Building For Everyone
Building For Everyone
Building For Everyone
II
Contents
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Terminology
2.3
Design Issues
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4 Entrances
2.5
2.6
10
11
2.4.1
Entrance lobbies
14
2.4.2
19
2.4.3
27
Horizontal circulation
29
2.5.1 Corridors
31
2.5.2
35
Internal lobbies
Doors
36
2.6.1
37
Entrance doors
43
2.6.3 Turnstiles 44
ii
2.6.4
Internal doors
46
2.6.5
Door ironmongery
49
2.6.5.1 Hinges
49
49
51
52
53
57
58
2.6.6
59
2.6.7
66
A1
70
A2
70
A3
Further Reading
75
List of Illustrations
79
Index
80
iii
2.0 Objectives
The guidance in this booklet promotes the concept and philosophy of universal
design and encourages developers, designers, builders and building managers
to be innovative and think creatively about solutions that meet the needs of all
building users regardless of their age, size, ability or disability.
The objectives of the series of booklets are to:
identify and promote best practice with regard to universal design of the
built and external environment
highlight the wider benefits experienced by all when accessible and
universally designed features are provided in building entrances and
interiors
encourage designers to provide universally designed solutions for the
entrances to buildings and the horizontal circulation within buildings
that look beyond the recommended requirements of national building
regulations
2.1 Introduction
This booklet is part of the series Building for Everyone A Universal Design
Approach, which aims to provide practical guidance on the universal design of
buildings, places and facilities.
Universal design places human diversity at the heart of the design process so
that buildings and environments can be designed to meet the needs of all users.
It therefore covers all persons regardless of their age or size and those who have
any particular physical, sensory, mental health or intellectual ability or disability.
It is about achieving good design so that people can access, use, and understand
the environment to the greatest extent and in the most independent and natural
manner possible, without the need for adaptations or specialised solutions (see full
definition in Appendix A1).
It is good practice to ascertain the needs of the range of expected users as early
as possible, and to check the practicality and usability of emerging designs with a
diverse user panel.
Designing for one group can result in solutions that address the needs of many
others. For example:
level entry (Step-free) entrances facilitate not just wheelchair users but
also people with buggies; people with suitcases or shopping trolleys;
people using walking or mobility aids; and people with visual difficulties
Sometimes one solution will not suit all and a range of options will need to be
provided, for example:
2.2 Terminology
Accessible design Design focussed on principles of extending standard design
to people with some type of performance limitation to maximize the number of
potential customers who can readily use a product, building or service.
Building A permanent or temporary structure of any size that accommodates
facilities to which people have access. A building accommodating sanitary
facilities may include a toilet block in a public park or shower facilities at a
campsite. A temporary building may include portable toilet facilities such as those
provided at outdoor events.
Building user Any person regardless of their age, size, ability or disability using
facilities in a building or associated external environment.
Coir matting A coarse kind of carpet made from coconut fibre usually used as a
floor mat in matwells at building entrances.
Matwell Entrance Door Matting Systems set into a frame in the floor.
Vision panel A fixed, glazed panel set into a door that enables people to see
through from one side of the door to the other. May also be termed
viewing panel.
Door ironmongery A collective term for components including hinges, handles,
locks and self-closing devices, which are used to facilitate the correct functioning
of a door. May also be termed architectural ironmongery or door furniture.
Transom A horizontal crosspiece across a window or separating a door from a
window over it.
Universal Design = Useable = Understandable Understanding users needs. For
example an older person may require many resting places due to discomfort when
walking for long distances.
2.3.2
To let people in or to keep people out?
A building entrance may be required to serve potentially conflicting functions,
such as to permit controlled access by staff or residents but to deny access to
unannounced callers, as may be the case in some private offices or residential
premises.
Other entrances may provide unrestricted access to all to the extent that doors are
held fully open during the day, such as in some large retail stores. Some entrance
doors will permit unrestricted access but will remain closed in order to conserve
energy and to reduce the intrusion of traffic noise.
The design of an entrance must acknowledge these and other requirements whilst
ensuring that everybody who is likely and entitled to enter a building is able to
do so conveniently and independently.
Similarly, internal doors provide a means of enclosing a room or providing an
effective barrier between adjacent areas for reasons of privacy, noise reduction,
fire safety or security. However, they must also be designed to permit easy
passage for people to allow them to access facilities and to exit a building safely.
10
2.4 Entrances
Every building entrance should be easy to locate and clearly distinguishable from
the rest of the building. The position of an entrance may be highlighted with
architectural features such as a canopy or a door recess. A change in surface
texture of the pavement or forecourt may help to signal the location of an
entrance, particularly for people with visual difficulties.
Image 2.2 Example of an entrance canopy.
Audio clues, such as a small fountain or rustling plants, and olfactory features
such as fragrant plants can also assist.
Artificial lighting can highlight the entrance to a building and make it more
obvious at night for everyone.
In new buildings, all entrances whether they are the principal entrance or any
other entrance such as a staff entrance must be universally designed.
11
It is not acceptable that people with different abilities such as people of different
ages, size or disability should be required to use a secondary or alternative
entrance.
In existing properties, site or building constraints may preclude universally
designed access to the main entrance. All options for improvement should be
considered in these circumstances, both internally and externally. Alterations to
the internal layout of a building may provide the opportunity to create a new
entrance in a more accessible and useable location. Externally, the provision of
steps and ramps may be appropriate, or the installation of a platform lift if there
is insufficient space for a ramp. However, if universally designed access still
cannot be achieved, it may be necessary to provide an alternative entrance in a
location that is accessible.
Any alternative entrance should be as freely available and clearly sign-posted as
the principal entrance and should be available for everyone to use.
It is never acceptable for a service entrance to be the sole point of access for
people with disabilities. Discrimination of this nature would be unacceptable in
respect of any group.
Adequate space should be provided outside all entrance doors to enable people
to manoeuvre, understand, access, and use any intercom or entry system. When
leaving a building, people often pause outside an entrance to button a coat or
open an umbrella; there should be sufficient space to do this without obstructing
other people who are entering or leaving. Where entrances are located at the
top or bottom of a ramp or a flight of steps, or at the end of a long passage, it
is essential that sufficient space is provided for wheelchair users; parents with
strollers; people with visual difficulties; guide dog users; and those with walking
aids to manoeuvre and turn safely.
The recommended clear area for a landing or turning space immediately outside an
entrance is 2400mm x 2400mm.
