping of different aquifer zones in
different pocket of the city
Since the city have two to three tier
aquifer system, the tapping of different depth of
aquifer would ease the stress on ground water
68
Population
2001
Population
2011
Allahabad
4,936,105
5,954,391
Decadal
Population
Growth
20%
G R O U N D WAT E R S C E N A R I O I N
ALLAHABAD CITY:
As ground water is important source of
water supply in the city ,the ground water
behavior has been changing over the years. It is
also fact that the city have privilege of having
almighty river Ganga which has been very
important source of replenishment of ground
water and its flood plain as ground water
repository. But over the years, the gap in water
supply and demand, reduction in discharge of
river Ganga and its contamination has
necessitated to think about the extraction of
groundwater at larger scale in the city.
Indiscriminant extraction of groundwater
through tube wells has resulted into the decline
of ground water level at significant magnitude.
The depth to water varies from 4.00 to
23.00mbgl during permission (As per record of
Piezometer) in Allahabad city with an average
of 2.00to 3.80m seasonal fluctuation. The
decline in water level has been recorded from 15
to 80cm/year in different pocket of the city.
Groundwater trough has been created in Civil
line area due to huge extraction of groundwater
and insignificant of natural recharge. The
average groundwater level vis--vis rainfall
have been analyzed during last five years (
2006-10) and tabulated below:
Table: 3 Water level behavior and
Rainfall in Allahabad city.
TREATMENTS
PLANT HEIGHT
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
( CM)
LEAVES/
CROWNS /
RUNNERS /
PLANT
PLANT
PLANT
T1 GA3 60 ppm
17.30
14.94
2.93
2.01
T2 GA3 80 ppm
18.80
15.35
3.00
2.23
19.95
16.98
3.51
2.54
T4 NAA 50 ppm
15.94
12.85
2.05
1.63
15.80
13.00
2.26
1.67
15.84
13.25
2.26
1.71
T7 UREA 0.10 %
16.07
13.95
2.10
1.75
Average Water
level (Pre
monsoon) 40Pz
11.39
Rainfall
(mm)
Year
T8 UREA 0.50 %
16.99
14.20
2.35
1.93
12.57
995.81
2006
T9 UREA 1.50 %
17.28
14.90
2.90
1.98
15.87
12.00
1108.61
2007
10
14.33
11.45
1.98
1.54
13.51
10.90
1238.10
2008
11
SEd=+
0.45
0.48
0.09
0.07
12
CD at 5%
0.96
1.02
0.20
0.15
tube wells
tube wells
33
161
2005
16.21
13.25
619.8
2009
175MLD(72%)
245
200
2010
17.00
14.31
787.00
2010
69MLD(30%)
Surya Narayan
TREATMENTS
PLANT HEIGHT
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
( CM)
LEAVES/
CROWNS /
RUNNERS /
PLANT
PLANT
PLANT
T1 GA3 60 ppm
14.97
13.84
65.00
97.00
T2 GA3 80 ppm
15.10
14.12
66.82
101.35
16.19
15.10
69.91
110.20
T4 NAA 50 ppm
13.96
12.70
60.01
90.20
14.00
12.94
61.29
92.60
14.20
13.00
61.07
92.80
Received : 01.01.2014
T7 UREA 0.10 %
14.28
12.25
63.62
91.30
T8 UREA 0.50 %
14.38
12.95
63.97
95.80
T9 UREA 1.50 %
14.95
13.81
64.48
96.99
10
12.61
10.95
58.00
70.05
11
SEd=+
0.46
0.43
1.05
2.02
12
CD at 5%
0.94
0.91
2.20
4.24
ABSTRACT
Unexpected increment in
urbanization necessitated the withdrawal of
groundwater over the years in Allahabad
city, However city is situated in central
Gangatic plain. In Allahabad city, the
decline in water level has been recorded in
the magnitude of 15cm to 80cm/year during
last five years( 2005-2010). (Ground Water
Year Book of Uttar Pradesh(2008), of
CGWB.) The reason for this decline is due to
shift of water supply more through
groundwater during last five years as well as
28% negative departure in the Rainfall
pattern. From the year 2005, the no. of tube
wells in the city has increased from 159 to 191
apart from the mini tube wells from 30 to 230
in number. The water supply from surface
water is constant during 2005-2010 i.e.70
MLD. It clearly reflects the shift of water
source towards groundwater extraction. The
depth to water has been uneven in the entire
city which ranges from 4.00 to 23.00mbgl (as
per record of Piezometer). It is also observed
that the decline in water level varies in
different parts of the city but groundwater
trough is being created in Civil Line area and
rate of water level decline narrows down
Hort. 8: (31-35).
(1973).Effect of nitrogen on
of plant bioregulators on
(125-135).
production.Edition vth ,
26.
pp@466-469.
N a g , A . Y. ( 1 9 8 9 ) . E ff e c t o f G A 3 o n
strawberry.J.J.Uni.Agri. 1(4)
43-46.
March-April-2007.
Accepted : 10.01.2014
from central Allahabad towards adjacent to
river Ganga.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
V)
Dinesh Mani, Niraj Kumar Patel, Vishv Kumar Mourya, Neeraj Pal,
Shailendra Kumar and Indra SenTiwari
Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science, Department of Chemistry,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad- 211002, India
Received : 17.02.2014
Accepted : 27.02.2014
Pollution of the biosphere by toxic
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to
-1
-1
-1
turnip, uptake.
