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INTRODUCTION

1.1 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT

Material handling equipment (MHE) is used for the movement and
storage of material within a facility or at a site. MHE can be classified into the
following five major categories:
Transport Equipment. Equipment used to move material from one location to
another (e.g., between workplaces, between a loading dock and a storage
area, etc.). The major subcategories of transport equipment are conveyors,
cranes, and industrial trucks. Material can also be transported manually
using no equipment.
Positioning Equipment. Equipment used to handle material at a single
location so that it is in the correct position for subsequent handling,
machining, transport, or storage. Unlike transport equipment, positioning
equipment is usually used for handling at a single workplace. Material can
also be positioned manually using no equipment.
Unit Load Formation Equipment. Equipment used to restrict materials so that
they maintain their integrity when handled a single load during transport and
for storage. If materials are self-restraining (e.g., a single part or interlocking
parts), then they can be formed into a unit load with no equipment.
Storage Equipment. Equipment used for holding or buffering materials
over a period of time. Some storage equipment may include the transport of
materials (e.g., the S/R machines of an AS/RS, or storage carousels). If
materials are block stacked directly on the floor, then no storage equipment
is required.

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Identification and Control Equipment. Equipment used to collect and

communicate the information that is used to coordinate the flow of materials
within a facility and between a facility and its suppliers and customers. The
identification of materials and associated control can be performed manually
with no specialized equipment.

2. TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
2.1. CONVEYORS
Chute conveyor

Screw conveyor

Wheel conveyor

Pneumatic conveyor

Roller conveyor

Vertical conveyor

Chain conveyor

Cart-on-track conveyor

Slat conveyor

Tow conveyor

Flat belt conveyor

Trolley conveyor

Magnetic belt conveyor

Power-and-free conveyor

Troughed belt conveyor

Monorail

Bucket conveyor

Sortation conveyor

Vibrating conveyor

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2.2. CRANES
Jib crane
Bridge crane
Gantry crane
Stacker crane

2.3. INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS

Hand truck

Narrow-aisle reach truck

Pallet jack

Turret truck

Walkie stacker

Order picker

Pallet truck

Sideloader

Platform truck

Tractor-trailer

Counterbalanced lift truck

Personnel and burden carrier

Narrow-aisle straddle truck

Automatic guided vehicle (AGV)

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2.4. EQUIPMENT
2.4.1. POSITIONING EQUIPMENT
Manual (no equipment)

Air film device

Lift/tilt/turn table

Hoist

Dock leveler

Balancer

Ball transfer table

Manipulator

Rotary index table

Industrial robot

Parts feeder

2.4.2. UNIT LOAD FORMATION EQUIPMENT

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Self-restraining

(no Bags

equipment)

Bulk load containers

Pallets

Crates

Skids

Intermodal containers

Slipsheets

Strapping/tape/glue

Tote pans

Shrink-wrap/stretch-wrap

Pallet boxes/skid boxes

Palletizers

Bins/baskets/racks
Cartons

2.4.3. STORAGE EQUIPMENT

Block

stacking

equipment)
Selective pallet rack
Drive-through rack
Drive-in rack
Flow-through rack
Push-back rack
Sliding rack

(no Cantilever rack

Stacking frame
Shelves/bins/drawers
Storage carousel
Automatic
storage/retrieval systems
(AS/RS)
Split case order picking
system
Mezzanine

2.4.4. IDENTIFICATION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

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Manual (no equipment)

Machine vision

Bar codes

Portable data terminal

Radio frequency (RF) tag

Electronic

Magnetic stripe

data

interchange
(EDI)/Internet

Figure- 1

3. PROBLEM DEFINITION

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In the present age of increased industrialization with increased road traffic and congested
roads in cities new construction sites or repair work will require efficient innovative
transportation and loading/unloading methods. The conventional dump trucks have one side
unloadingmanual or hydraulic tilting, which enable to unload construction material like sand,
crushed stone, crushed sand, gravel etc in the back side of the truck..But most of the times due
to congested streets or in-ability to orient vehicle in given space material is un-loaded such that
roads may get blocked for further transportation.This will require another material handling
activity either manual or mechanized to transport material to desired location..hence there is
need of a trailer or drop frame loader with multi-axis un-loading facility.

