Thesis 6
Thesis 6
Thesis 6
Submitted By
SUYOG VIJ
[107BT016]
Guided by
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. Krishna Parmanik ,
Professor, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering , National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela, for introducing the present topic and for her inspiring guidance ,
constructive criticism and valuable suggestions throughout this project work.
I would also express my gratitude to all the professors of the department of Biotechnology &
Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, for their guidance and the
support they have provided me.
Last but not least, my sincere thanks to all my friends & seniors who have patiently extended all
sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.
SUYOG VIJ
107BT016
Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
NIT Rourkela, ODHISA
CONTENT
SN.
CHAPTER
PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
8-10
1.2 BIOGAS
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
10
16
11
18
12
19-22
13
5.1 OBJECTIVES
23
14
23-24
15
6.1 PRECAUTIONS
25
16
25-26
17
27-29
18
8.1 EXPERIMENT 1
30
19
8.2 EXPERIMENT 2
30
20
31
21
8.4 DISCUSSION
32-34
22
34
23
8.6 INSTALLATION
35
4
24
36-37
25
8.8 RESULTS
38-43
26
44
27
9.2 ANALYSIS 1
45
28
9.3 ANALYSIS 2
45
29
9.4 ANALYSIS
46
30
REFERENCES
47-48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO.
1
TITLE OF TABLE
PAGE NO
COMPOSITION OF BOGAS
11
12
BIOGAS PRODUCTION
32
32
35
38
41
42
44
10
46
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO.
1
TITLE
FLOW CHART OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
PROCESS
PAGE NO
18
31
3
4
33
33
5
6
7
8
DIAGRAM OF BIODESESTER
LAYOUT OF REACTOR
DAILY pH CHANGE OF DIFESTER 3(O)
DAILY pH CHANGE OF DIFESTER 3(N)
34
37
39
39
40
10
11
12
40
43
43
ABSTRACT
In our institute we have seven hostels and all having their own individual mess, where daily a
large amount of kitchen waste is obtained which can be utilized for better purposes. Biogas
production requires Anaerobic digestion. Project was to Create an Organic Processing Facility to
create biogas which will be more cost effective, eco-friendly, cut down on landfill waste,
generate a high-quality renewable fuel, and reduce carbon dioxide & methane emissions. Overall
by creating a biogas reactors on campus in the backyard of our hostels will be beneficial. Kitchen
(food waste) was collected from different hostels of National Institute of Technology, Rourkelas
Mess as feedstock for our reactor which works as anaerobic digester system to produce biogas
energy. The anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste produces biogas, a valuable energy resource
Anaerobic digestion is a microbial process for production of biogas, which consist of Primarily
methane (CH4) & carbon dioxide (CO2). Biogas can be used as energy source and also for
numerous purposes. But, any possible applications requires knowledge & information about the
composition and quantity of constituents in the biogas produced. The continuously-fed digester
requires addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to maintain the alkalinity and pH to 7. For this
reactor we have prepared our Inoculum than we installed batch reactors, to which inoculum of
previous cow dung slurry along with the kitchen waste was added to develop our own Inoculum.
A combination of these mixed inoculum was used for biogas production at 37C in
laboratory(small scale) reactor (20L capacity) In our study, the
methane is done from the starch-rich and sugary material and is determined at laboratory scale
using the simple digesters.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to scarcity of petroleum and coal it threatens supply of fuel throughout the world also
problem of their combustion leds to research in different corners to get access the new sources of
energy, like renewable energy resources. Solar energy, wind energy, different thermal and hydro
sources of energy, biogas are all renewable energy resources. But, biogas is distinct from other
renewable energies because of its characterstics of using,controlling and collecting organic
wastes and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation.
Biogas does not have any geographical limitations nor does it requires advanced technology for
producing energy, also it is very simple to use and apply.
Deforestation is a very big problem in developing countries like India, most of the part depends
on charcoal and fuel-wood for fuel supply which requires cutting of forest. Also, due to
deforestation It leads to decrease the fertility of land by soil erosion. Use of dung , firewood as
energy is also harmful for the health of the masses due to the smoke arising from them causing
air pollution. We need an ecofriendly substitute for energy .
Kitchen waste is organic material having the high calorific value and nutritive value to microbes,
thats why efficiency of methane production can be increased by several order of magnitude as
said earlier.It means higher efficiency and size of reactor and cost of biogas production is
reduced. Also in most of cities and places, kitchen waste is disposed in landfill or discarded
which causes the public health hazards and diseses like malaria, cholera, typhoid. Inadequate
management of wastes like uncontrolled dumping bears several adverse consequences: It not
only leads to polluting surface and groundwater through leachate and further promotes the
breeding of flies , mosquitoes, rats and other disease bearing vectors. Also, it emits unpleasant
odour & methane which is a major greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.