Cd
Values.
pH
7.8
EC(dSm-1) at 250C
0.28
0.56
19.8
0.08
0.07
DTPA-extractable Cd (ppm)
0.26
P.R.Singh
66
REFERENCES
Singh, P.R., Pandey SK, Pyne AI, Singh, HR
65
EXPERIMENTAL
CONTENT IN SOIL
-1
Air
0
Water
0
pH
Conductivity
DO ppm
BOD
Jan.
13.6
15.2
8.0
465
10.4
4.0
Feb.
14.9
17.3
8.1
467
9.6
3.9
Mar.
19.9
21.8
8.1
485
7.5
3.2
April
22.0
22.5
8.0
492
8.2
3.5
May
30.0
29.5
8.2
482
7.2
4.2
June
42.1
33.3
7.9
490
7.0
4.3
July
37.2
32.2
7.9
486
6.9
4.5
Aug.
27.5
29.4
7.8
303
6.0
5.0
Sept.
27.8
28.9
7.9
350
6.2
4.8
Oct.
25.4
26.2
8.0
372
6.8
4.1
Nov.
21.3
22.0
8.1
425
7.6
3.9
Dec.
15.1
18.2
8.2
415
7.8
3.4
2VE
SE =
where,
SHIVKUTI, ALLAHABAD
PLANT ANALYSIS
Plants were harvested after 60 days
having higher phytochemicals at their maturity
stage as suggested by Mani et al. (2012).
water.
Received : 05.01.2014
ABSTRACT
Various hydrological parameters
were recorded at Shivkuti. pH values ranged
from 7.8 to 8.2, DO ranged between 6.0 to
10.4 ppm. Higher values of conductivity and
BOD were recorded which may be
considered as an indication of hazardous
conditions.
Key Words: Hydrobiological parameters,
Ganga river system, water analyses.
Department of Zoology
Accepted : 15.01.2014
2003).
P.R. Singh
et al., 2014).
Table 2: Effect of Cd SSP interaction on root yield and shoot dry biomass (q/ha)
and Cd concentration (ppm) of Brassica rapa L
Cd-rate (ppm)
10
SSP kg ha -1
Root Yield
Shoot Dry
biomass
Cd concentration (ppm)
Root
Shoot
18.16
12.65
0.26
0.10
100
20.56
15.72
0.21
0.12
200
21.24
16.25
0.14
0.08
17.96
12.12
1.65
0.25
100
20.25
15.48
0.96
0.32
200
0
20.76
17.56
16.12
10.87
0.28
3.26
0.21
1.42
100
20.12
13.78
1.54
0.93
200
SE=
20.45
0.74
15.67
0.65
0.31
0.20
0.27
0.019
CD=
1.57
1.38
0.42
0.039
Root yield
Fig. 1: Effect of Cd SSP interaction on shoot dry biomass and root yield of Brassica rapa L(q/ha)
10
et al., 2014).
-1
63
S.
No.
-1
6. Visit
Category
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
Total
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
1.
Regularly
16
53.33
26.67
24
40.00
2.
Occasionally
14
46.67
22
73.33
36
60.00
Total
30
100.00
30
100.00
60
100.00
precipitation of Cd phosphate.
Value of X 2
0.44
21.77***
62
11
Category
No.
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
Total
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
1.
Untimely
18
60.00
16
53.33
34
56.67
2.
Timely
12
40.00
14
46.67
26
43.33
Total
30
100.00
30
100.00
60
100.00
Value of X 2
4*
0.44
Category
No.
CONCLUSIONS
Total
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
1.
KSs/ AEOs
30
55.56
30
55.56
60
56.61
2.
23.08
16
29.63
28
26.41
3.
10
19.23
14.81
18
16.98
Total
52
100.00
100.00
106
100.00
Value of X 2
26.92***
54
25.53***
12
REFERENCES
61
Category
No.
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
10
33.33
26.67
18
30.00
15
50.00
14
46.67
29
48.33
16.67
26.67
13
21.67
30
100.00
100.00
60
100.00
1.
2.
Arbets- ochmiljmedicin,
Akademiskasjukhuset Uppsala. 2009.
H o m e p a g e [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a b l e
from:http://www.ammuppsala.se/defau
lt.asp?headId=7&pageId=348&subMe
nuOne=153.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above 10 acres
2
30
16.67***
8*
3. Quality of seed
The quality of seed is an important
variable for raising the crops. It is clear from
table that 60 per cent contact farmers in
Kalyanpur and 66.67 per cent contact farmers in
Sarsaul were of the opinion that the quality of
10 acres
11091117.
Value of X
S.
Total
E n v i ro n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s 2 0 :
presence of single super phosphate, a clear
3.
1 -5 acres
Total
Category
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
Total
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
1.
Poor quality
12
40.00
10
33.33
22
36.67
2.
Good quality
18
60.00
20
66.67
38
63.33
Total
30
100.00
30
100.00
60
100.00
Value of X
4*
11.12***
60
Category
Kalyanpur
Sarsaul
No of CFs Per
No of
Per
No of CFs Per
cent
CFs
cent
cent
16
53.33
19
63.33
35
58.33
46.67
11
36.67
25
41.67
100.00
30
100.00
60
100.00
No.
1.
