2015 IJSRSET | Volume 1 | Issue 3 | Print ISSN : 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099

Themed Section: Engineering and Technology

A Web Based Career Guidance Information System

for Pre-Tertiary
Institution Students in
Nigeria
1

Abisoye Opeyemi A. , Alabi I. O. , Ganiyu Shefiu O. , , Abisoye Blessing O , Omokore Josiah

MSc. (Computer Science), Federal University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

MSc. (Info. Tech), Federal University of Technology, Department of Information and Media Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
3

MSc. (Inf. Sc), Federal University of Technology, Department of Information and Media Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

MEng. (Electrical Engineering), Federal University of Technology, Information Technology Services, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
5

BSc. (Computer Science), Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, Minna Niger State, Nigeria.

ABSTRAC
T
Web Based Career Guidance is very important to our Educational System. We have an existing Manual Career
Guidance System with human counselors in charge, but this system is plagued with the following problems: few
number of human counselors, unavailability of a counselor in a good number of schools, few number of
counselors attending to students during school hours and the office of a counselor in schools are so unpopular that
students hardly meet them for career counseling. We have been able to design an O nline Career Guidance
Information System targeting students in pre tertiary institutions in Nigeria to solve the afore - mentioned
problems. The Online Web Based Career Guidance system was designed and implemented using data collected
from interviewing human counselors and surveys. The following scripting languages were employed: PHP,
MySQL, HTML, Java Script and CSS. The system was implemented and tested with 50 students and 76% of them
found the career system very useful.
Keywords: Web, Career, Guidance, information system, Educational System, Counselors

I.

INTRODUCTION

Guidance is a term sometimes used broadly to refer to

advising or helping an individual with any kind of
educational, vocational or personal problem. It can
also be referred to as a service provided by the
particular school to help young persons in making
clever decision and changes so as to develop their
potentials as an individual and a contributing member
of the society. Guidance activities are usually
associated with educational professionals known as
counselors as well as the involvement of parents,
relatives, teachers, administrators, other educational
specialists, spiritual leaders etc. The meaning is so
broad that it does not deal with education alone but
also aspects of life that affects an individual, therefore
we can say that guidance is also a process of helping
a person to realize and grow his/her vocational,
educational, and psychological potentials and also

achieving an the best level of individual happiness

and societal usefulness.
Career guidance consists of services that help
people successfully manage their career
development. Although this aspect of human
development occurs on its own as we mature,
everyone can benefit from assistance navigating
through this process.(Dawn, 2012). Career
guidance is a set of intervention strategies designed
to ease the career development of the individual.
Career guidance is a broad term, which includes
the development of job search, on interview skills,
placement into a chosen vocation, and follows up
the placement to ensure effectiveness. In career
guidance, counseling is used as one of the
interventional strategies.
The British Association of Counselors (BAC) now
the BACP, were the very first professional
association that adopted a definition of

IJSRSET152247 | Received: 11 March 2015 | Accepted: 10 June 2015 | May-June 2015 [(1)3: 229-240]

229

professional counseling (Dawn, 2012), in 1986

they published this definition:
Counseling is the skilled and principled use of
relationship to facilitate self- knowledge, emotional
acceptance and growth and the optimal development
of personal resources. The overall aim is to provide
an opportunity to work towards living more
satisfyingly
and
resourcefully.
Counseling
relationships will vary according to need but may be
concerned with developmental issues, addressing and
resolving specific problems, making decisions,
coping with crisis, developing personal insights and
knowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict
or improving relationships with others. (BASP, 1986)
The counselors role is to facilitate the clients work in
ways that respect the clients values, personal
resources and capacity for self-determination.
Why do we need a web based career system some
may ask. It has become absolutely necessary because:
i.
The internet has become a place where
students(youths) visit often to interact(social
network),
shop(online
shopping),
be
entertained(online video, music and radio
services) etc. its only proper that the internet is
also used for something as productive and as
important as interacting with an information
system that helps them chose the best career
possible for them.
ii.
If properly designed and implemented, an
online career counselor can be more effective
and accessible than a real life counselor.
iii.
It can be used to complement real life
counselors; it can serve as a tool used by them.
Before the late 19th century, there was practically
little or nothing in existence in the form of career
guidance for persons considering getting a job. When
it all started, career guidance was referred to as
vocational guidance. Work prospects started from
nearby communal associates such as family, friends
and also the church. The beginning of the 20thcentury
saw a rise in immigration, follow-on is an increase in
the need for a more structured means to assist people
in getting jobs.
Although the categories of professions have improved
significantly in the previous century, some of the
basics of career guidance endure. The principal