3.1 SOLUTION
The 3- Axis pneumatic trailer system is solution to the above problem . . which offers
multi-axis unloading facilities as below.
a) Tilting of the drop frame along length of trailer such that material is unloaded on the back
side of the trailer.just as in the conventional method.
b) Tilting of the drop frame in counter clock-wise direction .such that the material is
unloaded to the left side of the trailer.
c) Tilting of the drop frame in clock-wise direction .such that the material is unloaded to
the right side of the trailer.

Figure- 2
4. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
Pneumatic system from the most primitive and distinct class of mechanical control
engineering. They are classified under the term fluid power control, which describes any
process or device that converts, transmits, distribute or controls power through the use of
pressurized gas or liquid. In a which Pneumatic system, the working fluid is a gas (mostly air )
which is comprised above atmospheric pressure to in part pressure energy to the molecules. This
stored pressure potential in converted to a suitable mechanical work in a appropriated controlled
sequence using control valves and actuators. Pneumatic systems are well suited for the auto mat
ion of a simple repetitive task. The working flood is abundant in nature and hence the running
and maintenance cost of these systems are exceptionally low. all floods have the ability to
translate and transfigure and hence. Pneumatic system permit variety of power conversing with
minimal mechanical hardware .

Conversing of various combinations of motions like rotary-rotary, linear-rotary and

linear-linear is possible. The simplicity in design, durability and compost size of Pneumatic
system make them well suited for mobile applications these features make them versatile and
find universal application including robotics aerospace, technology, production and assembly of
automotive components (power steering chassis an engine assembly), CNC machines, food
products packaging industry, bomb deployment unites an fabrication process of plastic products.

5. HISTORY OF PENEUMATIC SYSTEM

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For thousands of years, man had used air as an aid in doing various tasks, eg. Belows for
lighting fires in the year 260 BC, Greek called ctesibios built the first air gun. in addition tights
sinew, he used air compressed in cylinder to increase the range of projectiles. So it is not
surprising that pneuma, the Greek word for air, has as given its name to the technology
known as , pneumatics. During the industrialization process in the 19 th century, machines
powered by, compressed air where used for meaning and building roads. Pneumatic technology
has become indispensable in modern industry. Pneumatically powered machines and robots are
to be found in numerous industrial processes such as assembling or arranging components, or
packing finished goods.

5.1 PROPERTIES OF AIR

Air is a mixture of 78% nitrogen, 28% oxygen, 1% other inert gasses with moisture by
volume. Air extreme pressure at sea level of about 1.013 bar (14.7 psi) called atmospheric
pressure. it is equivalent to 760 mm of hg or 10.3 m of water pressure as measured by U-tube
manometer. Other physical properties of air are :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Molecular mass, M = 28.96 kg/kg mol.

Boiling point at one bar = - 191 C to -194 C
Freezing point at one bar = - 212 C to 216 C
Characteristic gas contacts, R = 287 NM/kg K.

5.2 ADVANTAGE OF COMPRESSED AIR PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Freely available from the atmosphere.

