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    Nervous Tissue

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    This document provides information about nervous tissue and neurons. It discusses that nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. The document describes the structure and function of these parts of neurons. It also discusses the different types of neurons and classification of neurons. The document summarizes the different types of neuroglia in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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    Nervous Tissue

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    Anonymous GzRz4H50F
    127 views32 pages
    This document provides information about nervous tissue and neurons. It discusses that nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. The document describes the structure and function of these parts of neurons. It also discusses the different types of neurons and classification of neurons. The document summarizes the different types of neuroglia in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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    This document provides information about nervous tissue and neurons. It discusses that nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. The document describes the structure and function of these parts of neurons. It also discusses the different types of neurons and classification of neurons. The document summarizes the different types of neuroglia in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    127 views32 pages

    Nervous Tissue

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous GzRz4H50F
    This document provides information about nervous tissue and neurons. It discusses that nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. The document describes the structure and function of these parts of neurons. It also discusses the different types of neurons and classification of neurons. The document summarizes the different types of neuroglia in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 32
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that nervous tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia, neurons transmit electrical signals via action potentials, and neuroglia provide support and insulation for neurons.

    The main components of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and a single axon which transmits signals via synaptic connections to other neurons or target cells.

    The main types of neuroglia in the central nervous system are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier and regulate the chemical environment. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath. Microglia are phagocytes that dispose of debris. Ependymal cells line ventricles and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

    13.01.

    2015

    Nervous Tissue

    Dr. Archana Rani


    Associate Professor
    Department of Anatomy
    KGMU UP, Lucknow

    Introduction
    Property of irritability and conductivity
    Respond to various types of stimuli
    Distributed throughout the body as an
    integrated network
    Made up of 2 cell types:
    (a) Nerve cells (neurons)
    Nervous
    CNS
    system
    (b) Glial cells (neuroglia)

    PNS

    The Neuron
    Excitable, independent anatomic and functional units
    with complex morphological characteristics.

    Neurons = nerve cells


    Cells specialized to transmit messages
    Major parts of neuron:
    Cell body nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
    (main part of nerve cell)
    Processes fibers that extend from the cell body
    can be microscopic or up to 3-4 feet in length

    Anatomy of
    a Neuron

    Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)


    Contains the nucleus and a nucleolus
    Major biosynthetic center
    Focal point for the outgrowth of neuronal
    processes
    Absence of centrioles (hence its amitotic nature)
    Prominent basophilic Nissl bodies (rough ER)
    Contains an axon hillock cone-shaped area from
    which axons arise
    Cytoskeleton of neuron is formed by microtubules &
    neurofilaments
    6

    Processes

    Arm like extensions from the soma


    Nerve fibre: term used for nerve cell process
    Two types of processes: axons and dendrites
    Myelinated axons are called tracts in the CNS
    and nerves in the PNS

    Dendrites
    Short, tapering processes
    Branch extensively to form Dendritic tree
    They are the receptive or input regions of the
    neuron
    Absence of Golgi complexes

    Axon
    Slender processes of uniform diameter arising from
    the axon hillock
    Axon hillock lacks RER, ribosomes & Nissl substance
    Nissl substance is also absent in cytoplasm of axon
    Usually there is only one unbranched axon per
    neuron
    Axon terminals (terminal boutons)
    Axolemma
    Axoplasm
    9

    Axons: Function
    Generate and transmit action potential
    Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal
    terminals
    Movement along axons occurs in two ways
    Anterograde toward the axon terminal
    Retrograde toward the cell body

    10

    Classification of Neuron
    Structural:
    Multipolar three or more processes
    Bipolar two processes (axon and dendrite)
    Unipolar (pseudounipolar) single, short process
    (usually dendrite)
    Anaxonic

    11

    Structural Classification of Neurons

    12

    Classification of Neuron (contd)


    Functional:
    Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward
    the CNS
    Motor (efferent) carry impulses toward the
    body surface
    Interneurons (association neurons) any neurons
    between a sensory and a motor neuron

    13

    Synapse
    Specialized region of
    contact between two
    neurons
    Nerve impulse is
    transmitted from one
    neuron to other through
    neurotransmitters
    3 varieties: axodendritic,
    axosomatic, axoaxonic
    Parts: presynaptic part,
    synaptic cleft,
    postsynaptic part

    Myelin
    Myelin sheath whitish, fatty material
    covering axons
    protects/insulates the cells and increases the
    transmission rate of nerve impulses

    Myelin is produced by Schwann cells in PNS


    and Oligodendrocytes in CNS
    Nodes of Ranvier gaps in myelin sheath
    along the axon

    The Neuroglia
    Supporting cells in the Central Nervous System
    (CNS) are grouped together as Neuroglia
    Neuroglia literally means nerve glue
    The function of neuroglia is to support, insulate,
    and protect the delicate neurons of the brain
    In H & E staining, only their nuclei can be seen
    Capable of multiplying in mature nervous tissue
    Cannot generate or transmit the impulse

    Types of
    Neuroglia in
    CNS
    Astrocytes
    Star-shaped cells
    Processes have expanded ends that attach to the
    walls of blood capillaries
    2 types: Protoplasmic (in grey matter) and fibrous
    (in white matter)
    Control the chemical environment of
    the brain (forming blood-brain barrier)

    Microglia

    Spiderlike phagocytes (white blood cells)


    Dispose of debris like dead brains cells and
    bacteria

    Ependymal cells

    Lines the cavities of the brain and spinal cord


    Circulate cerebrospinal fluid by beating their cilia
    Arranged in a single layer
    Ciliated cuboidal or columnar shaped

    Oligodendrocytes

    Small, round cells with few cytoplasmic


    processes
    Produce myelin sheaths
    Myelin is a fatty, insulation covering the nerve
    cells; allows the electrical signal to transmit
    faster (like wire coating)

    Types of Neuroglia in PNS


    Satellite cells
    Surround the nerve cells of ganglia
    Flattened cells with prominent nuclei
    Insulate & support neurons of ganglia

    Schwann cells
    Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
    Flattened cells with flattened nucleus

    Myelin

    Clinical Application
    Gliomas
    Schwannoma
    Medulloblastoma

    Multiple
    Sclerosis
    Affects the ability of
    nerve cells in the brain
    and spinal cord to
    communicate with each
    other.
    The body's own
    immune system attacks
    and damages the
    myelin.

    Nerve fibres
    Axon enveloped by special ectodermal
    sheaths
    Surrounding plasma membrane is termed the
    axolemma
    Structurally, surrounded by 3 connective
    tissue sheaths:
    Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

    References
    1. diFiores Atlas of Histology with functional
    Correlations, 12th Edition.
    2. Essentials of Anatomy for Dentistry Students.
    DR Singh, 1st Edition.

    3. Textbook of Histology. GP Pal, 3rd Edition.

    MCQ
    The structural and functional unit of nervous
    system:
    1. Nerve cell
    2. Dendrites
    3. Axon
    4. Neuroglia

    MCQ
    Nissl bodies are aggregation of:
    1. Mitochondria
    2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
    3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    4. Golgi apparatus

    MCQ
    The cell responsible for formation of bloodbrain barrier is:
    1. Astrocyte
    2. Oligodendrocyte
    3. Ependymal cells
    4. Microglia

    MCQ
    The cell responsible for formation of myelin
    sheath in peripheral nervous system:
    1. Schwann cell
    2. Ependymal cell
    3. Oligodendrocyte
    4. Satellite cells

    MCQ
    The phagocytic activity is a feature of:
    1. Astrocyte
    2. Oligodendrocyte
    3. Microglia
    4. Schwann cell

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