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Battery Assembly

Oxide and Grid

Processing

Battery assembly combines the plates (see

Plate Processing), container, and other
parts into a functional battery. Battery
charging is also an important part of
assembly.

Plate Processing
Battery Assembly
Stacking
Group Burning

Stacking
Group Burning
Intercell Welding and Post Burning
Formation

Intercell Welding
and Post Burning
Formation
Battery Repair and
Reclaim
Environmental
Controls
Maintenance
Engineering
Controls
View larger diagram of group drop, tamping
and burning hood

OSHA Lead
Requirements...
Source
Identification
Protocol

| Oxide and Grid Processing | Plate Processing | Battery Assembly | Battery Repair and Reclaim |
| Environmental Controls | Maintenance | Engineering Controls | OSHA Requirements |
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Battery Assembly > Stacking

Oxide and Grid

Processing

After curing, the plates are stacked either

by hand or by machine so that positive
and negative plates alternate with an
insulating separator in between. The major
source of lead exposure in the stacking
process is from oxide from the plates
which can become easily airborne.

Plate Processing
Battery Assembly
Stacking
Group Burning
Intercell Welding
and Post Burning
Formation
Battery Repair and
Reclaim
Environmental
Controls
Maintenance
Engineering
Controls
OSHA Lead
Requirements...
Manual stacking station

Stacking
Potential Sources of Exposure

Exposure to lead dust may occur from

improperly handling plates in unsealed
envelopes.

Tamping plates in unventilated areas, such

as the rack, creates a puff of dust.

Lead oxide that accumulates on equipment,

racks, and floors may become airborne.

Clearing stacking equipment jam -ups.

Exposure to lead may increase when scrap

plates are handled improperly.

Figure 1
Ventilated scrap barrel

Leaning against equipment may increase

clothing contamination.
Exposure to lead may increase from
emptying clean-out trays improperly.
Lead dust may escape from the stacking
machine if the hinged panels are not closed.

Figure 2
Contaminated clothing

Source
Identification
Protocol

Possible Engineering Controls

Use downdraft or slot ventilation at

workstations.
Provide a grating or a perforated plate
tamping stand.
Stacking table, single exhaust booth
hood
Stacking, slant stacking station
(industrial)

Use a ventilated scrap barrel (Figure 1).

Use a central vacuum drop.

l

Figure 3
Central Vacuum drop station

Consider adding particulate drop out

points so that large particles will drop
out and not plug the lines.

Provide exhaust ventilated storage rack.

Plate storage rack hood

Figure 4
Hand stacking

Place pallets of plates on a rotating base.

Use local exhaust ventilation with machines that use shuttles for moving
plates.
l

These machines may have higher airborne levels due to abrasion of

the plates.

Use a laminar flow (supplied -air) island over operators workstation.

Provide a plastic or glass, see-through plate between the stackers breathing

zone and the plates.

Provide rubber mats or grated walking surfaces.

Possible Work Practice Controls

Tamp, break, or separate plates only in ventilated work areas.

Handle groups of plates with the hands only rather than leaning them
against the stomach, chest, or chin.

Wear an apron (Figure 2).

Maximize the distance between the operators breathing and the plates by
not stacking assembled groups more than three high.

Place, do not throw, defective plates into scrap barrel.

Scrap handling, barrel/drum exhaust hood

Cover drums with a plastic bag before removing them from the area.

Keep access doors and other openings closed.

Provide adequate PPE, a change of clothes, and shower rooms (see OSHA
Lead Requirements for PPE, Housekeeping, and Hygiene Facilities).

Maintenance:
l Ensure ventilation is working properly.
l

Prevent cross drafts.

Housekeeping:
l Vacuum work station and adjacent areas to prevent accumulation of
oxide dust.
l

Vacuum off each row of plates before using.

Use dust suppression techniques, such as keeping floors wet, using

dust suppression compounds, or vacuuming.

Vacuum clean-out trays (Figure 3); do not dump them into barrels.
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| Oxide and Grid Processing | Plate Processing | Battery Assembly | Battery Repair and Reclaim |
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Battery Assembly > Group Burning

After the plates have been stacked, they
are joined with small connecting parts and
burned together to form cell elements or
groups. This operation is conducted either
manually at a burning station or by using
an automatic cast-on-strap (COS)
machine. The major source of lead
exposure in the group burning process
comes from lead fumes that workers may
come into contact with during the
following operations:

Oxide and Grid

Processing
Plate Processing
Battery Assembly
Stacking
Group Burning
Intercell Welding
and Post Burning
Formation
Group burning operation

Automatic COS Machines

Manual Group Burning
Group Repair Operations
Cleaning Molds
Adjusting/Repairing Equipment

Environmental
Controls
Maintenance
Engineering
Controls

Automatic COS Machines

Potential Sources of Exposure

Lead oxide that accumulates on racks,

equipment, and floors may become
airborne.

Lead particles may become airborne when

groups are dropped into the cases.

Figure 1
Ventilated COS machine

Lead particles may become airborne during

cleaning and roughing with a wire brush.
Increased exposure to lead may occur
during drossing or feeding the lead pot.

