BTIT CN Unit - 1 - IP Addressing

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Subject Name : Computer Networks

Branch : B.Tech. (Information Technology)
Subject Code : BTIT 603

Semester : 6th
Topics
IP Addressing (IPv4 Addressing)
Faculty:
Introduction to IP Addressing
Classful Addressing Concepts

Case Study of Classful Addressing
CIDR Addressing Concepts

Case Study of CIDR Addressing
Subnet addressing
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi
18 March 2016
IP Address
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical

label
assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer)
participating in a computer network
that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
An IP address serves two principal functions:

(i) Host or network interface identification and
(ii) Location addressing.
The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP
address as a 32-bit number
and
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this system is known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4).
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the

predicted depletion of available addresses,
a new version of IP known as IPv6, using 128 bits for the
address, was developed in 1995
and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
IP addresses are binary numbers,
but they are usually stored in text files
and displayed in human-readable notations,
Example: 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4),

and
2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).
18 March 2016
IP Addresses
IPv4 Addresses
Classfull Addressing
Class-A Addressing
Class-B Addressing
Class-C Addressing
Class-D Addressing
Class-E Addressing
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

informally known as Classless Addressing
IPv6 Addresses
18 March 2016
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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

manages the IP address space allocations globally
and delegates five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
which further allocate IP address blocks to Local Internet Registries (LIR)
also known as Internet Service Providers (ISP) and other entities.
IANA
Only 5 RIRs around the world
USER
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M numbers
18 March 2016
USER
M numbers
USER
M numbers
ISP
USER
M numbers
RIR
N numbers
ISP
N numbers
ISP
RIR
RIR
N numbers
ISP
RIR
N numbers
N numbers
RIR
ISP
USER
M numbers5
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Classfull Addressing
A classful addressing architecture was used in the Internet

since 1981 until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR) in 1993.
Classful Addressing method divides the address space for
IPv4 into five address classes.
Each class defines a different network size, with each
network having different number of hosts.
The Classes are classes A, B, C used for uncasting and
multicast network class D.
The fifth class (E) address range is reserved for future or
experimental purposes.
Even after its discontinuation, Classfull Addressing terms
are often still used erroneously by people working in IT.
Classful network concepts remain in practice only in limited
scope in the default configuration parameters of some
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7
network
software and hardware
components.
Notations
Binary Notations
01110010111000111100101010101010
114
227
. 202 .
170
Dotted-Decimal Notations
For representing the binary into dotted decimal,
we divide the 32 Bits into 4 octets of 8 Bits each.
Rough Note:
Remember its Dotted Decimal and not simple Decimal.

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8
In simple decimal this binary number would be = 1927531178
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32 Bits
8 Bits
8 Bits
1st Octet
2nd Octet
0
to
255
8 Bits
8 Bits
3rd Octet
0
to
255
0
to
255
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 255
4th Octet
0
to
255
So, value of each octet can be between 0 255

By 8 Bits we can represent
upto 28 = 256 numbers 9
18 March 2016
Class A Addressing
Leading
Bit
Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
24 Bits
7 Bits
0
1st Octet
0
to
127
2nd Octet
0 - 255
Range of 1st Octet
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
to
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
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3rd Octet
0 - 255
4th Octet
0 - 255
Range of Class A IP Addresses

0.0.0.0
to
127.255.255.255
Max.No. of possible Networks
= 27
= 128
Max. No. of possible Hosts per Network
= 224
10
= 16777216
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Leading
Bits
Class B Addressing
Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
16 Bits
14 Bits
1 0
1st Octet
128 - 191
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
0 - 255
0 - 255
4th Octet
0 - 255
Range of Class B IP Addresses

128.0.0.0
Range of 1st Octet
to
191.255.255.255
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
Max. No. of possible Networks

= 214
= 16384
to
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
18 March 2016
Max No. of possible Hosts per Network

= 216
= 65536
11
Class C Addressing
Leading
Bits
Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
21 Bits
8 Bits
1 1 0
1st Octet
192 - 223
2nd Octet
0 - 255
Range of 1st Octet
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
to
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
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3rd Octet
0 - 255
4th Octet
0 - 255
Range of Class C IP Addresses