Member of one
Total
organization
2.
one organization
Total
Value of X
30
2
0.44
7.108*
13
31: 624631
different phosphorus-compounds on Pb
712.
sewage-irrigated Indo-Gangetic
14(3), 235246.
morphophysiological characteristics
(Germany).
727736.
Phosphate fertilizers by
Immobilization of Pb by
ABSTRACT
Continuous up gradation of
knowledge and latest training of extension
personnel and its regular contact with the
farmers regarding solution of farm problems
is highly essential at grass root level. T and V
system applies this mechanism very
effectively. The present study found that
farmer of the selected area were capable
enough to diagnose their farm problems due
to the efforts of T and V system . sometimes
they take support of extension officers/
scientist in diagnosis of some innovative
problems prevalent at their farms. Extension
workers, officers of state govt. also visited the
farmers field frequently and provide
necessary support whenever it was realized
by the farmers.
Key Words: Subject matter specialist, training
and visit, contact farmers, transfer of
technology, kisan sahayak, sub divisional
extension officer.
Indian economy is basically an agrarian
economy and a major source of employment to
the rural people especially landless rural
Indians. Despite sustained efforts in agriculture
and spectacular strides made in agricultural
Accepted : 24.03.2014
Accepted : 24.03.2014
Karnataka and some part of Rajasthan.
Shrikhand is a popular indigenous cultured milk
product made from Chakka. It is an analogue at
western 'Quarg' which has therapeutic value like
other fermented milk products. The popularity
of this product having a status of summer
specialty, served as a desert on ceremonial
functions is mainly attributed to its refreshing
taste, cooling effect and lowest cost. During
summer season a fairly large quantity of
Shrikhand is manufactured by the dairy shops
and restaurants by conventional process
(Upadhyay and Dave, 1977). The reputed dairy
industries like Amul, Arey and Warna entered
into the manufacturing of the Shrikhand.
Everyday tones of Shrikhand are prepared and
marketed all over Maharashtra.
The pH plays an important role in
keeping quality of Shrikhand, which also
depends on the method of preparation and initial
microflora like, bacteria, yeast and moulds and
other contaminants. Despite containing as high
as about 50% sugar in Shrikhand, the product is
known to develop off flavour and odour under
commercial condition of storage. Shrikhand is
now being manufactured by organized dairies
and hence experiment was conducted to study
the effect of source and storage interval on pH of
Shrikhand.
15
C1S1
Manufacture (OSM)
C1S2
Akola vendor
C2S1
C2S2
Amravati vendor
LS3
Laboratory
(30+20C RH 50 to 70%)
T2 Refrigeration temperature
(5+10C RH 85%)
58
57
-1
Table 2: Effect of phosphorus and boron butrition on the grain yield of chickpea (kg ha )
Treatments B/P
Yield
Storage
P0
P1
P2
Mean
B1
1103
1207
1224
1178
B2
1101
1219
1235
1181
B3
1104
1228
1405
1264
B4
1116
1412
1429
1319
Mean
1106
1267
1321
1231
Source of Shrikhand
interval
C1S1
C1S2
C2S1
C2S2
Days
pooled
LS3
(Days)
means
4.00
3.77
4.02
3.96
4.46
4.04
3.89
3.58
3.84
3.80
4.33
3.89
3.64
3.38
3.56
3.55
4.20
3.67
3.48
3.22
3.21
3.34
4.09
3.47
3.32
Comparison
SE
CD 5%
3.36
3.06
2.99
3.23
3.97
3.51
7.10
Pooled
3.67
3.40
3.52
3.58
4.21
3.24
6.12
means (s)
PxB
6.08
12.25
Attribute
Source
Storage interval
Results
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
SE(m) +
0.028
0.028
0.064
CD at 5%
0.080
0.080
0.179
Table 3 : Residual fertility status of soil in respect of P and B after the crp.
Sl.
16
Treatments
-1
Available P (kg ha )
-1
Available B (mg kg )
Before crop
After crop
Before crop
After crop
CV %
5.56
B0 P0
6.90
6.70
0.34
0.32
B0 P1
7.00
7.12
0.33
0.33
B0 P2
7.00
7.49
0.34
0.34
B1 P0
7.12
7.14
0.35
0.37
B1 P1
6.89
7.90
0.34
0.34
B1 P2
7.00
7.87
0.34
0.38
Source
T1
T2
B2 P0
7.01
7.15
0.35
0.41
C1S1
3.49
3.86
B2 P1
7.02
8.00
0.33
0.41
C1S2
3.16
3.64
B2 P2
7.31
8.12
0.33
0.45
C1S2
3.50
3.55
10
B3 P0
6.89
7.44
0.34
0.46
C2S2
3.41
3.74
11
B3 P1
7.88
7.13
0.35
0.46
LS3
4.10
4.31
12
B3 P2
7.01
8.05
0.35
0.48
3.53
3.82
Note : C1S1 - Akola OSM, C1S2 Akola vendor, C2S1 Amravati OSM, C2S2 Amravati vendor
and LS3 Laboratory Shrikhand
T1 30 + 20C, T2 5 + 10C
17
Table 3 : Combined effect of storage temperature and storage interval on pH content of Shrikhand
Days
T1
T2
4.04
4.04
3.83
3.95
3.51
3.83
3.24
3.70
3.05
3.59
Attribute
Storage
Source X Storage
Temp.