Outward-opening entrance doors should either be recessed or protected to avoid
the risk of collision. Where outward-opening doors are located close to a flight
of steps or a ramp, they should also be positioned to avoid the risk of anyone
tripping or falling backwards down the steps or a ramp while opening the door.
12
The use of multiple doors would allow individuals a choice should they sense the
approach of others to the same entrance, whether head-on or along-side. Refer to
Section 2.6.1 for further information on entrance doors.
Every accessible entrance must incorporate a level threshold, despite the
challenge this presents in terms of waterproofing. Wherever possible, the
threshold should be flush with the external ground surface and internal floor
finish.
However, where a raised threshold is unavoidable for structural or other reasons, it
should have an overall change in level of no more than 10mm, with any upstand
greater than 5mm chamfered, ramped or pencil-rounded.
Features such as a recessed entrance or a canopy will help to reduce rainfall
directly onto the area next to the doorway, thereby helping with the issue of
waterproofing. The provision of drainage gullies adjacent or close to the entrance
door can significantly reduce water penetration while not inhibiting access.
Recessed entrance doors and canopies also provide weather protection for people
waiting outside. Protection from the weather is particularly useful if people are
required to operate security or entry devices before being able to enter a building.
It is recommended that a door recess or canopy should be 1200mm deep and have
clear a head height of 2200 to 2500mm. Where single doors are recessed, they
should have a 600mm-wide clear space adjacent to the handle-side of the door.
Where underground or multi-storey car parking is provided, both the lift and
the principal entry to the building from that storey should be accessible from
the car park.
If the entrance to a building is accessed via a pedestrian tunnel or an elevated
walkway, the tunnel and walkway must be universally designed.
Where the only entrance to a building or facility is a service entrance, such as
to an industrial unit, that entrance should be accessible.
Entrances to large buildings such as railway stations should have doors that are
permanently left open so that access is unimpeded for all. If it is not possible
13
Checklist Entrances
Ensure entrances are clearly visible and prominent.
Make sure all entrances in new buildings are universally designed.
Design alternative entrances to existing buildings to meet universal
requirements.
Provide adequate space inside and outside entrance doors.
Establish clear landing space outside entrance of 2440mm x 2440mm.
Arrange outward-opening doors so that they are recessed or guarded.
Ensure threshold to entrances are level or no greater than 10mm with
chamfered, pencil-rounded or ramped profile.
Provide canopy or door recess for weather protection.
Leave a clear space of 600mm adjacent to handle-side of door.
2.4.1
Entrance lobbies
An entrance lobby that is, a lobby with an outer and inner door arrangement
is common practice in many buildings, and is often required for security or
environmental reasons. However, it should not be considered imperative in every
situation to create a lobby if the external doors and building layout are able to
function without it. Even the most accessible doors create a potential barrier and
reduce the available space. Therefore, if a lobby is not absolutely necessary, an
entrance without one is likely to be a better solution.
14
Where they are required, entrance lobbies should be as large as possible, with
adequate space for everybody to manoeuvre between both the inner and outer
doors. The overall size will depend on a number of factors including the building
type; the number of people expected to use the entrance at any one time, whether
the entrance is in simultaneous use as an exit and whether any security features
are required on either the inner or outer doors.
The entrance lobby to a small, ground floor office building will clearly be smaller
than the lobby to a shopping mall, but it should still be accessible, useable, and
meet the recommended dimensions shown in Figure 2.1. The entrance lobby to a
large building such as a shopping mall or department store should be large enough
to enable significant numbers of people to pass through in both directions. This
is likely to require the provision of a series of doors side-by-side, with adequate
lobby depth for people to move clear of one door before opening another. Where
the level of traffic and frequency of use warrants, an automatic opening door
should be fitted. See Section 2.6.6 for further information.
15
1600
1600
600 plus
door width
600
600
600
300
1600
300 plus
door width
door
width
1600
1600
300
1370
1370
300 plus
door width
Entrance lobbies should not be used as storage or display areas as this will reduce
manoeuvring space and may present an obstruction or tripping hazard.
Items such as columns, ducts or piers should not project more than 100mm into
the access route within an entrance lobby or they may cause an obstruction and
be a potential hazard. In situations where this is unavoidable, such as in an
existing building where structural items cannot be altered, a visually contrasting
guard rail should be provided.
The lighting in entrance lobbies should be carefully selected and designed to
provide a transition zone between the external and internal environment. When
conditions outside are very bright, such as on a sunny day, a building interior can
appear comparatively dull. During the hours of darkness, even a well-lit external
approach can be much darker than the buildings interior, and it can take time for
peoples eyes to adjust to the different conditions.
A sudden and substantial change in the lighting levels can create difficulties for
many people and be painful to others. The lobby lighting should be designed to
ease the transition between external and internal spaces, but also be adequate for
safe circulation.
Where entrance lobbies comprise glazed screens or doors, care should be
taken to ensure that they do not create distracting reflections, as this can be
disorientating and potentially hazardous. Glazed components should be effectively
highlighted incorporating permanent markings as set out in Section 2.6.1. The
use of glass is not necessarily discouraged, but should be used with careful
consideration. Glazing within an entrance or lobby area can be advantageous to
many people as it enables a clear view into and out of a building. This provides
reassurance to people entering a building for the first time and can help people to
understand the layout of and the type of space they are entering. The use of glass
lends further sensory awareness to people with hearing difficulties who can use
reflected images to see people approaching from behind.
Matwells within entrance lobbies should be designed so that the mat is ush with
the surrounding oor surface. The mat should remove rainwater from the soles of
shoes, and from the wheels of prams, pushchairs, trollies and wheelchairs. Mats
should have a firm, level surface. They should not be compressible or have deep
pile, as such surfaces can be particularly problematic for people using crutches
17
18
2.4.2
Reception and waiting areas
A well-designed reception area will welcome people into the building and enable
them to orientate themselves. It will also allow them to gain information about
the building and its services, report to security or reception personnel, seek
assistance if required and sit comfortably in a waiting area. It may provide access
19
20
Reception desks should incorporate an induction loop system for the benefit
of people who wear hearing aids, and the presence of the equipment should be
clearly signed. Induction loops should also be used where ambient noise levels or
the presence of a security screen makes communication difficult. The provision of
a speech-enhancement system may also be appropriate.
In all spaces with inductive loop systems care should be taken to avoid the
use of electrical and mechanical equipment that might cause electromagnetic
interference.
21
22
23
If the type of building is such that people are required to wait for any reason, a
comfortable seating area within sight of the reception should be provided, with an
adequate number and range of seats. Even when waiting is not generally required,
a small number of seats should be provided for people who are not able to stand
for long periods. The seats could be labeled priority for disabled or older users.