themes still is the development of an awareness of

individual skills, ability and interests, also being
educated about career openings and demands.
Conversely, career guidance in the present day is
viewed as a continuous process. Unlike before age is
no longer a driving force, this has brought about an
increase in the emphasis on the self at work and
work-life balance. (Julia, 2014).
In this paper section 2 explains the statement of the
problem, Aim and objective in section 3, Significant
of study in section 4, Analysis of the existing system
in section 5, Possible solutions in section 6,
Justification of the new system on section 7,
Methodology in section 8, Proposed Design System
in section 9 and Results in section 10 and Conclusion.

II. METHODS AND MATERIAL

A.
Statement of the
Problem
This paper intends to solve the following problems:
1. Unavailable human counselors in some schools.
This has resulting in many students making wrong
career choices and then regretting for the rest of
their lives.
2. Where the counselors are available, there are
mostly not enough to cater for all the students.
3. Real life counselors are only available to students
at working hours of the day, but an online career
counselor is available at any time and just a click
away.
Aim And Objectives
Aim: The aim of this research is to deploy a web site
that helps pre-tertiary students make a better career
choice, with the following objectives.
i.
To explore the problems encountered by the
existing manual system
ii.
To design a web based career guidance
system that will improve upon the existing
manual/ human career guide.
iii.
To implement a web based application that
will help young ones get a good
understanding of themselves and advise them
on the career path that best suits them. And
also serve as a complementary tool for career
guide and counselors

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (ijsrset.com)

230

B.
Significance of
the Study
This paper will be beneficial to the society at large,
but more specifically to secondary school leavers and
counselors. The secondary school students will
benefit in the sense that the information system will
help and guide them in making wise and appropriate
career choices and also inform them understand
basically what each career is about, what it entails,
and the required subjects they need to focus on to
succeed in that field. Counselors likewise can benefit
from the information system as it can serve as a tool
for them to use in making more accurate judgment.
The student will get to benefit front the information
system when they visit the web site, register, take a
career quiz and view the advisor page that intends to
intimate them with the career path in which the test
has deemed fit for them. Counselors can benefit by
asking students to take the career quiz and the
outcome of the career quiz can help the counselor
give better advice to the students.
In summary, this paper will to a large extent help to
provide a solution to the subject of career choice, it
will try to provide an alternative and complement
human councilors, in that it will be readily available
to anyone with a device that has a functional browser
and access the internet.

a) Intelligence tests which are given to measure

intellectual ability. The result of intelligence tests
is called Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
b) Achievement tests which are given to see the level
students have reached in verbal and mathematical
skills as well as in specific areas such as social
studies, sciences and foreign languages.
c) Aptitude test, these are tests designed to predict a
students ability in a particular field.
d) Personality tests, they intend to reveal a students
feeling, problem, attitudes, likes and dislikes in
which also determines what area of work a student
will enjoy the most.
e) Interest inventories, which help students think
clearly about career preferences in which on the
basis of the results of these inventories, counselors
may suggest careers the student had never
considered before.
ii.
Group Guidance: This includes those guidance
activities which can be carried on economically
and effectively with group of pupils. The group
methods are used primarily to convey information
as in orientation to a new school, in occupation
classes, or in career conferences
iii.
Individual Interview/Counseling: By means of
personal interviews the counselor helps the
students with many of the typical problems of
growing up. It involves intimate personality
relationship between a pupil and the counselor to
which both of them discuss having an objective
attitude as well as careful plans for the pupil in
order to help him make decisions.