Temp.
interval
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
SE (m) +
0.018
0.040
0.040
CD at 5%
0.050
0.113
0.113
Results
CV %
5.56
56
Table:1- effect of phosphorus and boron on growth, root nodules and yield of chickpea
Storage
interval
Source of Shrikhand
C1S1
C1S2
C2S1
C2S2
Treatments
Lenght of root
Days pooled
LS3
means
(days)
(cm)
Grain yield
plant
25DAS
50 DAS
25 DAS
50 DAS
25DAS
50 DAS
25DAS
50 DAS
B0
7.7
14.0
13.5
15.3
1.8
7.45
17.8
27.4
1178
B1
7.4
14.0
13.6
16.6
1.6
8.47
17.7
28.7
1181
B2
7.9
14.5
14.6
19.7
2.1
10.40
17.7
24.4
1264
B3
7.9
14.0
14.5
18.9
1.5
9.70
18.1
27.3
1319
Fresh
4.00
3.77
4.02
3.96
4.46
4.04
5th day
3.71
3.51
3.05
3.54
4.14
3.59
3.63
3.44
2.97
3.48
4.04
3.51
SE
0.36
0.64
0.356
0.402
0.45
0.363
0.344
0.556
3.51
14
3.41
3.16
2.74
3.25
3.88
3.29
C.D. at 0.5%
NS
NS
0.775
0.835
NS
0.711
0.677
1.140
7.10
21
3.23
2.91
2.55
3.00
3.69
3.08
P0
7.6
14
12.4
15.6
1.8
8.4
16.4
24.4
1106
28
3.04
2.73
2.33
2.80
3.50
2.88
P1
8.1
14
15.2
17.6
1.9
8.8
18.4
27.8
1267
35
2.84
2.54
2.15
2.62
3.32
2.69
P2
7.4
14.5
18.5
19.7
1.5
9.1
18.5
28.9
1321
Pooled
means (s)
3.23
2.96
2.55
3.03
3.69
SE
0.33
0.66
0.315
0.374
0.35
0.306
0.276
0.490
3.24
NS
NS
0.677
0.775
NS
0.616
0.552
0.987
6.12
C.D. at 0.5%
55
-1
18
Attribute
Source
Storage interval
Results
Sig.
Sig.
NS
SE (m) +
0.046
0.046
0.105
CD at 5%
0.130
0.130
CV %
7.61
Note : C1S1 - Akola OSM, C1S2 Akola vendor, C2S1 Amravati OSM, C2S2 Amravati vendor
and LS3 Laboratory Shrikhand
Received : 26.02.2014
ABSTRACT
Present research was conducted to
identify if knowledge of dairy husbandry has
an effect on milk production of milch
animals. Data was collected from women
dairy co-operative members of Dangs
district (a tribal area) for possessed animal
husbandry knowledge and its effect on milk
productivity. Regression analysis found
knowledge of dairy husbandry is positively
associated with milk production and the
relation predicts an increase in knowledge of
dairy husbandry would lead to increased
milk productivity and higher earned income.
Key words: Milk productivity, knowledge,
association.
"India lives in its villages" - Mahatma
Gandhi.
The above quote from Mahatma Gandhi
points out to the importance of rural villages
along with an impact they could have on the
growth of Indian economy. The significance
and validity of visionary statement lies in the
fact that currently, 833 Million citizens (i.e.
68.84% of Indian population) reside in
Accepted : 10.03.2014
20
21
S.B.Singh
22
Sample Selection
Stratified random sampling technique
was adopted to select fifteen village dairy
cooperatives out of one hundred fifty village
dairy cooperatives currently functioning in
Dangs. A total of two hundred fifty two
respondents were randomly selected out of
seven hundred thirty four members from these
fifteen village dairy cooperatives. Appropriate
measures were adopted to maintain
representativeness of each village (i.e. a range
of thirty to forty percent of total membership
from each village dairy cooperative) from
fifteen village dairy co-operatives.
Data Collection
A questionnaire was created and
administered to measure the knowledge level of
subjects. Water knowledge measure was
measured through multiple choice question
asking how many times water should be fed to
cows ( responses being: do not know, once a
day, twice a day, thrice a day, four times a day
and twenty four hour supply). Other
demographic information was also collected.
Annual income, monthly income and number of
cows possessed was collected from the records
available with the dairy co-operatives.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Analysis
Response to knowledge measure was
coded for correct response and incorrect
response. Technically, during the training
program by dairy co-operatives, members were
informed that water should be made available to
23
S.B.Singh
B
(Constant)
Knowledge about
water
Standardized
Coefficients
Std. Error
10.310
.045
.170
.077
Beta
.137
Sig.
227.751
.000
2.191
.029
24
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
1.633
1.633
Residual
85.042
250
.340
Total
86.675
251
Model
1
Regression
Sig.
4.801
.029 b
25
S.B.Singh
Economics 396-399.
Singh Katar, (1999). Rural development,
principle, Policies and Management:
Sage Publication, New Delhi.Pp.88103.
Singh, S.B.,(2013). Business to Empowerment:
Effect of Dairy Co-Operatives on
Women Empowerment. Journal of
Natural Resource and Development
8(2): 76-82
Suttmeier Jordana Calaman (2003): Effective
immunization programs in herd health.
Available online at www.milk
production.com on dated 03-10-14.
Y.H. Sehukken and G. Douglas Young, (2010).
Effect of Swinging Cow Brush on Milk
Production and Mastitis. Western Dairy
News, Vol.10 (5).