Some people may need to rest after arriving at the building and before leaving,
such as while waiting for a taxi. Seats are also useful surfaces on which to place
bags while putting on or taking off a coat, as they avoid the need for a person to
bend to the floor.
Seats should be of a colour that contrasts with the surrounding area. Seats should
be in the range of 450mm to 475mm high and a recommended width of 500mm
with firmly padded seats incorporating rounded front edges. Chairs with stiff
backrests and armrests are easier for many people to get in and out of the chair.
A proportion of the chairs should be without armrests for people who require
more space. Seats should be moveable with adequate space in the seating layout
to accommodate wheelchair users; parents with strollers; people with visual
difficulties; guide dog users; and those with walking aids. For further information
on waiting areas and general seating refer to Booklet 6: Facilities in buildings,
Section 6.5.
Where lightweight and easy to use chairs are used, an issue arises with regard to
maintenance of public waiting areas and potential lack of accessibility if chairs
are scattered: Care is advised in maintaining a clear public waiting area.
24
Image 2.11 Example of seating. Please note that chairs fixed together can make
it difficult to arrange for signed conversation. Where possible, lightweight and
easy to move chairs are more universally desirable.
Toilets accessible to all building users, regardless of their age, ability or disability,
should be provided adjacent to the reception area and should be clearly signed.
Detailed recommendations for toilets are included in Booklet 5: Sanitary
facilities.
Signage should be provided within the reception area to highlight key facilities
such as lifts, stairs, toilets, telephones, and the main building functions. The
provision of clear signage that is easy for everyone to understand benefits
all building users and increases independence. Some people who experience
communication difficulties may prefer not to have to ask for directions or
assistance, so the provision of effective signage is paramount. Detailed
recommendations for the design of signage are covered in Booklet 4: Internal
environment and services.
25
If telephones are provided in a reception area for public use, they should be
accessible, easy to understand, and incorporate variable volume controls and
an inductive coupler for the benefit of people who have hearing difficulties.
The provision of a combined unit that enables people to telephone, send text
messages or to email is recommended. Further information on the provision of
public telephones is given in Booklet 6: Facilities in buildings.
Image 2.13 Example of pay-phones at two different levels.
26
Make sure reception desk is clearly visible with direct route from entrance
doors.
Provide induction loop system at reception desk.
Install well-designed lighting to optimise visual communication and lip
reading.
Avoid glare by using controllable light sources.
Choose floor finishes that are firm and slip-resistant.
P rovide comfortable seating and free space for
wheelchair users; parents with strollers; people with visual difficulties; guide
dog users; and those with walking aids.
Locate toilet facilities adjacent to reception area.
Highlight the location of key facilities with well-designed, clear signage.
Ensure telephones or combined telephone, text and email units are
accessible and useable.
2.4.3
Queuing areas and temporary barriers
In venues in which people are required to queue for tickets, information or
services, such as at visitor attractions, the queuing arrangement should enable
everybody to move along the queue conveniently, safely and as comfortably as
possible.
When designing queuing areas, consideration should be given to the likely
numbers of people queuing at peak times and the speed at which they will
move through the queue. Many people will be able to cope with being in close
confinement with other people for a brief period if the queue is fast-moving.
However, if a queue is likely to be static or very slow-moving, the arrangement
should ensure less congestion, whether perceived or otherwise.
27
Seating should also be provided in queuing areas. For more information refer to
Booklet 6: Facilities in buildings, Section 6.5.
Where barriers are provided to define queuing lines, they should be firmly fixed
to the ground or floor and provide a recommended clear width between barriers of
1100mm. They should be arranged in parallel, logical lines. The barriers should
incorporate a rigid rail to serve as a handrail while people are waiting or moving
along the line. Barriers and handrails should visually contrast with the surrounding
surfaces.
In venues where attendance is predictably greater at certain times, temporary
barriers may need to be erected. It is preferable if these can still be firmly fixed;
the use of floor sockets or fixing plates, designed to receive removable stanchions
or barriers, is a useful solution. The sockets or fixing plates should be installed with
the surface flush with the surrounding floor finish, and with an integral cover or cap
to conceal any holes or brackets that may otherwise present a tripping hazard.
Image 2.14 Example of stanchions with retractable belt to form queuing line.
The use of unfixed barriers or stanchions with retractable belts are often used
when a more flexible queuing system is required, or as a form of temporary
barrier. These can present a potential hazard, particularly in areas where they are
28
not normally situated, such as on principal access routes. Their use should be
limited to situations where other options such as fixed barriers or hoardings are
not practical. Where they are used, care should be taken to ensure that adequate
manoeuvring space is maintained for all building users. This requires taking in to
account the size of the projecting stanchion bases. In all situations, stanchions
and belts should visually contrast with the surrounding surfaces so that they are
readily identifiable.
Queuing announcement systems, such as those commonly used in healthcare
buildings, are discussed in Booklet 4: Internal environment and services.
Make sure sockets for temporary barriers are flush with floor surface and
incorporate cap or cover.
Limit the use of unfixed barriers.
Provide seating at queuing areas.
Changes of level within a storey should be avoided if at all possible. Where this is
not possible in an existing building, the installation of a ramp, passenger lift or
platform lift may need to be considered and designed to be accessible. Elements
of vertical circulation are covered in Booklet 3: Vertical circulation.
Image 2.15 Example of tactile surface at top and bottom of steps.
All circulation routes should be well maintained, free of obstacles and have
adequate headroom. Windows should not open into circulation routes in a manner
that would cause obstruction or reduce corridor width.
Open-plan areas in buildings such as offices, entrance foyers, shops and exhibition
galleries are beneficial because they reduce the need for internal doors or other
divisions, which often impede access. However, circulation routes should still be
clearly defined, for example with the use of contrasting colour floor surfaces, a
change in texture of floor coverings or the careful placement of furniture.
30
2.5.1
Corridors
Corridors in buildings accessed by members of the public should have a
recommended clear width of 2000mm, as illustrated in Figure 2.2, to enable
people to move in both directions and pass each other with ease.
31
In buildings that are not accessed by members of the public, a minimum corridor
width of 1500mm is recommended.
In public buildings, DeafSpace recommends 2440mm wide corridors, and 2000mm
for secondary corridors to allow space for people walking and signing to clearly
view sign language.