Mankind can tackle this problem(threat) successfully with the help of methane , however till now
we have not been benifited, because of ignorance of basic sciences like output of work is
dependent on energy available for doing that work. This fact can be seen in current practices of
8
using low calororific inputs like cattle dung, distillery effluent, municipal solid waste (MSW) or
seweage, in biogas plants, making methane generation highly inefficient. We can make this
system extremely efficient by using kitchen waste/food wastes.
In 2003, Dr. Anand Karve[2][4] (President ARTI) developed a compact biogas system that uses
starchy or sugary feedstock material and the analysis shows that this new system is 800 times
more efficient than conventional biogas plants..
Anaerobic digestion is controlled biological degradation process which allows efficient capturing
& utilization of biogas (approx. 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide) for energy generation.
Anaerobic digestion of food waste is achievable but different types, composition of food waste
results in varying degrees of methane yields, and thus the effects of mixing various types of food
waste and their proportions should be determined on case by case basis.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising method to treat the kitchen wastes. While Anaerobic
digestion for treatment of animal dung is common in rural parts of developing countries,
information on technical and operational feasibilities of the treatment of organic solid waste is
limited in those parts. There are many factors affecting the design and performance of anaerobic
digestion. Some are related to feedstock characteristics, design of reactors and operation
conditions in real time. Physical and chemical characteristics of the organic wastes are important
for designing and operating digesters, because they affect the biogas production and process
stability during anaerobic digestion. They include, moisture content, volatile solids, nutrient
9
contents, particle size, & biodegradability. The biodegradability of a feed is indicated by biogas
production or methane yield and percentage of solids (total solids or total volatile solids) that are
destroyed in the anaerobic digestion. The biogas or methane yield is measured by the amount of
biogas or methane that can be produced per unit of volatile solids contained in the feedstock after
subjecting it to anaerobic digestion for a sufficient amount of time under a given temperature
which is taken to be laboratory temperature in our case.
In recent times varied technological modifications and improvements have been introduced to
diminish the costs for the production of biogas. Different Methods have been developed to
increase speed of fermentation for the bacteria gas producers, reduction of the size of the
reactors, the use of starchy, sugary materials for their production , the modification of the feeding
materials for fermentation and the exit of the effluent for their better employment, as well as
compaction of the equipments to produce gas in small places like back-yard, among others.
Larger facilities operating costs can be reduced, per unit, to the point that, in the current
economic framework, very large Anaerobic Digestion facilities can be profitable whereas small
ones are not this is what is Economics of scale. If energy prices continue to rise and the demand
for local waste treatment, and fertilizers increases, this framework may change.
1.2 BIOGAS
BIOGAS is produced by bacteria through the bio-degradation of organic material under
anaerobic conditions. Natural generation of biogas is an important part of bio-geochemical
carbon cycle. It can be used both in rural and urban areas.
10
Methane (CH4)
55-60 %
35-40 %
Water (H2O)
2-7 %
Ammonia (NH3)
0-0.05 %
Nitrogen (N)
0-2 %
Oxygen (O2)
0-2 %
Hydrogen (H)
0-1 %
This gas is useful as fuel to substitute firewood, cow-dung, petrol, LPG, diesel, & electricity,
depending on the nature of the task, and local supply conditions and constraints.
Biogas digestor systems provides a residue organic waste, after its anaerobic digestion(AD) that
has superior nutrient qualities over normal organic fertilizer, as it is in the form of ammonia and
can be used as manure. Anaerobic biogas digesters also function as waste disposal systems,
particularly for human wastes, and can, therefore, prevent potential sources of environmental
contamination and the spread of pathogens and disease causing bacteria. Biogas technology is
particularly valuable in agricultural residual treatment of animal excreta and kitchen
refuse(residuals).
11
The temperature
6-6.5 kWh/m3
Fuel Equivalent
Explosion Limits
Ignition Temperature
650-750 *C
Critical Pressure
75-89 bar
Critical temperature
-82.5 *C
Normal Density
1.2 kg/m3
Smell
Bad eggs
12
Production of energy.
13
CHAPTER 2
Biogas is a renewable form of energy. Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are last link in
a chain of microorganisms which degrade organic material and returns product of decomposition
to the environment.
Aerobic digestion.
Anaerobic digestion.
14
The digestion process occurring in presence of Oxygen is called Aerobic digestion and produces
mixtures of gases having carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the main green houses responsible for
global warming.