192.0.0.0
to
223.255.255.255
= 221
= 2097152
= 28
12
= 256
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Class D Addressing
(used for Multicasting)
Leading
Bits
Multicast
28 Bits
1 1 1 0
1st Octet
224 - 239
2nd Octet
0 - 255
3rd Octet
0 - 255
4th Octet
0 - 255
Range of Class D IP Addresses

224.0.0.0
Range of 1st Octet
to
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
to
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
18 March 2016
239.255.255.255
= 20
= 1
Max No. of possible Hosts
(for multicasting) per Network
= 228
= 268435456
13
Class E Addressing
(Reserved for Future Use)
Leading
Bits
28 Bits
(To be defined in future)
1 1 1 1
1st Octet
240 - 255
2nd Octet
0 - 255
Range of 1st Octet
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
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3rd Octet
0 - 255
4th Octet
0 - 255
Range of Class E IP Addresses

240.0.0.0
to
255.255.255.255
and
Not yet defined
14
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Class
Leading
Bits
N/W
ID
Size
(Bits)
Host
ID
Size
(Bits)
10
110
1110
1111
Max. No.
of Hosts
per N/W
24
27 =
128
16777216
14
16
214 =
16384
216 =
65536
21
221 =
2097152
28 =
256
223.255.255.255
228 =
224.0.0.0
28
224 =
20 = 1
268435456
Data is Multicast
to all Hosts
Reserved for Future Use.
Parameters Still Not Defined.
18 March 2016
E
D 6%
6%
C
13%
B
25%
18 March 2016
IP
Range
Max. No.
of
N/W
0.0.0.0
to
127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0
to
191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0
to
to
239.255.255.255
224.0.0.0
to
239.255.255.255
Future
Use
15
Total IPv4 Addresses

(232 = 4294967296)
% of
addresses
in each
class
A
50%
Max. No.
of N/W
Let us find the number of

IP addresses available in
each class
Max. No.
of hosts
per N/W
Max. No.
of IP
addresses
possible
Class A = 128 x 16777216 = 2147483648

Class B = 16384 x 65536 = 1073741824
Class C = 2097152 x 256 = 536870912
Class D = 1 x 268435456 = 268435456
16
Class E = 268435456
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Lets do some case study

What do you think , which Class of network would a network engineer
implement in a organization
Case 1:
If suppose there needs to be 110 sub-networks and each of them

would require to 50,000 to 60,000 hosts?
Ans: ClassA or ClassB
Case 2:
Ans: Class A
Case 3:

Case 4:
Ans: Class B

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17
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Addressing

(Classless Addressing)
The flaws in Classful Addressing scheme combined with the

fact of fast growth of Internet lead to a situation where
IP addresses were nearly depleted.
Though the number of devices on Internet in mid 80s or

early 90s were certainly less than 232
but with due to technical short coming in Classful
addressing mechanism, there came a situation where
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
problem in allocating IP address,
was facing
specially Class A and Class B addresses.
Therefore
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
developed a new IPv4 addressing scheme known as
Classless Addressing, technically known as
Classless Inter-Domain Routing(CIDR) addressing scheme.
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Problem Statement
What do you think , which Class of network would a network engineer
implement in a organization
Solution : Not possible
Rough Note:
Though by some indirect methods this can be implemented in some

unconventional fashion,
but no straight forward, simple and conventional solution is possible.
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Reason for the Problem

Leading
Bit
Class A
Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
24 Bits
7 Bits
1 0
14 Bits
Network ID
(net ID)
Leading
Bits 18 March 2016
16 Bits
Host ID
Class B
20
10
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Solution to the Problem
Let us remove the class system where Net ID and Host ID have fixed
no. of bits assigned.
Lets make the no. of bits required for defining Net ID and Host ID
more flexible and as per requirement.
And since we are eliminating class system, we would be able to free
the leading bits which were used as identification purpose.
Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
23 Bits
9 Bits

= 29
= 512
18 March 2016

= 223
Dr. Siddhartha
Biswas
=Sankar
8388608
21
Solution to the Problem
Let us remove the class system where Net ID and Host ID have fixed
no. of bits assigned.
Lets make the no. of bits required for defining Net ID and Host ID
more flexible and as per requirement.
And since we are eliminating class system, we would be able to free
the leading bits which were used as identification purpose.
Network ID
(net ID)
9 Bits
Host ID
23 Bits