ABSTRACT
Studies have shown that weed
invasion into various ecosystems may be
suppressed if the resident plant community is
sufficiently diverse. The objective of this
study was to determine whether increased
crop plant diversity in cropland communities
might be associated with reduced weed
abundance in studied cropland ecosystems.
This study is based on diversity of weeds of
rabbi (wheat) crop fields, which provides a
preliminary data of the different categories
of weeds commonly found in wheat cropland
ecosystems which will be helpful to
identification of wheat weeds and their
specificity. Further study is required for
distribution and quantification of weeds for
ecological management.
D u r i n g p re s e n t c o u r s e o f
investigation seven dominantly inhabiting
wheat weeds appeared during a wheat
cultivation cycle were studied and
characterized.From the study site (wheat
cropland) in Lucknow region, the observed
weeds belong to six different families
belonging to monocots and dicots. In floristic
survey, Phalaris minor Retz.,Avena fatua L.,
and Cyperus rotundus L. were found to
Accepted : 27.05.2014
27
multiple species.
Increased vegetation diversity may have
other indirect beneficial effects on
agroecosystems. For example, increased
vegetational diversity can lead to suppression of
pests via 'top-down' enhancement of natural
enemy populations or by resource concentration
and other 'bottom-up' effects acting directly on
pests (Gurr et.al., 2003). Similarly, Knops
et.al.(1999) found reduced leaf pathogen
abundance with greater plant diversity in
grassland plots. Some studies also suggest there
may be tighter nitrogen cycling and less nitrate
leaching with increased diversity in grasslands
(Scherer-Lorenzen et.al., 2003). Overall,
maintaining diversity in agro ecosystems may
help improve crop yield or quality and increase
the sustainability of the farming system.
The word biodiversity is primarily
associated with the diversity of living
organisms, meaning the abundance of different
animal, plant and microbial species.
Biodiversity is usually plotted as taxonomic
richness of a geographic area, with some
reference to a temporal scale. Whittaker (1972)
described three common metrics (Species
richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener
index) used to measure species-level
biodiversity, encompassing attention to species
richness or species evenness.The number of
species per sample is a measure of richness. The
more species present in a sample, the richer the
sample. Evenness is a measure of the relative
abundance of the different species making up
the richness of an area.
There are two important aspects to the
28
29
n(n - 1)
N(N - 1)
Where,
= summation; n = the total number of
organisms of a particular weed species;
and
N = the total number of organisms of all the
weed species
Shannon-Weiner Diversity Indexde noted by
H = - 3.3219
( ( ( (
ni
N
log
ni
N
Where,
log implies to log base 10;
30
31
32
33
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the head of institution Dr. A.K.
Srivastava along with the academic and nonacademic staffs of the Department of Botany of
KNIPSS, Sultanpur for providing us all the
necessary support in this journey. We are also
grateful to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh
University, Faizabad, for counting on us for this
endeavor.
REFERENCES
Almaghrabi O.A. (2012): Control of wild oat
(Avena fatua) using some phenolic
compounds 1 Germination and some
growth parameters. Saudi J Biol. Sci.
19(1) : 17-24.
Colton C.E. and Einhelling F.A. (1980):
Allelopathic mechanism of Velvet leaf
(Abutilon theophrastic Medic.,
Malvaceae) on Soyabean. Amer J Bot.
67: 1407-1413.
Cudney D.W., Jordan L.S. and Hall A.E. (1991):
Effect of wild oat (Avena fatua)
infestations on light interception and
growth rate of wheat (Triticum
aestivum). Weed Sci. 39: 175-179.
Curtis J.T. and McIntosh R.P. (1950): The
interrelations of certain analytic and
synthetic phytosociological characters.
Ecology31: 434-455.
Dexter A.G., Nalewaja J.D., Rasmusson D.D.
and Buchli J. (1981): Survey of wild oat
and other weeds in North Dakota, 1978
and 1970. North Dakota Research
Report No. 79. North Dakota State
34
31: 91-101.
Knops J., Tilman D., Haddad N.M., Naeem S.,
Mitchell C.E., Haarstad J., Ritchie M.E.,
Howe K.M., Reich P.B., Siemann E. and
Groth J. (1999): Effects of plant species
richness on invasion dynamics, disease
outbreaks, insect abundance and
diversity. Ecology Letters, 2: 286-293.
Lajos M., Lajos K. and Reisinger P. (2000): The
effect of crop density on weed flora in
winter wheat. Novenyvedelem, 36: 181188.
Pfisterer A.B., Joshi J., Schmid B. and Fischer
M. (2004): Rapid decay of diversityproductivity relationships after invasion
of experimental plant communities.
Basic and Applied Ecology, 5: 5-14.
Pielou E.C. (1977): Mathematical Ecology (A
basic text on quantitative analysis in
Ecology, Containing two chapters on the
analysis of ecological diversity) New
York, Wiley.
Rice E.L. (1984): Allelopathy. 2nd
Ed.
Academic Press, Orlando, Florida,
USA.
Scherer-Lorenzen M., Palmborg C., Prinz A.
and Schulze E.D. (2003): The role of
plant diversity and composition for
nitrate leaching in grasslands. Ecology,
84: 1539-1552.
Shannon C.E. (1948): The mathematical theory
of Communication. Bell System
Technical Journal 27: 379-423.
Sharma M.P. and Van den Born W.H. (1978):
The biology of Canadian weeds Avena
fatua L. Can. J. Plant Sci.58: 141-157.