Possible Engineering Controls

Install down draft or slot ventilation at the

feed end (Figure 3).
Stacking table, single exhaust booth
hood
Enclose machine in a ventilated room
(Figure 4).
Cast on strap (Farmer), total enclosure
w/ exhaust
Cast on strap (Dynacast II), emission
controls

OSHA Lead
Requirements...
Source
Identification
Protocol

Exposure to lead may increase from

handling dry plates or moving plates in and
out of the workstation.

Battery Repair and

Reclaim

Figure 2
Vacuum plates before use

Provide an access door for maintenance and

a small port for drossing and loading the
lead pot.

Provide local exhaust ventilation at the

melting pot, mold heating section, dross
pot, lug brush, and the casing areas.

Position ventilation slot in the direction of

the generated lead particulate, not behind
the brush.

Install an exhausted semi-enclosure around

the brush to help collect particulate
entrained in the brush.

Install a laminar flow (supplied-air) island

above the workstation.

Use slot ventilation at burning and group

dropping stations.

Use an enclosed Lazy Susan for holding the

stacked groups for the team stack and burn
operations.

Figure 3
Tamp plates over ventilated work
station

Figure 4
Enclosed COS machine

Place a plastic sheet at the stacking side to

control the height of the stacks and prevent
cross drafts.
Provide an exhaust ventilated enclosure for
the lead pot and dross container.

Possible Work Practice Controls

Figure 5
Automatic COS machine

Avoid setting torches at excessive temperatures.

Tamp plates only over ventilated workstations (Figure 3).

Do not bang plates excessively.

Use a grating or perforated plate tamping stand.

When dropping groups into container, place opening toward exhaust

ventilation.

Handle groups only with hands; do not lean them against the stomach,
chest, or chin.

Wear an apron.

Maximize the distance between the operators breathing zone and the plates
by not stacking assembled groups more than three high.

Stand on platform when practical.

Keep openings to a minimum.

Close access doors.

Place, do not throw, defective plates into a ventilated scrap barrel.

Scrap handling, barrel/drum exhaust hood

Cover drums with a plastic bag before removing.

Provide rubbers or gratings for walking surfaces.

Provide adequate PPE, a change of clothes, and shower rooms (see OSHA
Lead Requirements for PPE, Housekeeping, and Hygiene Facilities).

See Grid Production and Parts Casting for additional possible engineering
and work practice controls.
Maintenance:
l Ensure ventilation is working properly.
l

Prevent cross drafts.

Substitute cooler flames such as air-propane or air-MAP gas for oxyacetylene.

Change torch head to decrease time required for burning.

Provide a plastic or glass plate between the breathing zone and the
plates.

Housekeeping:
l Vacuum work stations and adjacent areas to prevent accumulation of
oxide dust.
l

Vacuum off each row of plates or groups before use.

Vacuum tops of plate trays.

Vacuum clean out trays (do not dump them into barrels).

Use dust suppression techniques such as keeping floors wet, using

dust suppression compounds, or vacuuming.
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Manual Group Burning

Potential Sources of Exposure

Exposure to lead fumes may occur when

burning with torches.
Exposure to lead may result from moving
groups in and out of the workstation and in
and out of the burning box.
Lead cross contamination can occur between
the stacking and the burning stations during
the manual group burning process.
Lead particles may become airborne when
groups are dropped into the cases.

Figure 5
Exhaust burning box

Exhaust ports of pneumatic systems may

cause settled dust to become airborne.

Possible Engineering Controls

Place the opening toward exhaust

ventilation when dropping groups into a
container.
Group drop, tamping/burner hood
Stack and burn, bench hood
Use down draft or slot ventilation at the
work station.

Install a rotating rack so the operator does

not need to lean over contaminated racks to
reach groups.

Exhaust the burning box for both fume and

dust (Figure 5).
Tiegal machine, enclosure assembly
Tiegal anchor, sinking machine

Figure 6
Manual post burning operation

Figure 7
Ventilated torch

Use local exhaust ventilation around torch

head (Figure 8).
Post burning, portable tool exhaust

Use slot ventilation at burning and group dropping stations.

Use a smaller torch tip to lower fume exposure.

Use an enclosed Lazy Susan to hold the stacked groups for the stacking and
burning operations.
Use a laminar flow (supplied -air) island above the operators workstation.

Possible Work Practice Controls

See Work Practice Controls for Automatic COS Machines.

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Group repair operations

Potential Sources of Exposure

Exposure to lead may occur while repairing

groups.

Possible Engineering and Work Practice

Controls

Handle groups only with hands (Figure 8).

Do not lean groups against the stomach, chest, or chin.

Wear an apron.

See Protective Clothing and Equipment.

Figure 8
Handle groups carefully

See Battery Repair for addition possible engineering and work practice
controls.
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Cleaning molds
Potential Sources of Exposure

Lead particulate may become airborne while

cleaning molds using compressed air or
torches.

Possible Engineering and Work Practice

Controls
Figure 9

Clean molds carefully

Clean molds using alternative methods, such
as vacuuming, that do not produce airborne lead particulate (Figure 9).