= 29
= 512
= 223
= 8388608
18 March 2016
22
11
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Network ID
(net ID)
Host ID
23 Bits
9 Bits
IP Address Range
Starting IP
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
In Binary Notation :
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0.0.0
Last IP
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
255.255.255.255
Network ID
(net ID)
23
Host ID
23 Bits
9 Bits
Network Address Range

Starting Network Address
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0.0.0 / 9
Last Network Address
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 March 2016
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255.128.0.0 / 9
24
12
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Address Blocks
In classless addressing, when an entity, small or
large, needs to be connected to the Internet,
it is always granted a block (range) of addresses.
The size of the block (the number of addresses)
varies based on the nature and size of the entity.
For example,
a household may be given only one or two

addresses
whereas a large organisation may be given
thousand of addresses.
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25
Restrictions
To simplify the handling of addresses,
the Internet authorities impose three restrictions on
classless address blocks:
1.The addresses in a block must be contagious

i.e. one after another.
2.The number of addresses in a block must be a

power of 2 (1,2,4,8,.,.,.,).
3.The first address must be evenly divisible by
the number of addresses.
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13
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Example:
A block of address granted to a business house which requires 14 IP addresses
205.16.37.32
Last
205.16.37.47
First
We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block
1.We can see that the addresses provided are contiguous.

2.The number of addresses provided are 16 , which is a power of 2.
(24 = 16).
3.The first address when converted to decimal number is
3440387360, which is evenly divisible by total no. of addresses =
16.
Step 1: Dotted Decimal to Binary Value
205.16.37.32 = 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000
Step 2: Binary Value to Decimal Value

11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000 = 3440387360
Step 3: Divide the Decimal Value by number of addresses

18 March 2016
3440387360 / 16 = 2150124210
27
(evenly divisible)
Mask
As we know seen that in classless IPv4 addressing,
addresses are given in contiguous block.
But writing the whole block can be time consuming thing,
so there needs a better way of defining the blocks instead
of writing all the numbers.
therefore a better way of defining a block of IPv4
classless IP addresses is developed known as masking.
In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t / n , where
In which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses from
and
/n defines the mask (this is known as CIDR notation)
Which means mask of the block is an IP addresses with
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28
n leftmost
bits are 1s and
rest of the (32-n) bits are 0s.
14
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First IP Address of the block

The first IP address of the block can be found by doing
AND operation between the given address and the mask.
(This is by default subnet address of the given Network)
Last IP Address of the block

The last IP address of the block can be found by doing OR
operation between the given address and the compliment of
the mask.
Number of Address in the block
Number of addresses in the block can be found by
converting the compliment of the mask from its binary
value to decimal value
and18 then
March 2016
adding it with 1 (decimal).
29
Example
A block of IP address is granted to an organization.
We know that one of the address is 205.16.37.39/28.
Find the following

(a)The first address of the block.
(b)The last address assigned.
(c)Total IPs that the organization was assigned.
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30
15
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Solution
One of the IP address of the block = 205.16.37.39
In binary the IP address will be
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
Mask is represented here by /28.

Therefore Mask address is:
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
Mask Compliment is:

00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
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31
(a) First IP Address of the block

IP Address
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
AND
Mask
First IP Address
of the block
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000

i.e. 205.16.37.32

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32
16
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
(b) Last IP Address of the block

the mask.
IP Address
OR
Mask
Compliment
Last IP Address
of the block
18 March 2016
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111

00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111

i.e. 205.16.37.47
33
(c) Number of Address in the block

and then
Mask
Compliment
00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
Decimal value of the Mask Compliment = 15

Therefore,
Number of addresses in the block = 15 +1

= 16
18 March 2016
34
17
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Subnet Addressing
To understand subnet addressing, we must understand the
following concepts:
Hierarchy
Network Addresses
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35
Two-Level Hierarchy
(No Subnetting possible)
28 Bits
Network prefix
4 Bits
Host Address
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36
18
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Example
An organization is assigned the block 205.16.37.32/28
Design the network configuration for the organization.
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37
Solution
In order to design the network configuration for the
Organization which was granted 205.16.37.32/28
We need to Find the following