Simpson E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity.
Nature163:688.
35
Wa r d l e D . A . ( 2 0 0 1 ) : E x p e r i m e n t a l
demonstration that plant diversity
reduces invisibility-evidence of a
biological mechanism or a consequence
of sampling effect. Oikos, 95: 161-170.
Whittaker R.H. (1972): Evolution and
measurement of species diversity.
Taxon, 21: 213-251.
Zaman S., Farrukh H., Lal B. and Muhammad
W. (2011): Floristic Composition,
Communities and Ecological
Characteristics of Weeds of Wheat
Fields of Lahor, District Swabi,
Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 43(6): 2817-282
Received : 08.05.2014
ABSTRACT
The system of feeding and milking
methods play an important role in the Dairy
farming, thus the improved feeding and
milking management is of utmost
importance for increasing the production
and quality of milk. The present study was
conducted among 200 livestock owners
comprising of twenty each, from ten villages
of five development blocks in Trans-Yamuna
rural area of Allahabad district of U.P. The
study revealed that none of the farmers fed
single fodder, a combination of two or more
roughages were fed to their animals. Ad lib
green feeding was not practiced. Majority
(91%) of them offered concentrate to
animals. Milk yield was the main criteria for
feeding animals by 68.5 percent respondents.
Majority (75.5%) of them practiced milking
at the same place where animals were housed
and 19.5 percent milked their animals at
separate clean place. Regarding milking
methods majority (60.5%) practiced faulty
method i.e. wet hand milking, 54 percent
adopted thumb in method and 73 percent
farmers practiced stripping at the end of
milking.
Key words: Feeding practices, milking method,
Accepted : 26.06.2014
fodder, colostrums
The tradition of cattle rearing and milk
consumption, has been the part of our life since
the ancient vedic times. Livestock is a critical
natural resource with tremendous potential to
provide self employment and income to
millions of household in rural areas. Livestock
sector still plays a crucial role in shaping the
rural economy of India and is a major
continuous income generating activity for the
rural people (Rathore et. al., 2010). Uttar
Pradesh, India's most populous state as well as
world's most populous sub-national entity is the
second largest state economy in India.
Uttar Pradesh, a part of the relatively
more advanced agricultural regions, being the
highest milk producing state contributes around
18 percent of the total milk production in the
country. As per the 19th livestock census, U.P.
has got the second highest cattle population
(10.24%) and highest buffaloes population
(28.17%) in the country, which accounts to
around 16 percent of the total livestock and
enjoys an enviable position in the country in its
cattle wealth (Anonymous 2012). Good quality
high roughage with low concentrate is essential
and economical for feeding dairy animals.
37
38
39
40
Accepted : 26.05.2014
including as a vegetable (Offori and Stem,
1986) common bean Variety Savani local is a
bush type. Pods are thick, light green long flat
and highly fleshy. Yield potential of Savani
local 28 t/ha. The optimum plant population is
an important parameter for increasing the crop
productive and provides the plants with the best
environment to express its capacity fully under
the given conditions. The optimum plant
density with proper geometry and its planting
varied with the agro-climatic conditions and
growth habit of the plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted at the
Deptt. Horticulture K.A.P.G.College during
kharif 2011. The experimental site had sandy
loam with pH6.9, EC of 0.01 ds /m, 6.34 %
organic carbon with 712, 32.5, 217.5 kg of
N.P.K. per /ha respectively. The experiment was
laid out in factorial randomized block design
with three replications. There were twelve
treatments combinations comprised of three
plant densities (37, 037; 55,555 and 74.074
plants/ ha) designated as D1 ,D2 ,D3 and four
levels of phosphorous(0,20,40,and 60 kg P2O5
/ ha ) designated as P0P1P2 & P3 the seeds were
treated with captan @ 3g/kg seeds before
sowing against wilt. The seeds were dibbled on
29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm
spacing. The nitrogen @ 20kg//ha, potassium
42
Table.1 Effect of plant densities and phosphorous levels on plant height, number of
primary branches/plant and days to flowering of commonbean CV Savani Local.