Where a corridor is predominantly less than 1800mm wide, passing places
should be provided. Passing places should be at least 2000mm long and 1800mm
wide, and positioned within sight of another, or at intervals not exceeding 20m,
whichever is the closer. Passing places also serve as turning areas, which are
useful at corridor junctions, at the top of ramps and at the end of passageways.
They enable wheelchair users and parents with strollers to turn and return along a
corridor and generally improve access for all building users.
A wheelchair user or parents with strollers should never be forced to reverse
along a corridor, as this can be a very difficult manoeuvre, particularly over a long
distance.
It should also be noted that eased or translucent corners on corridors allow people
with hearing difficulties to see others approaching and avoid collision.
Ensure the handrails are adequately fixed, comfortable to touch, and contrast in
colour with the surrounding walls. The handrails should indicate where they are
ending. Handrails may also be fitted across doors that are not in regular use.
Passing spaces also allow people with hearing difficulties to form conversation
circles on corridors while allowing others to pass comfortably.
32
door
width
600
2000
D
E
1800
min
1200
Key
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
33
34
Checklist Corridors
Ensure recommended 2000mm clear width for corridors in public buildings.
2.5.2
Internal lobbies
Wherever possible, buildings should be designed without the need for internal
lobbies. Even the most accessible doors present a barrier to some people and the
presence of a lobby impedes general access for all building users. However, it is
acknowledged that internal lobbies will be required in certain circumstances, such
as to provide fire separation, to act as an acoustic barrier, for security reasons or
for privacy.
Where they are required, internal lobbies should be large enough to accommodate
the number of people expected to pass through them at any one time, with
adequate space for people to move clear of one door before opening the next, and
with suitable doors and door controls.
The recommended dimensions for internal lobbies are the same as those for
entrance lobbies, as illustrated in Figure 2.1.
The lobby arrangement should enable people to pass through in the opposite
direction and provide sufficient space for manoeuvre. Again, the key dimension is
1600mm between door swings.
35
The floor surface within an internal lobby should be firm and level, and flush with
the surface in the circulation spaces either side. It may be appropriate for the
floor finish in the lobby to differ from that in the adjacent areas.
Any change in floor finish should occur at the line of the door and have edges
firmly fixed with edge strips or threshold plates.
For further details on floor finishes, refer to Booklet 4: Internal environment
and services. For details on internal doors, see Section 2.6.4.
2.6 Doors
The design, specification and maintenance of doors and associated ironmongery
can substantially affect the accessibility of a building. The very presence of a
door presents a barrier by forming a division between adjacent rooms or spaces.
Indeed, doors are designed to enclose and in many cases to seal tight against the
weather, fire or sound. The requirement to provide easy and understandable access
through doors often presents a significant challenge to designers.
As a starting point, designers should consider whether doors are necessary and,
wherever possible, plan the building to minimise the need for doors.
Quiet and noisy areas of a building could be separated by a buffer zone to avoid
the need for a lobby or heavy doors. In some buildings, door-free access can be
provided to toilet areas, with privacy maintained by the careful positioning of
walls and screens and effective ventilation achieved using pressure differentials.
36
(This requires a higher extract rate in the toilet area compared with the adjacent
lobby or foyer so that air moves from the foyer into the toilet, rather than the
other way round.)
Where doors are provided, they should be easy to identify, wide enough for people
to pass through comfortably and easy to operate. In order to approach and open a
door or to operate controls and ironmongery, sufficient space is required on both
sides for a person to manoeuvre and for the door to swing or slide.
Checklist Doors
Avoid the use of doors where other solutions are possible.
Consider how the building layout can be used to divide or screen areas as an
alternative to using conventional doorways.
Make sure doors are easy to identify, sufficiently wide and easy to operate.
Ensure sufficient space is available on both sides of the door.
2.6.1
Entrance doors
Image 2.17 Example of an entrance to a town library.
37
There should be a clear space on both the inside and outside of an entrance door
to enable people to manoeuvre and swing the door open. Greater space is required
on the pull-side of swing-doors to enable a person to pull the door open and
to manoeuvre clear of the door swing. Figure 2.4 illustrates the recommended
unobstructed space that should be provided for different door configurations and
for different directions of approach.
Vision panels should be provided in all entrance and entrance lobby doors. This is
to enable people to see whether another person is approaching the door on the
other side and also to gauge the size and type of space they are about to enter.
Good visibility can help people to orientate themselves as they enter or leave a
building and provides reassurance that they are moving into a safe place.
The zone of visibility should extend between 400mm and 1600mm above oor
level, be at least 150mm wide and be positioned no more than 200mm from the
leading edge of the door, as Figure 2.5.
Vision panels do not have to be rectangular, but they should provide a clear view
through the door for people at all eye levels.
The clear opening width of entrance doors to new buildings should be 1000mm
and at least 850mm for existing buildings (although 1000mm is preferred
wherever practical). The effective clear width should be measured from the face of
the door in the open position to the door stop on the opposite frame, taking into
account any projecting door handles, as Figure 2.3.
Where there are double doors, the primary door leaf of each pair of doors should
provide the clear widths noted above.
In large buildings and where large numbers of people are expected to use the
doors simultaneously, wider doors should be provided.
All hinged entrance doors should be capable of opening to at least 90 degrees.
38
39
1600
Hinge side
approach to
swing doors
650 min
Latch side
approach to
swing doors
450 min
Push side
Push side
1830
Hinge side
approach to
swing doors
Latch side
approach to
swing doors
Front approach
to swing doors
1525
Front approach to
sliding doors
1600
1100
1370
Pull side
300 min
Push side
1250
1370
min 600
1370
1535
600 min
1370
1370
450 min
Pull side
1370
2440
Pull side
600 min
Side approach
to swing doors
1550
Front approach
to swing doors
40
Zone of visibility
400
1600
200
150
Where a door or fixed panel is mostly glazed or comprises a single pane of glass, it
should incorporate permanent markings so that its presence is clearly apparent to
people at a range of eye levels. The markings should be at two levels, 850mm to
1000mm and 1400mm to 1600mm above floor level, as Figure 2.6. The markings
should contrast visually with the background surfaces viewed through the door in
both directions and in all lighting conditions. This can be difficult to achieve as
the background surfaces will undoubtedly differ inside and outside a building, as
will the lighting conditions. The use of two-tone markings often improves visibility.
Whatever style or colour is adopted, it is imperative that the presence of glass is
clearly highlighted, as otherwise it presents a significant hazard to all building
users.
41
RESTAURANT
1600
1400
1000
850
Key
A.
B.
C.