C.
Analysis Of The
Existing System
The analysis of the existing system is divided into iv.
two parts:
Limitations Of The Existing Manual
I. The analysis of the manual system.
System
II. Analysis of the few existing online career
The Manual career guidance is limited in the
websites.
following ways
a) Guidance and counseling has been limited to
Analysis of the Manual System.
secondary schools in most cases. The bed rock of
In analyzing the area of career guidance and
education i.e. the primary schools has been
counseling from the general view, we will see that
completely neglected.
or deduce that its goal is basically to assist students
b) Though counselors are found in secondary
in developing the individual growth of which there
schools, but the numbers of full time counselors
are certain procedures that the guidance counselor
are highly insignificant and cannot cater for the
uses during the course of his work, such
number of students.
procedures are:
c) Some counselors are not committed or diligent
i.
Test: these ae being developed to judge interest,
and can sometimes be unapproachable.
abilities and personality traits , such tests are:
d) Counselors can only attend to students during
working hours of the day.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (ijsrset.com)

231

e)

The problem of generation gap: the general idea

among students is that the guidance and counselor
is a middle aged man or woman who is perceived
to be old school thus can only offer suggestions
or solutions in like manner.
f) Counselors are humans with their own emotions,
personal responsibilities and pressures, therefore,
the tendency of emotional eruption and absence
from the office when needed is inevitable. This
discourages students from approaching them.
The unpopularity and unawareness of the guidance
and counseling department in our secondary schools
makes the system under used, thereby making it
inefficient.
Some students could find the counseling season a
torture and boring therefore they avoid it.
Lack of standardized and locally adapted career quiz
or questionnaire.
Analysis of existing online Career
Guidance website.
st

At the advent of the 21 century, the internet has

brought us so any possibilities. Career guidance is not
an exception, below are some existing online career
guidance websites and their limitations.

Figure 2. A Discontinued/Broken Career Guide Website

Fig 1 above shows the website with the

url:www.careerfutura.com which demands that those
who want to use the career guidance service must pay
a reasonably large amount of money. Thereby making
it not accessible to those who are not financially
buoyant. No provision for free trial at all. An
objective of this research is to deploy a FREE career
guidance information system.
The figure 2 above shows a non-functional or
discontinued career guidance website. The URL of
the site is careerbuilder.com. It evidently can no
longer serve the purpose for which it was built.

Figure 1: A Paid Career Guide Website

Figure 3. An Online Career Test Site With A Difficulty To

Understand Interface.

iv.

v.
vi.

vii.

Figure 4 A Career Guidance site.

The Fig 3 above shows the screen shot of an existing

career guidance system. The interface is noticeable
clumsy and that makes navigating and using the
services of the site and Fig above 4 shows the screen
shot of an existing web based career guidance system,
the draw back with the site is that it has too many
questions to be answered. There are 485 questions for
the student to answer

Problem of the Existing

Online System
One of the most significant decisions a young person
has to make in life has to do with a future career. The
choice of an career is seen as the second most
important decision, next to the choice of a spouse in
marriage. The choice of an career becomes significant
because it could determine the overlook of our
success in life, our group of friends, business
associates, recreational activities, opportunities,
salary status and general life style seemed to be
determined or influenced by our career. The choice of
a career has become more complex in this modern
time for the following reasons:
i. Nigeria is a developing nation going through
severe economic and financial problem resulting
to unemployment in various categories of
occupation.
ii. The development in science and technology has
led to new careers of which most people are not
aware.
iii. Many people lack competence to assess
themselves for a realistic choice of career.

viii.

ix.

Information about various occupations does not

readily get to those who are contemplating the
choice of career.
Absence of job satisfaction is one more issue that
has thrown many people out of job.
Parents, sometimes out of ignorance force careers
on their children which become a problem or
serves as a temporary setback for the children.
The peer group has a great deal of influence on
youth career choice. Many youth choose
occupation simply because their friends have
chosen such and they do not want to do anything
different from their friends.
Many youth set high vocational aspirations for
themselves without possessing the necessary
personal qualities to pursue such an occupation,
and
Inability of some youth to keep their career
choice flexible has led to delays in getting
admission and frustrations in meeting the
requirements for the career of their choice.
(Mopelola & Benjamin, 2013).