(a)The first address of the block.
(b)The last address assigned.
(c) Size of the block

(Total IPs that the organization was assigned).
One of the IP = 205.16.37.32

Which in binary is:
And Mask = 28
Which in binary is:

18 March 2016
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

38
19
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
(a) First IP Address of the block

IP Address
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000
AND
Mask
First IP Address
of the block
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000

i.e. 205.16.37.32

18 March 2016
39
(b) Last IP Address of the block

the mask.
IP Address
OR
Mask
Compliment
Last IP Address
of the block
18 March 2016
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000

00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
i.e. 205.16.37.47
40
20
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
(c) Number of Address in the block

and then

Mask
Compliment
00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111

Therefore,

= 16
18 March 2016
41
A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28

Range:
205.16.37.32
to
205.16.37.47
Rest of the
Internet
205.16.37.32/28
Organization
Network
205.16.37.33/28
18 March 2016
Routers External IP
x.y.z.t /n
Routers Internal IP
205.16.37.40/28
205.16.37.34/28
205.16.37.46/28
205.16.37.47/28
42
21
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Three-Level Hierarchy
(Subnetting)
Given below is a Two-Level Hierarchy
Host ID
6 Bits
26 Bits
Network prefix
Host Address
Let us divide it into Three-Level Hierarchy

18 March 2016
43
1 Bit has been borrowed from host ID
and
added to network prefix to create 27 bit length subnetwork

1
Bit
5
Bits
26 Bits
Network prefix
Sub-Network
prefix
Host Address
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44
22
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
2 Bits has been borrowed from host ID
and
added to network prefix to create 28 bit length subnetwork

2
Bits
4
Bits
26 Bits
Network prefix
Sub-Network
prefix
Host Address
18 March 2016
45
Example
An organization is assigned the block 17.12.14.10/26.
The organization has 3 offices.
The network engineer wants to create 3 independent
sub-blocks (i.e sub nets)
of size 32,16 and 16 addresses, for the offices.
Design the network configuration for the organization.
18 March 2016
46
23
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Solution
Assigned block is : 17.12.14.10/26
Therefore one of the IP of this block is : 17.12.14.10
(i.e. Host IP)
And Mask is : 26
Host IP
Address
00010001 00001100 00001110 00001010
Subnet
mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Subnet
Mask
Compliment
00000000 00000000 00000000 00111111
18 March 2016
47
First IP Address of the block

IP Address
00010001 00001100 00001110 00001010
AND
Mask
First IP Address
of the block
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
00010001 00001100 00001110 00000000

i.e. 17.12.14.0

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24
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Last IP Address of the block

the mask.
IP Address
OR
Mask
Compliment
Last IP Address
of the block
18 March 2016
00010001 00001100 00001110 00001010

00000000 00000000 00000000 00111111
00010001 00001100 00001110 00111111

i.e. 17.12.14.63
49
Number of Address in the block

and then
Mask
Compliment
00000000 00000000 00000000 00111111

Therefore,

= 64
18 March 2016
50
25
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
The range of the block is :
17.12.14.0
to
Total = 64 Addresses
17.12.14.63
This block is needed to be divided among the
3 sub-networks having 32,16 and 16 addresses each.
Since the organizations needs 3 sub-networks,
so we need to assign 3 subnet address,
one for each of the sub-networks.
But for defining the 3 subnet address
we need to find the masks for each of the subnets.
So, before proceeding further,
lets find the subnet masks for each of subnets.
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51
Subnet Mask for Subnet-1

Subnet-1 needs 32 addresses.
Therefore Host ID must have = 5 bits.
Therefore Subnet mask = 32 - 5 = 27

Subnet-2 needs 16 addresses.
Subnet-3 has 16 addresses.
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26
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Sub-Network 1
Lets assign the following address sub-block to subnet-1
17.12.14.0 / 27
to
17.12.14.31 / 27
Let us find the subnet address of the sub-network 1
Mask = 27
Lets take any one of the IP from the block = 17.12.14.30
IP Address
Mask
AND
Subnet address of
subnet 1
18 March 2016
00010001 00001100 00001110 00011110
11111111 11111111 1111111 11100000