Explosive proof. No protection against explosion required.
Easily transportable in the vessels and pipes.
No return lines are required.
Clean system. It has self cleaning properties.
Simple construction and easy of handling.
Unduplicated exhaust clear air which excepts through leaking pipe of components dont

cause contamination.
8. The pressure, speed and forces required can be controlled easily..
9. Overload safety pneumatic tools and operating components can be loaded to he point of
stopping and are therefore over load safe.
10. Air enables high working speed to be obtained
11. Low cost of maintenance

5.3 DISADVENTAGES OF COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

It is inaccurate in operation
High forces cannot be transmitted
It provides non-uniform speeds
Creates noise pollution
Expensive
Conditioning of air is needed

5.4 APPLICATIONS
Usually air at low pressures in the range of 5 to 7 bar is used in pneumatic systems.
Compressed air system are used for many industrial applications. some of its applications are:

1: To operate pneumatic tools

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2: Spray painting
3: Refrigeration and air conditioning system
4: Gas turbine power plant
5: Supercharging of I.C Engine
6: Conveying materials like sand and concrete, coal mixtures etc. in pipe line
7: Pumping of water
8: Driving the mining machinery
9: In blast furnaces

6. COMPARISON OF HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Table-1
NO.
1

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Working fluid is a liquid.

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
Working fluid is a gas.

Wors at very high pressure.

Works at low pressure

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Working

fluid

in Working fluid is compressible.

incompressible.
Very high forces could be Only moderate forces con be

developed.
System is more compact

6
7

Self lubricating effect

No Self lubricating effect
Several
mechanical Movement is limited

movements could be achieved

Return line is required for oil.

line.
Frequent replacement of oil No need for fluid replenishment.

10

required
Heavy tubes/pipes are needed

Light tubing/piping is sufficient.

11

Fire hazard.

No fire hazard

12

Mess and dirt due to oil

Clean system due to air

developed
It is more bulky.

No require oil hence no return

7. MAIN COMPONENTS
7.1 HINGES
A hinge is a type of bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a
limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative
to each other about a fixed axis of rotation. Hinges may be made of flexible material or of
moving components.

7.1 APPLICATION OF HINGES

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Packaging and conveying

Beverage bottling and handling
Heating and cooling tunnel applications
Automobile industry
Electrical and electronics
Textiles
Marine industry
Food and meat processing
Light engineering industry

7.2 CONTROL VALVES

Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature,
and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from
controller that compare a set point to a process variable whose value is provided by sensors
that monitor change in such condition.
The opening or closing of control valves is done by means of electrical, hydraulic or
pneumatic systems. Petitioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator base on
electric or pneumatic signals. These control signals, traditionally based on 3- 15psi (0.2-1.0bar),
more common now are 4-20A signals for industry, 0-10V for HVAC systems, & the introduction
of smart system, HART, Field bus foundation, & prefabs being the more common protocols.

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7.3 PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS

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Figure-3
Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinder) are mechanical devices which
produce force, often in combination with movement, and are powered by compressed gas
(typically air).

To perform their function, Pneumatic cylinders impart a force by converting the potential
energy of compressed gas into kinetic energy. This is achieved by the compressed gas being able
to expand, without external energy input, which itself occurs due to the pressure gradient
established by the compressed gas being at a great re pressure than the atmospheric pressure.
This air expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The piston is a disc or
cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved.

7.4 DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS

Double acting cylinders (DAC) use the force of air to move in both extends and retract
strokes. They have two ports to allow air in, one for one for in stroke.

SIZES
Air cylinders are available in a variety of size and can typically range from a small 2.5
mm air cylinder, which might be used for packing up a small transistor or other electronic
component, to 400 mm diameter air cylinders which would impart enough force to lift a car.
Some pneumatic cylinders reach 1000 mm in diameter, and are used in place of hydraulic
cylinders for special circumstances where leaking hydraulic oil could impose an extreme hazard.
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7.5. PRESSURE, RADIUS, AREA AND FORCE RELATIONSHIPS

Although the diameter of the piston and the force exerted by a cylinder are related, they
are not directly proportional to one another. Additionally, the typical mathematical relationship
between the two assumes that the air supply does not become saturated. Due to the effective
cross sectional area reduced by the area of the piston rod, the in stroke force is less than the
outstroke force when both are powered pneumatically and by same supply of compressed gas.