42
Entrance doors should visually contrast with adjacent surfaces so that they are
easy to identify. Where doors comprise a glazed or other panel that is of a similar
material to the adjacent wall, they should be highlighted with a contrasting
colour frame, decorative feature or other means so that the presence of the door
is clearly apparent within the building faade.
The edges of frameless glass doors should be made apparent so that they are
easily identified when open and closed. This can be achieved using a visually
contrasting strip at least 25mm wide on all sides of the door. It is recommended
that the lower 400mm of such doors or screens should be of a solid material to
avoid possible damage from wheelchair footplates.
Where possible entrance doors should be automated.
Door ironmongery should be carefully selected to ensure that the door is
universally designed. Door ironmongery is discussed in Section 2.6.5.
Door entry controls or intercom systems should be clear of obstructions and
positioned away from any projecting columns and return walls. Further details on
door security and entry systems are given in Section 2.6.7.
43
Image 2.19 Example of revolving door with a hinged automatic door located
either side.
Conventional revolving doors that are generally smaller and require a person to
push the door manually should never be used and are recommended to be removed
from existing buildings.
2.6.3 Turnstiles
Where turnstiles are required, such as to control access to a visitor attraction
or as a means of ticketing control, they should be accompanied by an accessible
gate. The gate should be immediately adjacent to the turnstile, or to each row
of turnstiles, and should be available for use at all times.
The gate should provide a clear width of 950mm and be easy to operate. The gate
should contrast visually with the surrounding surface so that it is easy to identify
and it should be marked with the International Symbol for Access.
44
45
2.6.4
Internal doors
Internal doors should provide a clear width of 850mm, although a greater width
is preferred wherever practical. The clear width should be measured in accordance
with Figure 2.3 Clear space for access and manoeuvre should be provided on both
sides of the door in accordance with Figure 2.4 Refer also to the guidance on
entrance doors in Section 2.6.1.
46
Where internal doors are positioned in thick walls, the door should generally be
located centrally within the depth of the wall. This will reduce the distance people
are required to reach into the opening to access any handles or locks.
Where walls are so thick that they create a passageway leading to a door opening,
the provision of automatic door opening devices should be considered, as Section
2.6.6, which will make access easier, useable and understandable for all building
users.
As a general rule, doors should always open into rooms and away from circulation
routes such as corridors and landings.
Doors that open outwards into corridors or circulation routes present a significant
hazard to all buildings users, but particularly to people with visual difficulties.
If it is necessary for a door to open outwards for reasons of emergency
evacuation, it should be recessed or guarded by a barrier or other device.
Doors opening onto the landings of ramps or stairs should not reduce their
effective width or length. Doors must not open directly onto ramps.
Doors that open out onto landings should not encroach into an escape route, into
a refuge area or into a circulation route.
Doors opening into a room should be hung so that they open against an adjoining
wall. A nib of wall at the door hinge side will allow it to open beyond 90 degrees
without hitting against the wall, which will increase the effective clear width.
In this way, people entering are directed towards the centre of the room rather
than to the adjacent wall where there may be obstructions such as furniture. This
arrangement also makes it easier for people to manoeuvre around the door swing
and maximises the clear space available adjacent to the leading edge.
The direction of opening of doors into rooms should, wherever possible, be
consistent throughout a building.
Internal doors should visually contrast with adjacent wall surfaces so that they are
easy to identify. A door that is not self-closing, and may therefore be left partially
or fully open, may present a potential hazard or obstruction. Therefore the surface
47
of the leading edge of this door should visually contrast with the main surface of
the door so that its presence is more readily apparent.
Where double doors are used, the primary door leaf should be clearly identified.
Wherever practical, internal doors should incorporate vision panels See Image
2.21. They are essential for any doors on general circulation and escape routes
such as doors dividing corridors and doors leading into lobbies and stairways.
Vision panels are also recommended for room doors, as long as security, privacy
and light are not an issue. They are beneficial because they enable people to see
whether a room is in use before they enter, which is often useful for classrooms,
interview rooms and offices. The design of vision panels should follow the guidance
on external doors in Section 2.6.3. Where, for privacy or security reasons, vision
panels are not suitable, it is recommended to put transoms of glass above the
door to allow subtle senses of movement from either side of the door. This is of
particular use to people with hearing difficulties.
Image 2.21 Door with vision panels. Note lack of kick plate to base of door. A
kick plate can protect the base of the door especially when wheelchair users use
the door.
48
2.6.5
Door ironmongery
2.6.5.1
Hinges
The number and type of hinges should be selected to suit the size and weight of
the door, bearing in mind any additional weight likely due to a person leaning on
the door or handle for support.
Low-friction hinges are recommended as these minimise opening and closing
forces and improve door swing.
Rising butt hinges can be useful when doors do not have mechanical self-closing
devices, but benefit from returning to the closed position after use so as not to
cause an obstruction. Rising butt hinges make the door rise slightly on a spiral
pivot when it is opened, and subsequently close due to the force of gravity when
released.
Swing-clear hinges incorporate an angled bracket that aligns the door with the
frame when opened to 90 degrees. These are useful in maximising the clear
opening width of doors where space is otherwise limited.
2.6.5.2
Handles, latches and locks
People generally need to use door handles to go through a door. It is essential
that handles are clearly identifiable, within reach and easy to use.
49
Door knobs should be avoided as they can be very difficult to grip and turn. Lever
handles are generally the easiest for most people to use, either by using hands
gripped around the lever bar or by using a forearm or elbow.
Door lever handles should be positioned 800 to 1100mm above floor or ground
level, although a height of 900mm is preferred, as Figure 2.7.
In some cases, such as where child safety is a concern, it may be acceptable to
locate the handles higher, out of the reach of children.
Where doors have a lock, the lock should be positioned above the handle and a
recommended 72mm vertical distance from the lever handle to keyhole so that the
latter is clearly visible and unobstructed.
Keys should be easy to use, or capable of being fitted with a bow adaptor to make
them large and easier to grip. Winged or lever-thumb turns are generally easier to
operate and should be used in preference to small, round knob turns.
Lever handles should contrast visually with the door so that they are easy to
identify. Where lever handles are provided on the outside face of external doors,
they should be of a material that is not cold to touch, such as timber or plasticcoated steel.
Metal handles should be avoided wherever possible as they can become very cold
in winter weather conditions, making them extremely uncomfortable and possibly
painful for some people to use.