Plant height(cm) (At 60 DAS)
Plant
Days to flowering(Days)
Phosphorus levels
Densities
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
D1
55.60
55.930
56.67
58.80
56.75
18.07
18.53
18. 60
18.87
18.52
46.67
46.00
46.53
46.47
46.57
D2
55.40
57.40
60.07
58.40
57.82
18.00
18.33
18.13
18.33
18.20
45.47
45.40
45.33
45.27
45.37
D3
59.20
62.67
62.20
65.80
62.47
17.47
17.80
18.07
18.07
17.85
45.00
44.80
44.63
44.47
44.73
Mean
56.74
58.67
59.64
61.00
17.84
18.22
18.27
18.42
45.71
45.40
45.50
45.40
Source
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
Plant density(D)
0.12
0.34
0.11
0.31
0.06
0.18
0.13
0.39
0.12
0.36
0.07
0.20
DxP
0.23
0.68
0.21
NS
0.12
NS
43
Plant
Phosphorous Levels
Densities
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
D1
163.50
169.03
174.85
180.38
171.94
1945.66
1974.37
2001.67
2001.67
3788.40
3788.40
3798.77
3810.64
3867.50
3816.33
D2
172.91
187.81
189.64
197.97
187.08
1965.17
1970.67
2014.28
2014.28
3874.41
3874.41
3885.98
3986.92
4096.85
3961.04
D3
187.95
200.96
211.37
221.33
205.40
1951.19
1983.51
2094.43
2094.43
3722.81
3722.81
3865.74
4080.08
4203.51
3968.04
Mean
174.79
185.93
191.96
199.89
1954.00
1976.28
2036.79
2036.79
3795.21
3795.21
3850.17
3959.21
4055.95
Source
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
Plant density(D)
0.12
0.34
0.11
0.31
0.06
0.18
0.13
0.39
0.12
0.36
0.07
0.20
DxP
0.23
0.68
0.21
NS
0.12
NS
Table 3. Effect of plant densities and phosphorous levels on no. of pods per
plant, pod weight/plant and pod yield/ plant of commonbean CV Savani Local
Pod length(cm)
Pod girth(mm)
Plant
Phosphorous Levels
Densities
P0
D1
8.47
11.80
11.83
13.13
D2
8.53
9.40
10.67
D3
6.80
7.13
Mean
7.63
9.44
P1
P2
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
11.31
31.87
32.00
32.27
33.27
32.35
45.13
46.47
47.47
48.33
46.85
10.53
9.78
31.33
33.13
32.53
32.00
32.25
45.13
46.07
47.00
47.67
46.47
12.33
12.27
9.63
30.93
31.27
32.00
32.07
31.57
45.13
45.33
46.07
46.93
45.87
11.61
11.98
31.38
32.13
32.27
32.44
45.13
45.96
46.84
47.64
Source
SEm
Plant density(D)
P3
Mean
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
0.12
0.34
0.22
0.65
0.12
0.36
0.13
0.39
0.26
0.26
0.14
0.42
DxP
0.23
0.68
0.44
NS
0.25
NS
44
Plant
Densities
Phosphorous Levels
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
P0
P1
P2
P3
Mean
D1
5.13
6.47
7.47
8.33
6.85
109.60
110.50
111.70
111.93
110.93
589.23
601.82
605.16
611.17
601.85
D2
5.13
6.07
7.00
7.67
6.47
109.57
110.20
111.40
112.00
110.79
552.78
555.82
557.47
560.76
556.71
D3
5.13
5.33
6.07
6.93
5.87
109.60
109.67
109.83
110.20
109.83
496.93
503.76
508.20
516.68
506.39
Mean
5.13
5.96
6.84
7.64
109.59
110.12
110.98
111.38
546.31
553.80
556.94
562.87
Source
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
SEm
CD(P=0.05)
Plant density(D)
0.12
0.36
0.06
0.17
0.54
1.59
0.13
0.42
0.07
0.20
0.63
1.84
DxP
0.23
NS
0.12
0.35
1.09
3.19
45
REFERENCES
Ahmed, N.M.E. and Abdelrhim, J.A. (2010).
Effect of plant density and cultivar on
growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna
unguicuiata L. Walp). Australian J.
Basic Appl. Sci. 4(8): 3148-3153.
Ahuja ,K.N. (1994). Response of pigeonpea
(Cajanus sp. (L.) Mill ) to plant density
and phosphate fertilization. India J.
Agron. 24 (2) : 237-239.
Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. (1990). Yield and
growth response of garden pea (Pisum
sativum L.) to nitrogen and phosphorus
application. Veg. Sci.17 : 205-209.
Dwivedi, D.K., Singh, H., Shahi, K.M.B. and
Rai, J.N. (1994). Response of
frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to
population densities and nitrogen levels
under mid-upland situation in northeast alluvial plains of Bihar, Indian J.
Argon 39(4) : 581-583.
46
Received : 10.03.2014
ABSTRACT
According to result it was concluded
that the topical administration of stem
extract of this plant at 1000 mg/kg b.wt.
during peri and post-initiational phases of
papillomagenesis showed significant
reduction in tumor incidence, tumor yield,
tumor burden and cumulative number of
papillomas as compared to carcinogen
treated control. The average latent period
significantly increased from 5.15.1 weeks in
the control group to 7.12.79 weeks in the
administrated group. Furthermore, a
significant increase in reduced glutathione
(p<0.05), level in liver and blood was
observed in the T. cordifolia administered
groups as compared to carcinogen treated
control.
Key Words: Chemoprevention - DMBA- croton
oil Tinospora cordifolia- reduced glutathione
papillomagenesis.
Cancer is a group of diseases with
similar characteristics. Cancer can occur in all
living cells in the body and different cancer
types have different natural history.
Epidemiological studies have indicated that the
Accepted : 15.04.2014
risk of cancer may be modified by changes in
dietary habits (Prochaska, 1997). Humans
ingest a large number of naturally occurring
antimutagens and anticarcinogens in food,
which may inhibit one or more stages of the
carcinogenesis (Hocman, 1989). Several
studies have indicated that compounds with
antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties as
well as certain phytochemicals can inhibit
tumor initiation, promotion and progression in
experimental animal models (Perchellet and
Perchellet, 1989; Chesson and Collins, 1997).
One approach to cancer chemoprevention
involves the administration of natural and
synthetic nutrient or non-nutrient compounds in
order to examine their potential role in the
prevention of initiational and promotional
stages of carcinogenesis (Boon et al., 1990). It
has now been established that the plants, which
naturally synthesize and accumulate some
secondary metabolites, like alkaloids,
glycosides, tannins, diterpenoid lactones,
steroids etc, also contain minerals and vitamins,
possess medicinal properties. Among the vast
library of medicinal important plants Tinospora
cordifolia of family Menispermaceae is a
glabrous and succulent shrub, which is native to
and widely distributed in India. Tinospora
48
dilution.
