BIO 211 Chapter 18 Assignment
BIO 211 Chapter 18 Assignment
BIO 211 Chapter 18 Assignment
Chapter 18 Assignment
Introduction
A. The cardiovascular system consists of which three components?
a. Blood, the heart, and blood vessels
B. Define Blood
b. A connective tissue consisting of plasma in which various cells
and cell fragments are suspended.
C. Define Interstitial fluid
c. The extracellular fluid that directly bathes body cells and is
constantly renewed by the blood.
18.1 Blood contains plasma and formed elements and transports
essential substances through the body.
A.
Functions of blood
Describe the three general functions of blood:
1.
Transportation
i. Transports oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout
the body and carbon dioxide from body cells to the
lungs for exhalation.
ii.
Carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body
cells, hormones from endocrine glands to other body
cells, and heat and waste productts away from cells to
various organs for elimination from the body.
2.
Regulation
i. Blood helps regulate pH through the use of
buffers( chemicals that convert strong acids or bases
into weak ones)
ii.
Helps adjust body temp. through the heat-absorbing
and coolant properties of the water in blood and
bloods variable rate of flow through the skin.
Protection
i. Blood can clot in response to an injury, which
protects against its excessive loss from the
cardiovascular system.
ii.
Bloods white blood cells protect against disease by
carrying on phagocytosis.
3.
B.
ii.
C.
Components of blood
1.
b.
2.
3.
Platelets
2.
Describe the appearance of centrifuged blood, and include
a definition
for buffy coat.
I. Formed elements ( which are more dense) sink to the
bottom and plasma ( which is less dense) forms a
layer on top. And because they are less dense than
RBCs and WBCs and platelets form a very thin layer
called the buffu coat.
3.
Plasma
a.
b.
c.
plasma.
4.
Formed elements
a.
volume occupied
females?
38-46 percent
What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult
males?
40-54 percent
b.
What is the difference between anemia and
polycythemia?
while polycythemia has
count.
B.
C.
D.
F.
True/False. All formed elements can divide once they leave red
bone marrow. false
G.
1.
2.
3.
B.
How many RBCs/L of blood in a healthy adult male? A healthy
adult female?
A healthy male has about 5.4 million RBCs per microliter
and women have
4.8 million.
C.
RBC anatomy
1.
D.
RBC physiology
1.
2.
B.
B.
E.
Understand and be able to explain the negative feedback system
that
regulates erythropoiesis as shown below.
mixed
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3.
Transfusions
1.
2.
3.
5.
B
Which blood type is considered the universal donors and
why?
Type O because has neither A nor B antigens
Why are these terms misleading and potentially
dangerous?
Blood contains antigens and antibodies other
than those associated
with the ABO system that can cause
transfusion problems, thus, boold
should be always
crossed matched or screened before transfusions.
6.
Characteristic
Antigen on RBC
Blood Type
AB
Both A and
B
Neither A
nor B
Blood Type
O
Neither a
nor B
Both Anti-A
and Anti-B
Antibody in
plasma
Anti-B
Anti-A
Compatible
donor blood
types
Incompatible
donor blood
types
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O
B, AB
A, AB
---
A, B, AB
F.
Rh blood group
1.
2.
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
AB
B.
C.
D.
WBC types
Describe each of the following types of leukocytes using the
pictures below. Know which categories they belong to (agranular
v. granular).
1.
Granular leukocytes
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a.
Neutrophil -
Granular
The granules are smaller, evenly distributed and a pale
lilac in coloring.
The nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes connected by very thin
strands og nuclear material.
As a cell ages the number of lobes increases
b.
Eosinophil Granular
c.
Basophil - Granular
2.
Agranular leukocytes
a.
Lymphocyte Agranular
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b.
Monocyte Agranular
E.
WBC functions
The overall function of WBCs is to attack invading pathogens.
1.
movement through the capillary wall and into the interstitial fluid
of the injured tissue.
2.
3.
Neutrophils
What do neutrophils release after engulfing a pathogen
during phagocytosis and what do these chemicals do?
These chemicals include lysozyme, which destroys certain
bacteria and strong oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide.
4.
Eosinophils
What specific problems do eosinophils combat and how?
They are believed to release enzymes, such as
histaminase, that combat the effects of histamine and
other substances involved in inflammation during allergic
reactions.
5.
Basophils
What do basophils release and why? Release heparin,
histamine,and serotonin. These substances intensify the
inflammatory reaction and are also involved in
hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.
6.
Lymphocytes
What are the functions of the following:
a.
and
b.
Monocytes
What are the functions of monocytes?
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2.
3.
4.
WBC Type
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Viral or fungal
infections,
tuberculosis, some
leukemias, other
chronic diseases
Eosinophils
Allergic reactions,
Drug toxicity, stress
parasitic infections,
autoimmune diseases
Basophils
Allergic reactions,
Pregnancy,
leukemias, cancers,
ovulation,stress,
hyperthyroidism
hyperthyroidism
18.8 Platelets reduce blood loss from damaged vessels
A.
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B.
B.
What are the three mechanisms that reduce loss of blood from
blood vessels?
1.vascular spasm
2.platelet plug formation
3.blood clotting(coagulation)
C.
D.
Vascular spasm
1.
Define Vascular Spasm when arteries or arterioles are
damaged, the
smooth muscle in
their walls contracts
immediatly
2.
E.
(1)
Platelet adhesion
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2.
3.
fibers
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4.
5.
6.
clotting:
(1)Prothrombinase
(2)Thrombin
(3)Stabilized fibrin threads
7.
activated.
Once prothrombinase is formed, the steps involved in the
next 2
stages of clotting are the same for both the
extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways and together these 2
stages are reffered to as the common
pathway.
8.
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9.
affects?
a.thrombin accelarates the formation of prothrombinase
b.thrombin activates platelets
10.
tightening of the
G.
Small blood clots form throughout the day. How are these
clots dissolved (what is the name of the process)?
fibrinolysis
2.
important?
Plasminogen in an inactive plasma enzyme incorporated
into the clot
and once both blood and tissue that
contain substances that can turn
plasminogen to plasmin
which can dissolve the clot.
3.
H.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
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