50
C B
400
400
1000
1000
350
400
Key
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
On latched doors fitted with self-closing devices, the use of a modified strike
plate incorporating a gravity cam should be considered. These are tripped by
the projecting latch as the door closes. They significantly reduce the resistance
otherwise presented by a conventional latch when the door moves to the fully
closed position. By reducing resistance, the forces of any self-closing device can
be reduced, which provides easier and useable access for all building users.
Modified strike plates are not suitable for use on external doors.
2.6.5.3
Pull handles and rails
Doors that do not have latches, such as doors dividing corridors and doors into
lobbies that are fitted with self-closing devices, are typically operated using pull
handles instead of lever handles.
51
Pull handles should be 400mm long and positioned vertically with the lower end
1000mm above floor level. The clearance from the door face to the handle should
be 50mm.
Double-swing doors, that is, doors that are able to swing in both directions,
should have a pull handle on both sides of the door. Even though double-swing
doors can always be pushed open, there will be circumstances when a person
may need or prefer to pull the door, such as when opening the door for another
person. Signage should be provided indicating which side is Push and which side
is Pull.
Full-height tubular pull handles are beneficial in that they provide the maximum
possible range of heights for gripping the handle, but they reduce the clear width
of the door opening in doing so. Where provided, the clear width of the door
should take into account the projection of the handle when the door is fully open.
Where doors do not have self-closing devices, a horizontal rail should be provided
on the closing face to make it easier for people to pull the door closed behind
them. The rail should be positioned 1000mm above floor level. This is common
practice for doors to accessible toilets, but should also be considered for other
situations.
As recommended for lever handles, pull handles and rails should visually contrast
with the door so that they are easy to identify. They should also be of a material
that is not cold to touch, such as timber or plastic-coated steel, when located on
the external face of doors.
2.6.5.4
Finger plates and kick plates
Doors that are required to be pushed open, such as doors on circulation routes
that are fitted with self-closing devices, are recommended to be protected against
undue wear with the use of finger plates and kick plates.
Finger plates are recommended to be positioned with the lower edge 1000mm
above floor level, and should be at least 350mm high. They provide the additional
benefit of highlighting which side of the door should be pushed in situations in
which there is no handle to identify the leading edge of the door. Finger plates
should contrast visually with the door so that they are identifiable.
52
Highly reflective finger plates should be avoided as they may appear to be a vision
panel and thereby cause confusion.
Kick plates are recommended to extend the full width of the door and to 400mm
above floor level as this will protect doors from damage by wheelchair footplates
or by people pushing or holding the door open with a foot.
Image 2.22 Example of door with finger and kick plates.
2.6.5.5
Door-closing devices
Some doors in nearly all non-domestic buildings will be required to self-close,
including all fire-resisting doors, many entrance and lobby doors, and doors
required to be shut for security, acoustic or environmental reasons.
However, doors fitted with conventional mechanical self-closing devices can
present a significant barrier to many people due to the force required to push
or pull the door open. In all cases where self-closing devices are required,
designers should consider the options available to reduce or overcome the door
53
Self-closing devices should be selected to suit the door type, size, location within
the building, and likely frequency of use. Designers should also bear in mind
the effect of friction caused by other items of door ironmongery such as hinges,
latches, weather seals and fire or smoke control devices as these all influence the
forces required to open and close the door.
All self-closing devices should be adjustable and have controlled action that
enables closing pressure at different positions in the closing cycle to be adjusted.
Fixed-strength and spring door-closing devices should not be used as they cannot
be adjusted to suit local site conditions and may close the door in an uncontrolled
or unpredictable way, which is potentially hazardous.
54
F or doors fitted with self-closing devices that are not fire-resisting doors,
the forces required to open the door should be limited to the following:
15 N to initially open the door.
6 N to swing the door.
7.5 N to hold the door open between 60 degrees and 90 degrees.
The forces should be measured at the leading edge of the door. Zero degrees
represents a door that is fully closed and 90 degrees a door that is fully
open.
Doors that are required to be fire-resisting are unlikely to be able to achieve
the limits above due to the force required to fully close the door against any
latch, seal and hinge resistance. The forces required to open fire-resisting
doors should be limited to the following:
30 N from 0 degrees to 30 degrees.
22.5 N from 30 degrees to 60 degrees.
Doors and surface-mounted door-closing devices should be positioned where
there is sufficient room for the closer arm to fully function, without it
clashing with any return wall and for the door to open to 90 degrees.
55
56
2.6.5.6
Emergency exit door ironmongery
Locks and handles on emergency exit doors should be capable of easy operation
by all building users.
Generally, mechanisms that require a direct pushing action such as horizontal
push bars, push pads or lever handles are easier to use than those that require a
simultaneous lifting action.
Emergency exit doors should be capable of being opened in a single action. That
is, any lock or latch should be simultaneously released.
57
58
Checklist continued
Pull handles and rails
2.6.6
Automatic door systems
Automatic, or power-operated, door systems make buildings easy to access and
useable for everybody. They are particularly useful where a high force would
otherwise be required to open the door, such as for external doors and entrance
lobby doors that are susceptible to external wind pressures. They are also useful
for internal doors that are required to remain closed for security or other reasons
59
but may be difficult for some people to open. Power-assisted doors enable doors
to be opened manually, but provide a means of automatic operation for people
who require it.
Automatic door systems can be used in conjunction with either sliding, swing
or balanced doors and may be fully automatic or comprise a manually-activated
control device. The most suitable type of device for any situation will depend on
the nature of the building, the frequency of use, the available space and whether
any additional security control mechanisms are required.
Image 2.26 Example of automatic swing doors at entrance with pole-mounted
access button. DeafSpace recommends floor located warnings in advance of
guarding rail in front of approach to door, and warning of swing on mounted
button.
Sliding doors may comprise a single sliding door, a double bi-parting door, or a
telescopic straight sliding door (where two or more doors slide across one another
in the same direction). Sliding doors may be straight, curved or folding.
Whichever arrangement is adopted, the direction of movement and resulting clear
opening should be obvious. Theobvious. The most logical arrangement is for the
clear opening to be located centrally.
60
Where the clear opening is positioned to one side, such as with telescopic sliding
doors, the arrangement is not always immediately obvious. Automatic sliding
doors are generally preferred to automatic swing doors as their action is less likely
to present an obstruction.
Swing doors may comprise of single or double doors and may be installed as
an integral unit in a new building or in the form of a powered operating unit
attached to an existing door. Swing doors require more space than sliding doors
and additional space is required to enable people to approach and manoeuvre
around the door, clear of the door swing.