The relationship, between force on outstroke, pressure and radius, is as follows:

F = p()
Cord
This is derived from the relationship, between force, pressure and effective cross-sectional area,
which is:
F = p A\,
With the same symbolic notation of variables as above, but also A represents the effective cross
sectional area.
On in stroke, the same relationship between force extract, pressure and effective cross sectional
area applies as discussed above for outstroke. However, since the cross sectional area is less than
the piston area the relationship between force, pressure and radius is different. The calculation
isnt more complicated though, since the effective cross sectional area is merely that of the piston
less that of the piston rod.
For in stroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure, radius of the piston, and
radius of the piston rod, is as follows:
F = p () = ()
Where:
F represents the force exerted
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R1 represents the radius of the piston

R2 represents the radius of the piston rod
Is pi, approximately equal to 3.4159.

MATERIALS
The pneumatic cylinders designed for educational use typically have transparent outer
sleeves (often Plexiglass), so students can students can see the piston moving inside.
The pneumatic cylinder design for clean room applications often use lubricant free pyrex glass
pistons sliding inside graphite sleeves.

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Figure-4
Pneumatic cylinders are in widespread use in industry wherever quick, powerful linear
actuation of moving gates, valves, levers and presses may be required. Pneumatic cylinder are
available in a number of configuration including single acting, double acting, and double acting
with piston rod attachment on both ends of the cylinder. Pneumatic cylinders come with bores
and stokes of fractions of inches all the way to several feet. They are powered by compressed air
at pressures ranging from a few pounds to hundreds of pound per square inch and can provide
thousands of pounds of push or pull force.

Pneumatic cylinders employ a smooth bore cylinder with a piston affixed to a piston rod,
with several circumferential seals between the piston and cylinder. The piston rod has a smaller
rod support bushing and seal between the smooth piston rod and the bottom of the cylinder. They
most often consist of metal components, although many composites are used for special
applications. They are available with a variety of mechanical end connection fittings and
pneumatic piping and tubing connections.
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ADVANTAGES
Systems using pneumatic cylinders to perform repetitive linear motion cycles are easy to
configure, construct and connect. Plastic tubing may be used to bring the pneumatic signal to the
cylinder. Pneumatic systems are intrinsically safe in explosion gases or fumes. Pneumatic
cylinder is also one of the best way to produce a large linear force in a small space at relatively
low cost compared to electric and hydraulic system. Where a reliable source of compressed air
already exists, pneumatic cylinders provide an economical way to automate equipment.

DISADVANTAGES
Compressed air is costly to produce because the special concessions for cooling and
driving the compressed air must be maintained. Also, provisions must be made for piping
compressed air with tubing intended for compressed air. The behavior of compressed air is
completely different from pressurized water and should never be piped with PVC plastic pressure
pipes because of the potential of shattering plastic being propelled away from breaks and
impacts. If the compressed air is not properly dehydrated in refrigerative, desiccant, or
membrane dryers, water will find its way into components in the compressed air stream and
cause erratic performance.

APPLICATION

Compressed air cylinder are used in a number of automotive and building applications
including jacks and hoists, door, gate, and hatch motors. Funny jumping cars use pneumatic
cylinders to hope the suspension. By far, the greatest valves, lift gates, hoists, and machines.
Passive application
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Some pneumatic cylinder applications do not require external power, as they serve to act
as dynamic dampers or shock absorbed. The most common example is a simple domestic one
that door closer cylinder on a screen or storm door keep the door from either opening or closing
too sharply, while providing a spring that gently closes the door.

SPECIFICATIONS OF STANDARD CYLINDER(14167)DNU-25-200-PPV-A.