The digestion process occurring without (absence) oxygen is called Anaerobic digestion which
generates mixtures of gases. The gas produced which is mainly methane produces 5200-5800
KJ/m3 which when burned at normal room temperature and presents a viable environmentally
friendly energy source to replace fossil fuels (non-renewable).
15
CHAPTER 3
3.1 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
It is also referred to as biomethanization, is a natural process that takes place in absence of air
(oxygen). It involves biochemical decomposition of complex organic material by various
biochemical processes with release of energy rich biogas and production of nutrious effluents.
1. HYDROLYSIS
2. ACIDIFICATION
3. METHANOGENESIS
HYDROLYSIS: In the first step the organic matter is enzymolysed externally by extracellular
enzymes, cellulose, amylase, protease & lipase ,of microorganisms. Bacteria decompose long
chains
of
complex
carbohydrates,
proteins,
&
lipids
into
small
chains.
For example, Polysaccharides are converted into monosaccharide. Proteins are split into peptides
and amino acids.
ACIDIFICATION: Acid-producing bacteria, involved this step, convert the intermediates of
fermenting bacteria into acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These bacteria are anaerobic
and can grow under acidic conditions. To produce acetic acid, they need oxygen and carbon. For
this, they use dissolved O2 or bounded-oxygen. Hereby, the acid-producing bacteria creates
anaerobic condition which is essential for the methane producing microorganisms. Also , they
reduce the compounds with low molecular weights into alcohols, organic acids, amino acids,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and traces of methane. From a chemical point, this process is
partially endergonic (i.e. only possible with energy input), since bacteria alone are not capable of
sustaining that type of reaction.
16
Symbiosis of bacteria:
Methane and acid-producing bacteria act in a symbiotical way. Acid producing bacteria create an
atmosphere with ideal parameters for methane producing bacteria (anaerobic conditions,
compounds with a low molecular weight). On the other hand, methane-producing
microorganisms use the intermediates of the acid producing bacteria. Without consuming them,
toxic conditions for the acid-producing microorganisms would develop. In real time fermentation
processes the metabolic actions of various bacteria acts in a design. No single bacteria is able to
produce fermentation products alone as it requires others too.
17
18
CHAPTER 4
4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
ARTI appropriate rural technology of India, pune (2003) has developed a compact biogas
plant which uses waste food rather than any cow dung as feedstock, to supply biogas for
cooking. The plant is sufficiently compact to be used by urban households, and about 2000 are
currently in use both in urban and rural households in Maharashtra. The design and
development of this simple, yet powerful technology for the people, has won ARTI the Ashden
Award for sustainable Energy 2006 in the Food Security category. Dr. Anand Karve (ARTI)
developed a compact biogas system that uses starchy or sugary feedstock (waste grain flour,
spoilt grain, overripe or misshapen fruit, nonedible seeds, fruits and rhizomes, green leaves,
kitchen watse, leftover food, etc). Just 2 kg of such feedstock produces about 500 g of methane,
and the reaction is completed with 24 hours. The conventional biogas systems, using cattle dung,
sewerage, etc. use about 40 kg feedstock to produce the same quantity of methane, and require
about 40 days to complete the reaction. Thus, from the point of view of conversion of feedstock
into methane, the system developed by Dr. Anand Karve[2][3] is 20 times as efficient as the
conventional system, and from the point of view of reaction time, it is 40 times as efficient.
Thus, overall, the new system is 800 times as efficient as the conventional biogas system.
Hilkiah Igoni[5] (2008) studied the Effect of Total Solids Concentration of Municipal Solid
Waste on the Biogas Produced in an Anaerobic Continuous Digester. The total solids (TS)
concentration of the waste influences the pH, temperature and effectiveness of the
microorganisms in the decomposition process. They investigated various concentrations of the
TS of MSW in an anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the corresponding
amounts of biogas produced, in order to determine conditions for optimum gas production. The
results show that when the percentage total solids (PTS) of municipal sold waste in an anaerobic
continuous digestion process increases, there is a corresponding geometric increase for biogas
produced. A statistical analysis of the relationship between the volume of biogas produced and
19
the percentage total solids concentration established that the former is a power function of the
latter, indicating that at some point in the increase of the TS, no further rise in the volume of the
biogas would be obtained.
Kumar et al., (2004) investigated the reactivity of methane. They concluded that it has more than
20 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide and that the concentration of it in the
atmosphere is increasing with one to two per cent per year. The article continues by highlighting
that about 3 to 19% of anthropogenic sources of methane originate from landfills.