Image 2.27 Example of swing door entrance. Note use of chrome for intercom
and rail a painted system is recommended as shiny surfaces can cause problems
for those with visual difficulties. In addition, the intercom/security system
would be better placed adjacent to the door handle to accommodate those with
cognitive or mental difficulties.
61
Balanced doors are typically bi-parting and combine a sliding and swing action.
They are useful where space is limited, as the door leaves do not project as far
from the pivot position as a swing door of similar width. However, they are not
commonly used and this, combined with their unusual method of opening, may
be confusing for some people.
Whichever type of door is used, the layout of the door and surrounding area
should ensure that sufficient space is provided for people to approach, pass
through, and move clear of the opening. It should also take into account the
expected number of people in the building. The approach routes should be clear
of obstructions and avoid the potential for cross-flow of pedestrians. Doors that
are fully automatic should be positioned so that passing pedestrians do not
inadvertently activate the door system.
Fully automatic doors open on activation of a sensor, which may be either a
motion sensor or a presence sensor. Safety devices prevent the doors closing on a
person who remains in the doorway, without the need for any physical pressure to
be exerted. The sensors and safety devices should be designed to protect people
using the door and should be capable of detecting a person even if they are slowmoving or stationary. Systems that only detect obstructions at specific heights
should be avoided.
The activation system should ensure that the door starts to open when a person
is no closer than 1400mm from the door in the open position. All automatic doors
should be set to provide sufficient time for a person to move slowly through the
doorway. For automatic swing doors, the recommended period is a minimum of
five seconds.
Manually-activated powered doors may be controlled using a wall- or post-mounted
push pad or button, a proximity reader, card swipe device or remote control
transmitter.
Wall- or post-mounted controls should contrast visually with the surrounding
surfaces and incorporate the International Symbol for Access.
Wall- or post-mounted controls should be positioned 750mm to 1000mm above
floor level and no closer than 1000mm to the swing of the door or clear of a
sliding door in the open position.
62
Potential finger traps and body traps should be avoided by careful design and
placement of all automatic and power-assisted doors in relation to fixed framing and
adjacent walls.
Swing and balanced doors should have a fixed barrier wherever the doors can be
approached from the side in order to prevent people being struck by the door as it
opens.
63
Barriers should be at least 900mm high and contrast visually with the surrounding
surfaces. All automatic and power-assisted doors should be clearly signed so that
their mode of operation is obvious to all building users.
Powered doors (whether sliding, swing or balanced) that are also designated as
emergency exits should incorporate either a fail-safe system or manual break-out
facility.
A fail-safe system that is set so that the doors are fully opened when the fire
alarm is activated is more inherently accessible, useable, and preferred to a
manual break-out facility. However, if the door is an internal fire-resisting door,
the door should remain closed but be capable of manual operation in accordance
with the recommendations in Section 2.6.5. Manual break-out, particularly
for sliding doors and swing doors that need to be opened in the opposite
direction, typically require considerable force to open, which is likely to preclude
independent evacuation for many people.
Image 2.29 Example of powered door with push plate.
64
65
2.6.7
Door security and entry systems
Many entrances to buildings and some internal doors require access to be
controlled for security reasons. There are many electronic entry systems, locks and
intercoms available on the market that provide an array of solutions to suit the
simplest to the most complex of applications.
Whichever solution is selected, designers and specifiers should ensure that it can
be readily used by all building users. This means that the system should be clearly
visible, within reach, easy to understand and straightforward to operate.
66
Door entry systems should be located adjacent to the handle side of the door, no
further than 200mm from the door frame, and between 750mm and 1000mm above
floor or ground level.
Intercoms (entryphones) should be positioned to suit people at a range of heights.
Any controls such as buttons should be large and easy to operate and be in the
range 1000 to 1200mm above floor or ground level. The microphone should be
capable of picking up speech from people of different heights.
As well as enabling people to communicate orally with a receptionist or resident,
intercoms should incorporate a visual text display so that people with hearing
difficulties can read instructions or advice on entry.
Additionally induction loops should be incorporated into the intercom. For further
details on induction loops, please refer to Booklet 4: Internal environment and
services.
A video intercom that enables the visitor and the receptionist or resident to view
each other is beneficial for many people particularly those with hearing or speech
difficulties.
Image 2.31 Example of intercom access system.
67
Card entry systems, which may be either card-swipe or proximity devices, should
be positioned with the card reader between 900mm and 1000mm above floor or
ground level and within 200mm of the door frame.
The device should contrast visually with the wall surface and, for card-swipe
devices, the card slot should either be illuminated or contrast visually with the
rest of the unit.
Card-swipe devices should be orientated vertically. The card itself should
incorporate some form of tactile surface such as raised lettering, as well as a
distinctive colour on one side so that all users are able to easily orientate the card
within the reading device.
Proximity card devices are preferred to card-swipe readers as they do not require
the same degree of hand control and are therefore inherently more accessible and
useable.
The Centre for Excellence in Universal Designs guidelines on public access
terminals and smart card systems contain further advice on door entry systems as
follows:
Keypad entry systems should incorporate buttons that are raised above the
mounting plate so as to be easily located by touch. The buttons should contrast
visually with the mounting plate and the mounting plate with the wall surface.
Each button should have an embossed (raised) symbol, number, or letter arranged
in a logical order.
Doorbells and call buttons should give visual indication of their operation, such as
a light that ashes when the button is pressed.
68
Refer to the Public Access Terminal Guidelines available at the Centre for
Excellence in Universal Design website: www.universaldesign.ie/standards
69
Universal Design
Universal Design refers to the design and
composition of an environment so that it can be
accessed, understood and used to the greatest
extent possible by all people, regardless of their
age, size, ability or disability.
Synopsis of the Disability Act, 2005.
70
Walking
For some people walking on the level or up gradients is difficult. Some people may
have a limited walking range, may have difficulty with turning movements or may use
mobility devices such as crutches or a walker. They may need to stop frequently, to
regain strength or catch breath. Design considerations include provision of handrails,
seats at regular intervals, convenient set-down parking and adequate time for slower
pedestrians at road crossings. Designers should also consider the needs of people
walking and engaging in sign language when designing access to and from buildings
plus within the buildings themselves.
Balance
Balance limitations can affect someones gait or control of hand movements.
Design considerations include handrails, regular seating, and providing controls
within easy reach. A surface against which a person may stumble against or walk
into should be designed to limit abrasion.
Handling
A significant minority of people are left-handed. Some people may have
restricted use or no use of one or both hands, or may have limits on strength or
precision. Facilities and components should be designed to be suitable for use
with either hand or with one hand only. Handling includes gripping, grasping
and manipulation. Each of these has a different purpose with specific design
considerations. For instance, components should be designed to be easily
held. The circumference of the supporting structure and stability are critical.