Table-1

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CRITERIA

FEATURE

Stroke

200

Piston diameter

25

Piston rod thread

M10

Cushioning

Pneumatic cushioning, adjustable at both

ends (PPV)

Assembly position

Any

Conforms to standard

ISO 6431

Piston-rod end

Male thread

Design structure

Piston
Piston rod

Position detection

With proximity sensor

Variants

Single-ended piston rod

Operating pressure

0.3 - 12 bar

Mode of operation

Double-acting

Operating medium

Dried compressed air, lubricated or unlubricated

Corrosion resistance classification CRC

Ambient temperature

-20 - 80 C

Authorisation

Germanischer Lloyd

Cushioning length

30 mm

Theoretical force at 5 bar, return stroke

180 N

Theoretical force at 5bar, advance stroke

240N

Additional weight per 10 mm stroke

76 g

Basic weight for 0 mm stroke

2662 g

Mounting type

With accessories

Pneumatic connection

G3/8

Materials information for cover

Aluminium

Materials information for seals

TPE-U(PU)

Materials information for piston rod

High alloy steel

K.E.S. POLYTECHNIC
Materials
information for cylinder barrel

Materials information for cylinder barrel

Anodised

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7.6 FLEXIBLE PIPE

Figure-5

Flexible pipe has a rigid P.V.C. spiral reinforcement between soft walls which makes it an
ideal replacement to rubber hoses. It is light in weight and extremely flexible. It can be put to
task even at the most demanding curves & bends with absolutely no less of flexibility. Smooth
inside and outside, it has excellent resistance to pressure, external impacts, most of the
chemicals, gases, light acid and saline water. Suction Hoses are available in wild range such as
made in duty hose, heavy duty hose, oil hose and a special food grade non toxic hose

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7.6. APPLICATIONS

Medium in duty suction hoses excellent for all types of water distribution and come as a

boon for irrigation in the agricultural sector

It is excellent for conveying granules and find particles of raw material in processing

industry
Heavy duty suction hose is custom made for vigorous suction and delivery work in cool

mines and mineral mines, stone and lime quarries

It is extremely use full in the area of the shipping sewage disposal, constructional

engineering, general industrial service, aqua cultural and chemical industry etc.
Oil registrants host is extremely use fuel in exploration and transportation of petro
chemical and oil like diesel fuel, kerosene, liquid petrol produce lubricating oil, mineral
oil light oil transformer oil etc

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7.7.SLIDING LOCKS

Figure-6

Install permanent sliding locks on the object to keep it from sliding, or install sliding
object locks that mount onto either side of the trick and twist a wind nut in place to mount it
securely to the Object. The sliding locks that are not permanent require no tools for assembly and
give the owner the choice of leaving object slightly open but still securely locked into place.
Sliding object locks are also available as locking sliding object locks. The owner is required to
remove the lock with a key prior to opening the object.

7.8. REDUCER

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A reducer is the component in a pipeline that reduce the pipe size from a larger to smaller
bore (inner diameter).
The length of the reduction is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe
diameters. There are two main types of reducer: concentric and eccentric reducer.A reducer can
be used either as nozzle or as diffuser depending on the mach number of the flow.

7.9. TERMINATING PLUG

This type of fitting is used for plastic tubing & flexible hoses. These connectors are used
where there is frequent connection & disconnection is required.

7.10 BALL SOCKET JOINT

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Figure-7

DEFINITION
Ball and socket joints are multiaxial, synovial joints. They are lubricated by a clear, sticky fluid
called synovia.

DESCRIPTION
Also called spheroidal joints, the ball and socket joints are formed by the rounded or "ballshaped" head of one bone fitting into the cup-like cavity of another bone. The articulating bone
fits into the cavity and allows the distal bone to move around. The hip and shoulder joints are
examples of the ball and socket joint.