Shalini Singh[4] et al. (2000) studied the increased biogas production using microbial
stimulants. They studied the effect of microbial stimulant aquasan and teresan on biogas yield
from cattle dung and combined residue of cattle dung and kitchen waste respectively. The result
shows that dual addition of aquasan to cattle dung on day 1 and day 15 increased the gas
production by 55% over unamended cattle dung and addition of teresan to cattel dung : kitchen
waste (1:1) mixed residue 15% increased gas production.
Lissens et al. (2004) completed a study on a biogas operation to increase the total biogas yield
from 50% available biogas to 90% using several treatments including: a mesophilic laboratory
scale continuously stirred tank reactor, an up flow biofilm reactor, a fiber liquefaction reactor
releasing the bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes and a system that adds water during the process.
These methods were sufficient in bringing about large increases to the total yield; however, the
study was under a very controlled method, which leaves room for error when used under varying
conditions. However, Bouallagui et al. (2004) did determine that minor influxes in temperature
do not severely impact the anaerobic digestion for biogas production.
As Taleghani and Kia (2005) observed, the resource limitation of fossil fuels and the problems
arising from their combustion has led to widespread research on the accessibility of new and
renewable energy resources. Solar, wind, thermal and hydro sources, and biogas are all
renewable energy resources. But what makes biogas distinct from other renewable energies is its
importance in controlling and collecting organic waste material and at the same time producing
20
fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have any geographical
limitations or requires advanced technology for producing energy, nor is it complex or
monopolistic.
Murphy, McKeog, and Kiely (2004) completed a study in Ireland analyzing the usages of biogas
and biofuels. This study provides a detailed summary of comparisons with other fuel sources
with regards to its effect on the environment, finical dependence, and functioning of the plant.
One of the conclusions the study found was a greater economic advantage with utilizing biofuels
for transport rather than power production; however, power generation was more permanent and
has less maintenance demands.
Thomsen et al. (2004) found that increasing oxygen pressure during wet oxidation on the
digested biowaste increased the total amount of methane yield. Specifically, the yield which is
normally 50 to 60% increased by 35 to 40% demonstrating the increased ability to retrieve
methane to produce economic benefits.
Carrasco et al. ( 2004) studied the feasibility for dairy cow waste to be used in anaerobic
digestive systems. Because the animals wastes are more reactive than other cow wastes, the
study suggests dairy cow wastes should be chosen over other animal wastes .
Jantsch and Mattiasson (2004) discuss how anaerobic digestion is a suitable method for the
treatment of wastewater and organic wastes, yielding biogas as a useful by-product. However,
due to instabilities in start-up and operation it is often not considered. A common way of
preventing instability problems and avoiding acidification in anaerobic digesters is to keep the
organic load of the digester far below its maximum capacity. There are a large number of factors
which affect biogas production efficiency including: environmental conditions such as pH,
temperature, type and quality of substrate; mixing; high organic loading; formation of high
volatile fatty acids; and inadequate alkalinity.
Jong Won Kang et al (2010) studied the On-site Removal of H2S from Biogas Produced by
Food Waste using an Aerobic Sludge Biofilter for Steam Reforming Processing. They show
21
that A biofilter containing immobilized aerobic sludge was successfully adapted for the removal
of H2S and CO2 from the biogas produced using food waste. The biofilter efficiently removed
99% of 1,058 ppmv H2S from biogas produced by food waste treatment system at a retention
time of 400 sec. The maximum observed removal rate was 359 g-H2S/m3/h with an average
mass loading rate of 14.7 g-H2S/m3/h for the large-scale biofilter. The large-scale biofilter using
a mixed culture system showed better H2S removal capability than biofilters using specific
bacteria strains. In the kinetic analysis, the maximum H2S removal rate (Vm) and half saturation
constant (Ks) were calculated to be 842.6 g-H2S/m3/h and 2.2 mg/L, respectively. Syngas was
generated by the catalytic steam reforming of purified biogas, which indicates the possibility of
high efficiency electricity generation by SOFCs and methanol manufacturing.
Taleghani and Kia, (2005) outlined the economic, and social benefits of biogas production.
1. Treatment of solid waste without long-term follow-up costs usually due to soil and
water pollution
2. Increased local distribution of fertilizer, chemical herbicides, and pesticide demand
3. Generation of income through compost and energy sales (biogas/electricity/heat) to
the public grid
4. Improved soil/agriculture productivity through long-term effects on soil structure and
fertility through compost use
5. Reduction of landfill space and consequently land costs
22
CHAPTER 5
5.1 OBJECTIVES:
23
Large scale:
Here two syntax tanks will be used, one of 1000 lit from digester and other of 750 lit for gas
collector.