00010001 00001100 00001110 00000000
i.e. 17.12.14.0
53
Sub-Network 2
17.12.14.32 / 28
to
17.12.14.47 / 28
Mask = 28
IP Address
Mask
AND
Subnet address of
subnet 1
18 March 2016
00010001 00001100 00001110 00100111

11111111 11111111 1111111 11110000
00010001 00001100 00001110 00100000
i.e. 17.12.14.32
54
27
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
Sub-Network 3
17.12.14.48 / 28
to
17.12.14.63 / 28
Mask = 28
IP Address
Mask
00010001 00001100 00001110 00110111
AND
11111111 11111111 1111111 11110000

00010001 00001100 00001110 00110000
Subnet address of
subnet 1
i.e. 17.12.14.48
18 March 2016
17.12.14.63/28
17.12.14.31/27
17.12.14.30/27
55
17.12.14.0/27
Subnet address
Of Subnet -1
17.12.14.48/28
Subnet address
Of Subnet -3
17.12.14.50/28
Subnet - 3
17.12.14.49/28
Subnet - 1
17.12.14.2/27
17.12.14.1/27
17.12.14.34/28
17.12.14.32/28
Subnet address
Of Subnet -2
x.y.z.t/n
17.12.14.47/28
Subnet - 2
17.12.14.33/28
Network : 17.12.14.10/27
18 March 2016
Internet
56
28
Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016
172.18.3.1
172.18.3.2
172.18.3.20
Network Address Translation

(NAT)
Sender
Organizations
Network
172.18.3.30
NAT Router
200.24.5.8
25.8.3.101
Responder
25.8.2.10
25.40.76.56
25.40.3.79
And18 March
many
more ..
2016
Source: 172.18.3.1
Destination: 25.8.2.10
Step 1.1
Translation Table
(maintained at
NAT Router)
Private
External
172.18.3.1
25.8.2.10
Updation
Step 1.2
Checking
Step 2.2
Step 2.3
18 March 2016
25.8.49.110
Internet
Step 1.2
57
Source: 200.24.5.8
Step 1.3
Sender to Responder : Request

Step 1.1: Datagram is sent to router from the sender.
Step 1.2:Router receives the datagram and UPDATES
the Translation Table.
Step 1.3: Router changes source address field
by deleting the Private address in the
Datagram and adding its own External Address. And
then forwards the datagram to the internet.
Responder to Sender : Reply
Step 2.1: Datagram is received by router from the
internet.
Step 2.2 : Router CHECKS the Translation Table.
Step 2.3 : Router changes the destination address
field from its external address to the
concerned Private address.
Source: 25.8.2.10
Step 2.2
Step 2.1
Source: 25.8.2.10
58
29

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Friday18 18 / 03 / 2016

Subject Name : Computer Networks

Subject Code : BTIT 603

IP Addressing (IPv4 Addressing)

Classful Addressing Concepts

CIDR Addressing Concepts

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical

An IP address serves two principal functions:

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

this system is known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4).

Due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the

and displayed in human-readable notations,

Example: 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4),

2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

A classful addressing architecture was used in the Internet

Remember its Dotted Decimal and not simple Decimal.

So, value of each octet can be between 0 255

Range of 1st Octet

Range of Class A IP Addresses

Range of Class B IP Addresses

Range of 1st Octet

Max. No. of possible Networks

Max No. of possible Hosts per Network

Range of 1st Octet

Range of Class C IP Addresses

Range of Class D IP Addresses

Range of 1st Octet

(To be defined in future)

Range of 1st Octet

Range of Class E IP Addresses

Max. No. of possible Networks

Max No. of possible Hosts per Network

Not yet defined

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Reserved for Future Use.

Parameters Still Not Defined.

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Total IPv4 Addresses

Let us find the number of

Class A = 128 x 16777216 = 2147483648

Lets do some case study

If suppose there needs to be 110 sub-networks and each of them

Ans: ClassA or ClassB

If suppose there needs to be 200 sub-networks and each of them

If suppose there needs to be 500 sub-networks and each of them

Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Addressing

The flaws in Classful Addressing scheme combined with the

Though the number of devices on Internet in mid 80s or

specially Class A and Class B addresses.

Solution : Not possible

Though by some indirect methods this can be implemented in some