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FUNCTION
The purpose of joints is to provide movement for the body. Different types of joints move in
different ways. The ball and socket joint is fully mobile under the control of muscles, ligaments,
and tendons. The ends of the bones are covered with tough cartilage and are lined with the
synovial membrane.
Each joint contains a small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates it. Synovial fluid provides
protection for the ball and socket joint and allows for stress-free movement.
The ball and socket joint provides swinging and rotating movements. The articulating bone is
received into the cavity of another bone, allowing the distal bone to move around three main
axes with a common center. The joint has stabilizing ligaments that limit the directions and
extent to which the bones can be moved. However, the ball and socket joint is the most mobile in
the body.

8. CONSTRUCTION

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We use following component for lifting the trolley in three direction

1. Three handles
(a) Handle [H1]
(b)Handle [H2]
(c)Handle [H3]

1. Three sliding joints w.r.t handles

(a) Sliding joint [H1]
(b) Sliding joint [H2]
(c) Sliding joint [H3]

3. Six hinges are provided

(a). Left hand side, right hand side & back side each used
(b). hinges.
(c). one pneumatic double acting cylinder
(d). 5/2 D.C valve
(e). Hose, terminating plug for connecting piston & 5/2 D.C valve
(f). Brass nozzle is provided for connection to the compressor pipe

9. OPERATION PROCESS
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First we cut the all square pipe in required dimension and this al square pipe is joining in
right angle by using nut & bolts. 3 layer of al square frame is mounted on each other and only
three side that is LHS, RHS and back side are joint by hinges. For trolley structure G1 sheets cut
in given dimension then it bent into according to required design. Then bentG1 sheet is joined by
nut bolts. 3 G1 pipe is cut in required size of purpose of easy operating sliding joint by using G1
wire. Total trolley structure is mounted on four wheels. Pneumatic cylinder is provided below the
center of trolley & these pneumatic cylinder is connected to 5/2 D.C valve brass nozzle is used.

10. WORKING
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10.1.FOR LIFTING THE LEFT HAND SIDE

Figure-8

Handle (H1) and sliding lock (L1) is connected by using G1 Wire in first position of
direction control valve the trolley is lifted hand side
When the lifting condition is achieve then we operate the second position of 5/2 direction control
valve and trolley is move in downward direction and then automatically close sliding lock (L1)

13.2.FOR LIFTING THE RIGHT HAND SIDE

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Figure-9

Handle (H2) and sliding lock (L2) is connected by using G2 Wire in first position of
direction control valve the trolley is lifted hand side
When the lifting condition is achieve then we operate the second position of 5/2 direction control
valve and trolley is move in downward direction and then automatically close sliding lock (L2)

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10.3.FOR LIFTING THE BACK SIDE

Figure-10

Handle (H3) and sliding lock (L3) is connected by using G3 Wire in first position of direction
control valve the trolley is lifted hand side

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When the lifting condition is achieve then we operate the second position of 5/2 direction control
valve and trolley is move in downward direction and then automatically close sliding lock (L3)

ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

In small three sides lifting is achieved.

For three way lifting Is easy to control
Due to pneumatic arrangement, overall cost is less as compared to hydraulic arrangement.
The working medium of pneumatic system is air
Air is dry & hence any pneumatic system is clean
Air cannot be exploded
The equipment use in pneumatic system are easy in working & easy in manufactured
The maintenance cost of pneumatic equipment & circuit element like compressor, FRL

unit, D.C valve, actuator etc is low.

9. Compressed air can be transport through light weight pipes.
10. The main advantage of these type of trolley is less labor cost
11. Conventional back side dump possible.
12. Dump to the right hand side possible.
13. Dump to the left hand side possible.
14. Pneumatic circuit simple and easy to install.
15. Pneumatic arrangement makes unloading extremely fast compared to hydraulic
arrangement,
16. Low cost automation.

LIMITATION
1. In this pneumatic trolley can be used upto 10bar pressure.

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2. If the pressure of stored air in air tank drop below required pressure than pneumatic
circuit stop working, it will start only after, require pressure is developed in air tank.
3. Due to compressing nature of air, accurate motions in actuator are not possible to
obtained.

APPLICATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.

Construction material transport.

Industrial goods transport
Agriculture goods transport
Garbage Trucks ..etc.

FURTHER MODIFICATION
1. The sliding motion of the sliding trolley is achieved by pneumatic piston cylinder
arrangement.
2. Universal joint is provided for better working of three way lifting trolley.
3. We should use the hydraulic system for the working of three way lifted trolley.

11. WORK ACTION PLAN

PROJECT ACTION PLAN (approximate estimate 4 months)

Phase 1 : data collection (duration : 1 week)

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Data collection phase involves the collection of reference material for project concept,
the idea is taken from book Ingenious mechanisms for designers and inventors
(1 week)

Phase 2 : System Design (Duration :2 Weeks)

The system design comprises of development of the mechanism so that the given
concept can perform the desired operation. The system design also determines the system
components and their shape and overall dimensions , the parts are as shown in part list above.
(1 week)

Phase 3 : Mechanical Design( Duration : ( 3weeks)

The parts mentioned above in the part list will be designed for stress and strain under
the given system of forces, and appropriate dimensions will be derived. The standard parts will
be selected from the PSG design data handbook.
(2weeks)

Phase 4 : Production Drawing Preparation ( Duration :2 Weeks)

Production drawings of the parts are prepared using Auto Cad ,with appropriate
dimensional and geometric tolerances. Raw material sizes for parts are also determined.
(2 weeks)

Phase 5 : Material Procurement & Process Planning ( Duration :2 Weeks)

Material is procured as per raw material specification and part quantity. Part process
planning is done to decide the process of manufacture and appropriate machine for the same.
(1 week)
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Phase 6 : Manufacturing ( Duration :2 Weeks)

Parts are produced as per the part drawings.
(3 weeks)

Phase 7 : Assembly Test & Trial( Duration : (1 Weeks)

Assembly of device is done as per assembly drawing ,and test and trial is conducted on
device for evaluating performance.
(1-week)

Phase 8 : Report Preparation( Duration :2 Weeks)

Report preparation of the activities carried out during the above phases is done .
(2 weeks)

12. COST ANALYSIS

12.1. Raw Material Cost
The total raw material cost as pur the individual materials and their corresponding rates per kg is
as follows

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TOTAL RAW MATERIAL COST = Rs.2820/-

12.2. Machine Cost

Machine cost
Sr no
1
2
3
4
Total

operation
Shering
Drilling
Slotting
bending

Rate Rs/hr
100
80
80
90

Total cost
200
400
300
200
1200

Total machine cost Rs.1200/-

12.3. Miscellaneous Cost.

Operation
Cutting
Fabrication
Total

Cost in Rs /665
435
1100

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Total Miscellaneous Cost Rs 1100/-

12.4. Cost Of Purchased Part

PART
Pneumatic Cylinder
Direction Control Valve
Sliding Lock
Flexible Pipe
Hinges
Terminating Plug
Reducer
Wheel
Nut Bolts
TOTAL

QTY
1
1
3
2
6
4
1
4
40

COST
1400
730
150
80
55
120
30
250
140
3955

Total Cost Of Purchased Part = Rs 3955/-

12.5. Total Cost

Total cost =Raw material cost + Machine cost + Miscellaneous cost + Cost of purchased part
+ Overhead
= 2820 + 1200 + 1100 + 3955 + 900
= 8070/-

Total cost of machine = Rs 9975/-

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REFERENCES

REFERENCE BOOKS

S.K. Hajra Choudhary, Nirjhar Roy, WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY, Media promoters

& publishers pvt. Ltd., 14th edition, 2007.

S.R. Mujumdar, OIL HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company
ltd, 13th edition, 2006.

MATERIAL HANDBOOK

HANDBOOK OF DESIGN DATA BOOK

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Design data book compiled by PSG college of technology Coimbatore published by

Kalaikathir Achchagam coimbatore

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