D.
Possible
Solutions
The web system being designed in this paper to
solve aforementioned problems falls roughly under
Expert system.
i.
Expert
System
An expert system is an interactive computer based
decision tool that uses both facts and heuristics in
solving difficult decision making problems, based on
knowledge acquired from an expert (Alhassan, 2013)

Figure 5. Components of Expert system

The table above shows the tabular result of the

statistics taken, it shows that very few people get to
choose the right career. Hence the need for this
research work.

The Fig 5. above shows a diagrammatic

representation of an expert system, considering the
research in view, the students visiting the site in
view of getting career guidance are the user, I, the
developer is both the knowledge engineer and
system engineer. The website interface serves as
the user interface. The inference engine is the PHO

7%

driven function that works on the input of the user

through the answers to the quiz taken, the
knowledge base and working storage are both
stored in the database.
ii.

27
%

Those who
felt
they
chose
the
wrong career
66
%

Justifications of the New System

Figure 6. Pie Chart showing the extent of satisfaction with

vocation.

In light of the limitations stated above, it is expedient

that an online career guidance system be made
available for the Nigerian students. Here are some of
the inherent advantages:
A web based career guidance system
promises to be available and accessible by
students at any time, any day and at their
convenience (just a click away).
This information system can serve as a
complimentary tool for real life counselors.
The system intends to be tailored for
Nigerian students.
iii.
Methodology.

S/
N

Opinion
1
2
3

Those who felt they

chose the wrong career
Those who have not
given it a thought
Those certain they chose
right

As depicted above in Table 1 and Fig. 6, merely 7%

of survey participants were pleased with the tasks and
nature of their vocation, 66% were not satisfied. This
survey established that there is a discrepancy between
the careers most secondary school leavers choose and
the ones of their natural interest. ( Ojenge &
Muchemi, 2013)
In order to design and implement a functional web
based career guidance system, the following
approaches will be used.

Investigations
In 2007, a study was done to evaluate how well
professionals are fulfilled or contented with the kind
of career they are presently into, 314 professionals
were interviewed. Those interviewed were over
35years of age and from 16 different professions
around Benin city. The results are represented in
Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.6 here below.

Understand fully what the research is about and

what is required of the proposed system , define
the scope of the research
Study the existing manual system and draft out a
way of computerizing an improved manual system.
Designing the web interface using HTML and
CSS.
Creating a database for the research using WAMP
Designing the career quiz page
Linking the page with the database
Bottom-Top methodology was used in designing
this research

Number And
Percentage
207(66%)
84(27%)
23(7%)

Table 1. Extent of Satisfaction with Vocation

Those
who
have not
given it a
thought

iv.

Data Collection.

The data used in formulating the career quiz for this

research was obtained by interviewing career
counselors and adaptation of career questionnaires.

At the course of testing this system 20 students

actually registered on the web site, providing the
following information: First Name, Last Name, Email
address, Phone number, State of origin, Date of Birth
and Educational status. Below is a table that captures
where the information is stored in the database

Input Design
The input of this system from the user point of view
is basically his actions on the pages of the site which
make up the system, these pages will be implemented
by encoding them with HTML (Hyper Text Markup
Language) and the page layout and design done with
CSS (cascade style sheet). The user will interact with
the system by clicking on menus an hyperlinks as
well as selecting the answers on the quiz page, the
quiz answers will be implemented using radio buttons
whereby only one option out of the four (4) can be
picked.
Storage Design

Table 2. A Database Capture of the Data Collected From

Students

The above table shows the phpa dmin database

capture of the data collected and managed by the
system. This data are stored and will be made
available at the profile of the student, this will be
shown later on in this report
v.
The Proposed
Designed System
The development of career guidance and counseling
system lies on one of the roots of expert system
which is also one of the major roots in expert systems
called cognitive science i.e. the area of human
information processing.
The study of cognition is very important due to the
fact that the human expert has to be available for the
knowledge engineer to encode his knowledge into the
programs so as to make the computer emulate the
human. In the case of this particular research the
knowledge was acquired from the human experts
(career counselors) by the means of interview with
them.