Use local exhaust ventilation around torch head.

Post burning, portable tool exhaust
Use portable side draft or slot ventilation.
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Adjusting/Repairing equipment
Potential Sources of Exposure

Lead exposure may increase while adjusting and repairing equipment, or

during changeovers.

Possible Engineering and Work Practice Controls

Ensure ventilation is working properly.

Prevent cross drafts.

Wear an apron.

See Protective Clothing and Equipment.

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| Oxide and Grid Processing | Plate Processing | Battery Assembly | Battery Repair and Reclaim |
| Environmental Controls | Maintenance | Engineering Controls | OSHA Requirements |
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Battery Assembly > Intercell Welding and Post Burning

After workers place all the groups in the
battery case, the straps are fused together
using a torch or high electrical power
source. This process can also be done
through the partition (TTP), using a case
that has been punched. The connections
are then welded. The units are tested and
the posts are attached. The major source
of lead exposure in the intercell welding
process comes from lead fumes.

Plate Processing
Battery Assembly
Stacking
Group Burning
Intercell
Welding and
Post Burning
Formation
Manual post burning station

Intercell Welding and Post Burning

OSHA Lead
Requirements...
Source
Identification
Protocol
Figure 1
Ventilated torch

High lead exposure may occur when repairing batteries.

Contaminated air from other areas may be exhausted into the work station
as a result of exhausting too much air from a other workstations.
Lead particles may become airborne if the pressure of the torch flame is too
high.

Possible Engineering and Work Practice Controls

Use local exhaust ventilation around the torch or provide a portable welder
exhaust hood on a monorail or other configuration connected to a suitable
exhaust collection system (Figure 1).
Post burning, portable tool exhaust
Post tacking, portable hood
Post/intercell burning, backdraft hood

Use a plastic or glass see-through guard between the breathing zone and
the conveyer carrying the battery.

Environmental
Controls

Engineering
Controls

Lead fumes are emitted during the manual

burn welding process. This is a minimal
source of exposure for through the partition
(TTP) welding.
Exposure to lead may occur from manual
handling of burning jigs or contaminated
dams.

Battery Repair and

Reclaim

Maintenance

Potential Sources of Exposure

Oxide and Grid

Processing

Use canopy or slot hoods if lead pots are used.

Use a down draft or slot hood ventilated workstation when performing
battery assembly (Figure 1).

Install a laminar flow (supplied-air) island above workstation.

Keep torch hose lengths to a minimum to prevent employee from working
outside the ventilated area.

Keep burning temperatures low by substituting air-propane or air-MAP gas

for oxy-acetylene flames.

Provide adequate PPE, a change of clothes, and shower rooms (see OSHA
Lead Requirements for PPE, Housekeeping, and Hygiene Facilities).

Possible Engineering and Work Practice Controls

Ensure ventilation is working properly.

Perform battery repair at a ventilated workstation.

Vacuum oxide spills immediately with a central vacuum system or HEPA

vacuum.

Avoid pointing torch flame into battery containers whenever possible.

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| Oxide and Grid Processing | Plate Processing | Battery Assembly | Battery Repair and Reclaim |
| Environmental Controls | Maintenance | Engineering Controls | OSHA Requirements |
eTools Home : Battery Manufacturing

Scope | References | Glossary | Viewing / Printing Instructions | Credits

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Battery Assembly > Formation

Oxide and Grid

Processing

In the dry charge (plate) formation

process, the first step, called tacking
consists of plates being placed in a tank
and lead bars being welded, or "tacked"
on. Battery plates are then formed (or
charged) in tanks. The major source of
lead exposure in the formation process
comes from lead fumes. Wet (case)
formation does not include any associated
lead exposures during formation because
batteries are assembled and filled with
acid prior to charging.

Plate Processing
Battery Assembly
Stacking
Group Burning
Intercell Welding
and Post Burning
Formation
Battery Repair and
Reclaim
Batteries being charged in the wet
formation process

Maintenance

Formation
Potential Sources of Exposure

Engineering
Controls

Lead fumes are emitted from using a torch

to weld lead.

High exposure to lead may occur from

moving plates in and out of acid tanks,
drying ovens, and racks.

Exposure to acid splash or mist may occur

when placing the plates in the acid tanks.

OSHA Lead
Requirements...
Source
Identification
Protocol

View larger image of exhaust

ventilated torch

Lead dust may become airborne during the

cleaning of panel lugs using brushes.

Possible Engineering Controls

Use local exhaust ventilation on the torch.

Post burning, portable tool exhaust

Cover and ventilate tanks while tacking.

Use the "tackless formation" process.

Environmental
Controls

Figure 1
Provide adequate PPE, a change of clothes,
Formation area
and shower rooms (see OSHA Lead
Requirements for PPE, Housekeeping, and Hygiene Facilities).

Possible Work Practice Controls

Ensure ventilation is working properly.

Wet down plates before they are put into the system.

Use fork lifts to move groups in and out of drying ovens.

Use instruments to move plates in and out of tanks.

Vacuum racks and ovens before moving plates.

Keep floors around ovens, racks, and storage areas clean.

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