Prepration Of Plant Extract:
Tinospora cordifolia Hydromethanolic
stem powder poured in separating funnel with
50% Methanol at room temperature for 48hrs
and then filtered. Again the 50% Methanol was
added and allowed to stand for overnight and
then filtered to concentrate it. The filtrate was
kept at 55-60C in Water Bath. The collected
residue was finally transferred into the Hot Air
Oven to dry it.
Procedure:
Experiment was performed as per the
method of two stage protocol reported by
Berenblum (1975) and standardized by us
(Agrawal et al,. 2009) is known as a Skin
carcinogenesis bio-assay. The animals were
randomly divided into different groups and each
group comprised of six animals. Hairs of mice
were removed with the help of hair removing
cream from the dorsal region with proper care in
the area of 2cm2 in all the groups. 104g DMBA
was dissolved in 100l acetone were given
initially and after two weeks of initiation by
DMBA, 1% Croton oil was given at 2 times a
week up to 16 weeks. Skin tumors formation
were recorded weekly and the papillomas
greater than 1mm in diameter were included in
to total number of papillomas/mouse, tumor
incidence and tumor yield if they persisted two
weeks or more.
Experimental Design:Route of Application: Topically
The treatment of Tinospora cordifolia
Hydro-methanilc stem extract was given as
49
50
Table No. 1 Studies with the effect of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract on
DMBA induced skin Papilloma model in Swiss albino mice
Groups
Treatment
Doses
Body weight
(Mean SEM)
Initial
I(n=6)
II(n=6)
Vehicle alone
(100l acetone)
DMBA alone
(104g/100l acetone)
1st
Appearance
of
Papilloma
in days
Cumulativ
e no. of
Papilloma
Tumor
Incidence
(%)
Tumor
Burden
Tumor
Yield
Average
Latent
Period
Final
26.7+1.6
30.31.9
25.0+1.3
30.0+1.3
Number of
Papilloma
with Tumor
size (In mm)
<2
2-4
III(n=6)
Croton oil(100l of 1%
concentration)
25.62.2
28.8+2.8
IV(n=6)
No Treatment
26.8+1.2
30.9+1.1
26.1+1.8
30.1+2.4
V(n=6)
VI(n=6)
DMBA(104g/100l
acetone)+Croton oil(100l of 1%
concentration)
26.0+1.4
25.01.3
39
40
6/6
(100%)
6.6
6.6
5.15.1
32
08
VII(n=6)
27.350.39
28.90.5
55
16
4/6
(66.6%)
4.0
2.67
7.12.79*
12
04
51
weeks.
Estimation of GSH in Liver tissue:A significant reduction was found in the level of
Glutathione reductase (GSH) in liver homogenate of the
Table No.2.: Showing the effect of Tinospora cordifolia Hydro-methanolic stem extract on the level of
Glutathione (GSH) in Blood and Liver homogenate of Papilloma bearing Swiss albino mice
S. No.
Groups
Treatment Doses
Glutathione level
Blood (g/ml)
Liver (moles/gm)
1.
Normal mice
4.58 0.65
52.80 3.34
2.
II
Carcinogen control
2.7 0.06
42.30 1.3
3.33 0.05*
45.2 1.20*
(DMBA + CO)
3.
III
*denotes statistical significance as compared to Carcinogen control at p<0.05 followed by Student "t" test.
52
system of India.
REFERENCES
Agrawal, R.C., Rachana, J., Wasim, R.and M.,
Ovais. (2009). Anticarcinogenic effect
of Solanum lycopersicum fruit extract
on S. Albino & C57BL mice. Asian
Pacific J of Cancer Prevention. 10:
379-382.
Berenblum, I. (1975). Sequential aspects of
chemical carcinogenesis : skin in
cancer A comprehensive trestise.
Plenum press, Newyork. 1:323-344.
Boone, C.W., Kelloff, G.J. and Malone WF.
(1990). Identification of candidate
cancer chemopreventive agents and
their evaluation in animal models and
human clinical trials:Areview.
CancerRes. 50:2-9.
Chesson, A. and
Collins, A. (1997).
Assessment of the role of diet in cancer
prevention. Cancer Lett, 114, 237-24
Das, U.N. (2002). A radical approach to cancer.
Med. Sci. Monit., 8: 79-92.
Dhanasekaran, M., Baskar, A.A., Ignacimuthu,
S., Agastian, P. and Duraipandiyan, V.
(2009). Chemopreventive potential of
Epoxy clerodane diterpene from
Ti n o s p o r a c o r d i f o l i a a g a i n s t
diethylnitrosamine-induced
hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New
Drugs. 27: 347-55.
Huachen, W. and F. Krystyna, (1991). In vivo
formation of oxidized DNA base in
tumor promoter-treated mouse skin.
Cancer Res., 51: 44-43.
Hocman, G. (1989). Prevention of cancer:
Vegetables and plants. Comp Biochem
53
Accepted : 27.03.2014
(Singh et.al., 1999). Alfisols and Kertisols are
the two major soil types in rainfed areas. It
occupies 7.1 m ha area with a production of 5.75
m tones, accounting for 30.9 per cent of total
pulse area and 39.9 per cent pulse production.