The proposed system will have a fully dynamic and

functional database. The database will be created
using WAMP and queried using SQL. The following
data about the student will be collected and stored in
the database:
1. First Name (Input type= Text)
2. Last Name (Input type= Text
3. Email address (Input type= Text)
4. Password (Input type= Password)
5. State of origin (Input type= Option)
6. Phone number (Input type= Text)
7. Date of Birth (Input type= Option)
8. Gender (Input type= Radio)
9. Educational status (Input type= Checkbox}
The quiz questions also will be stored in the database
and subsequently retrieved using PHP and SQL
commands, the result of the quiz will also be stored in
the database and can be retrieved any time the student
revisits the site. A student can take the quiz several
times and the result of each quiz will be stored for
future use or reference.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The output of the system is typically the result of the
quiz and the accompanying guidance tips that comes
with the quiz result.

The System Main Menu Implementation

Results

Figure 9. Cross section of the quiz page:

Figure 7 The Websites Home page

Figure 10. Bottom section of the quiz page

Figure 8 The Websites Sign Up Page

The figure 7 and 8 above shows a top and bottom

screenshot of the website home page, the homepage
takes after popular sites such as facebook in that it has
both the LOG IN and SIGN UP part on the same page,
the makes it more attractive for users to SIGN UP and
also allows them LOG IN without having to leave the
page. The Home Page has a JavaScript image slider
plugged in which provides an overview of the
functions of the site in a captivating graphical format.

The figure 9 above shows the first top part of the

quiz/test page. The top of the page givs an estimate of
the amount of time it will take to complete the test. It
also enjoins the students to take the test truthfully and
seriously, because it is their input that will be used to
generate the counselling section. The figure 8.2
above shows the bottom part of the quiz/test page and
the latter part of the page shows the SUBMIT
BUTTON

tabs. The first shows the career interest advised by

nd
the system shown in percentage, the 2 tab shows
rd
the
career
category,the
3
shows
the
recommendations and example career advised by
the system.
Query Subsystem Implementation

Figure 9. A Landing Page for An Already Registered Student

Figure 11. What happens when wrong login information is
input.

Figure 12. The error report generated when a user who is

already registered tries to register again

Figure 10 An Example of a Quiz Result

Fig 11 is a landing page for an already registered

student showing that his previous test records can
be viewed or he/she can take another test The
figure 12 above shows the landing page and also
the HOME PAGE for a user who is logged into the
system. It outlines the previous tests taken by the
user and also has a link to LOGOUT and to view
the user profile. The profile page shows
information inputted by the user during registration.
It also has a link for the user to take a new test. At
the top left corner the user sees his or her name and
also sees the email address he or she logged in
with.
Fig 11 above shows the test/quiz result of a user.
It shows a tabular representation of the result in 3

The fig 11 above shows the error message displayed

when a wrong email or password is entered by the
user. The error report is kept ambiguous so that
malicious visitors cannot second guess what LOG IN
criteria they are getting wrong
The 12 above shows the error report generated when
a user tries to register with an email that is already in
use by another user, the email address is the primary
key of user records and it is unique.

Figure 13. The Alert Shown When An Already Existing

Member Takes Another Test.

Fig 13 is an alert generated by PHP. It shows that

the answers have been submitted successfully and
it directs the user to click the last link on the list of
previous results of tests taken.

to gain admission into the universities offering the

th
course. The 4 row shows some universities offering
the course presently in Nigeria.
The fig 15 above shows the summary for mathematics
career path. The summary comprises of 4 rows, row 1
show the careers, row 2 shows a brief introduction of
what the career is all above, this helps students
rd
understand what indeed the career ais about, the 3
row shows Basic requirement that a student will need
to gain admission into the universities offering the
th
course. The 4 row shows some universities offering
the course presently in Nigeria.