Manipulation involves the moving, turning and twisting of components with a
hand or hands. For those who have limited manipulation abilities, size and shape
and ease of movement are critical. Another option to consider is to design for
manipulation by using a pushing, pulling or pressing action using a clenched fist,
or by using the wrist or the elbow.
71
People generally find it easier to push a component, than to pull it. This is
particularly so if the individual uses a wheelchair. Self-closing devices on manual
doors can be difficult for some people to operate, particularly if the doors are
required to resist wind forces. For these reasons, doors that open and close
automatically are preferred.
Lifting
Activities such as opening a vertically sliding sash window and an upward opening
access gate, should be designed to be easily operated with minimal force.
Reaching
Design has a role to play in ensuring that key components in a building or
environment are in easy reach, bearing in mind the range of peoples sizes and
abilities. Having components within easy reach is particularly important for
those with more severe limitations in mobility. The reach range is dependant on
the height and arm length of the person, use of the arms, and the balance and
mobility of the upper body. A comfortable reach range has been defined as one
that is appropriate to an activity that is likely to be frequent and in need of
precise execution and that does not involve stretching or bending from the waist.
Putting things within comfortable reach can ensure use by a greater number of
people. An extended reach range has been defined as one that is appropriate to
an activity that is likely, neither to need precision nor to be frequent and that can
involve stretching or bending from the waist.
Hearing
People differ in their capacity to hear sound, to determine its direction, its
source, to discern pitch, frequency, volume and variation and to separate out
different sounds. Hearing quality is important for communication, for information,
and for detection of hazards such as traffic. Many people with hearing difficulties
72
use a hearing aid which amplifies all sounds caught by the microphone, making
communications very difficult in noisy environments. Keeping background noise
level low is essential. The selection of structural and surface materials can
make a substantial difference in audibility. Auditoriums, meeting rooms and
reception areas can benefit from additional sound enhancement such as a loop
system. The careful design of illumination can assist in communication such as
lip reading and sign language. Provision of visual information and visual alarm
systems can communicate information to those who have hearing difficulties or
who cannot hear. Designers should also consider the colour and size of rooms
and even the furnishing arrangement as this is very important for visually based
communication. Also the use of vibration as means of sensing others should be
considered.
Sight
Vision allows an individual to be aware of the luminance of surfaces, objects,
form, size and colour. For people who are blind or who have visual difficulties,
the provision of suitable tactile walking surface indicators and tactile or acoustic
warnings at hazardous locations, should provide information on using the built
environment and should limit the risk of injury. The built environment can be
designed for orientation by providing sound cues and tactile cues. An easily
discernible system of way finding should also be considered. For people with
limited, but low vision, effective visual contrast between surfaces or objects helps
to identify critical locations. Warning markings on glass surfaces, and markings on
the edges of stair treads, help minimise hazards.
Differences in friction between one floor surface, or one stair tread surface, and
the next should be avoided. Therefore, adjacent surfaces that display different
standards of slip-resistance, or that depend on raised surfaces, should be carefully
considered
Touch
In selecting surfaces in the built environment that people will need to touch
(such as handrails, handles, knobs and controls, tactile information), it is
important to select materials that avoid distress, injury or allergies. Surfaces
should be free of abrasions. Metals that may cause adverse reactions when
touched should be avoided.
73
74
Diversity of size
The population contains a diversity of sizes and heights, from children, to the
diversity in the height of fully-grown adults. The positioning of components and
the heights of building elements such as steps should recognise the diversity of
height. Increased weight and girth is now also a feature of the population.
Ref: CEN/CENELEC Guide 6 Guidelines for standards developers to address the
needs of older persons & persons with disabilities.
http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/ISSS/About_ISSS/Documents/cclcgd006.pdf
A3 Further Reading
75
76
77
78
List of Illustrations
Page
14
31
37
38
39
40
49
79
A
Abilities
age and size 74
mental 74
physical 70
sensory 72
Automatic door systems 5966
checklist 66
C
Changes of level 30
Circulation routes 20, 23, 27, 29, 47, 52, 5557. See also Horizontal
circulation
Corridors 3135
checklist 35
D
DeafSpace 32, 60, 78
Door-closing devices 53, 59
Door ironmongery/furniture 8, 43, 4960, 79
checklist 58
emergency exit door ironmongery 57
finger plates and kick plates 52
handles, latches and locks 49
hinges 49, 58
knobs 50, 73
Doors 36, 47, 51, 52, 55, 62. See also Internal doors; See also Entrance doors
checklist 37
power-assisted doors 63
80
E
Entrance doors 3743, 46
checklist 46
Entrance foyer 20
Entrance lobbies 1420, 23, 38, 46, 59
checklist 19
Entry systems. See Door security and entry systems
F
Fire extinguishers 34
Floor finishes 23
Floor surface 19, 29, 36, 73
G
Glass markings 42, 79. See also Vision panels
H
Handles 8, 38, 47, 4952, 5759, 73
Hinges 8, 54, 58. See also Door ironmongery/furniture: hinges
Hold-open devices 5657, 59
Horizontal circulation 2931
checklist 31
I
Induction loop 2022, 27
Intercoms 67
Internal doors 10, 19, 30, 36, 4650, 59, 66
checklist 49
Internal lobbies 3536
checklist 36
81
L
Lighting 23
Lobbies. SeeEntrance lobbies; See alsoInternal lobbies
Locks 8, 47, 49, 58, 66. See alsoDoor ironmongery/furniture: handles,
latches and locks
M
Manually-activated powered doors 62
Matwells 17
Modified strike plate 51, 58
P
Pull handles and rails 51
Q
Queuing areas 2730
checklist 29
R
Radiators 34
Reception and waiting areas 1927
checklist 27
Revolving doors 4346
S
Seating 2425, 2728, 29, 31, 34, 71
Security. SeeDoor security and entry systems
Self-closing devices 54, 72
Sliding doors 60
Swing doors 61
Swing-free door-closing devices 57
82
T
Tactile surface 30, 68
Telephones 20, 25, 27
Temporary barriers 2730
Toilets 25
Turnstiles 44, 46
V
Vision panels 41, 46, 48, 49, 79
W
Waiting areas. SeeReception and waiting areas
Walkways 29, 31, 75, 76
enclosed walkways 31
Wheelchair users 6, 12, 24, 27, 32, 48
83
84
85
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