Figure 14. A summary of the careers under the Computer

Figure 16. This Shows The Captcha Functionality In The

Registration Aspect Reloaded

The above fig. 16 shows the captcha functionality

which helps to ensure that only humans register, there
are so many malicious viruses and automated online
applications which may want to overload the system
by registering themselves sporadically with the intent
of causing an overload of the server.

Figure 15. Mathematics career technology categories

The fig 14 above shows the summary for mathematics

career path. The summary comprises of 4 rows, row 1
show the careers, row 2 shows a brief introduction of
what the career is all above, this helps students
rd
understand what indeed the career ais about, the 3
row shows Basic requirement that a student will need

System Testing and Integration

The method of implementation for this research is
Parallel implementation. This means the system is to
be used in conjunction with the already existing
manual counseling program. The application seeks to
complement the existing manual system and can even
be used as a tool for counselors. It is intended to be
used as a standalone system for students and schools
who dont have access to a human career guide or
counselor.

Figure 17. The summary for Business Career Category

The fig 17 above shows the summary for business

career path. The summary comprises of 4 rows, row 1
show the careers, row 2 shows a brief introduction of
what the career is all above, this helps students
understand what indeed the career ais about, the 3rd
row shows Basic requirement that a student will need
to gain admission into the universities offering the
course. The 4th row shows some universities offering
the course presently in Nigeria.

Since the system is a web based system it can be

accessed by the means of any device that has a valid
web browser and a functional internet connection
from anywhere in the globe.
The system was tested by 20 pre tertiary institution
students, they registered, took the career quiz and
they did agree with the result of the system.
The system can be integrated into secondary school
website or students are encouraged to visit the web
page by their teachers, parents or career counselor in
school.
The system does not intend to replace totally the
existing manual system, but serve those who do not
have access to the manual system and to serve as a
complementary tool for the manual system
Summary

Figure 18 A Javascript alert

The fig 18 above shows a javascript that alerts the

user that some questions are yet to be answered. It
also shows specifically the question number yet to be
answered. This helps the user avoid not answering
some questions mistakenly. The system is designed in
such a way that all questions must be answered for an
accurate result to be gotten.

This research work design and implementation of a

web based career guidance information system used
study career guidance as a tool to helping students
choose a proper career path, design a way in which
the manual system of guidance can be computerized
and to deploy a website that will serve as a virtual
career guide and an advisor to students on what career
path to take and the relevant courses to offer in order
to succeed in the career path.
Findings and Discussion
During the course of the research, the manual career
guidance system was critically studied and some
shortcomings were seen, places of improvement were
discovered and a space that an online system can fit

into was exposed. We saw that an online career

guidance system will prove really helpful in our
present day, nearly everything is done online these
days, and the age group of those that this research
scope covers spends a good number of their time on
the web doing less productive things, it is imperative
and necessary that they be encouraged to engage in
productive activities such as determining the best
career possible for them.
Suggestions for Further Work
It is suggested that the scope of this research be
widened if the time and resources permit.
Career guidance is an continuous and never ending
exercise. It can prove very useful not only for pre
university students but also for first degree graduates,
masters students and even prospective doctorate
students as well.
Recommendation
It is highly recommended that this research be
improved upon and implemented as this will be very
useful to the society at large. A society filled with
citizens who are fulfilled with what they do for a
living can go a long way in improving general health
and reduce violence rate.
A live and functional chat system can also be
included to help students who are not clear with the
recommendation given by the system.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this research work we have been able to explore
the problems encountered by the existing manual
system, to design a web based career guidance system
that will improve upon the existing manual/ human
career guide and to implement a web based
application that will help young ones get a good
understanding of themselves and advise them on the
career path that best suits them. And also serve as a
complementary tool for career guide and counselors.
In this research we have studied career guidance,
designed a functional web application and
implemented it with some successful test results.

V.
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