Here also different parameter will be checked like
Total solid increasing the feeding rate from 100 gm to 5 kg and to check effect on gas
production and effluent quality.
Temperature effect
24
CHAPTER 6
6.1 PRECAUTIONS WHILE COLLECTING SAMPLE
KITCHEN WASTE:
1. A separate container for coconut shells, egg shells, peels and chicken mutton bones.
These will be crushed separately by mixer grinders.
2. Different containers of volumes 5l to collect the wet waste, stale cooked food, waste milk
products. The vegetables refuse like peels, rotten potatoes coriander leaves collected in
bags.
INSTALLATIONS :
Important aspect in smoother running of plant by avoiding the choking of the plant. This occur
due to thick biological waste that not reaches to the microorganisms to digest. The easy answer
to this problem is to convert solid wastes into liquid slurry . mixer can be used to convert solid
into slurry.
Procedure followed:
(1) Prepare 100 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution by dissolving granules of NaOH in
about 100 ml of water.
25
(2) Take 20-30 ml sample of biogas produced during experiment into the syringe (initially fill
syringe with H2O to reduce air contamination) and put end of the tube into the NaOH solution,
then push out excess gas to get a 10 ml gas sample.
(3) Now take approximately 20 ml of solution and keep the end of the tube submerged in the
NaOH solution while shaking syringe for 30 seconds.
(4) Point it downwards and push the excess liquid out, so that syringe plunger level reaches 10
ml. Now read the volume of liquid, which should be 3-4 ml indicating about 30-40% of gas
absorbed so we can say the balance of 65-60% is methane.
(5) If the flame does not burn properly and you get over 50% methane (a reading of less than 5
ml of liquid) you must have nitrogen or some other gas present.
26
CHAPTER 7
7.1 ANALYTICAL METHODS & CALCULATIONS
TOTAL SOLIDS (TS %) - It is the amount of solid present in the sample after the water
present in it is evaporised.
The sample, approximately 10 gm is taken and poured in foil plate and dried to a
constant weight at about 105 0C in furnace.
TS % = (Final weight/Initial weight) * 100
VOLATILE SOLIDS (VS %) Dried residue from Total Solid analysis weighed and heated in
crucible for 2hrs at 500 0C in furnace. After cooling crucible residue weighed.
VS % = [100-(V3-V1/V2-V1)] * 100
V1= Weight of crucible.
V2= Weight of dry residue & crucible.
V3= Weight of ash & crucible (after cooling)
VOLATILE FATTY ACID (VFA) - Volatile fatty acids (VFA's) are fatty acids with carbon chain of six
carbons or fewer. They can be created through fermentation in the intestine.
Examples
include: acetate , propionate , butyrate. There are many titration method for VFA
27
Method 2:
Titration procedure for measurements of VFA and alkalinity according to Kapp :
Before analysis, the sample needs to be filtered through a 0.45m membrane filter.
Filtered sample (20-50ml) is put into a titration vessel, the size of which is determined by
the basic requirement to guarantee that the tip of the pH electrode is always below the
liquid surface.
Initial pH is recorded
The sample is titrated slowly with 0.1N sulphuric acid until pH 5.0 is reached. The added
volume A1 [ml] of the titrant is recorded.
More acid is slowly added until pH 4.3 is reached. The volume A2 [ml] of the added
titrant is again recorded.
The latter step is repeated until pH 4. 0 is reached, and the volume A3 [ml] of added
titrant recorded once more.
A constant mixing of sample and added titrant is required right from the start
to
minimize exchange with the atmosphere during titration.
Alk = A * N * 1000 / SV
28
A/TIC-ratio
The A/TIC-method was developed at the Federal Research Institute for
Agriculture (FAL) in Braunschweig, Germany. Used as an indicator of the process
stability inside the digester, it expresses the ratio between Volatile Fatty Acids and
buffer capacity (alkalinity), or in other words the amount of Acids (A) compared to
Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC).
ORGANIC CONTENT Organic dry matter weigh the sample and weigh remaining ashes
Organic content = {Mass of TS - Mass of ashes}/Mass of TS
29
CHAPTER 8
8.1 EXPERIMENT 1.
A 2 liter bottle
1. 200gm cow dung was mixed with water to make 1lit slurry which is poured in 1lit bottle.
2. 50gm grinded kitchen was mixed with 150gm cow dung and water is added to make 1lit
solution which is poured in 1lit bottle.
3. 400gm cow dung was mixed with water to make 2lit slurry which is poured in 2lit bottle.
RESULTS :
In all of the 3 sets gas production occurs and gas burned with blue flame. process continues,
volatile fatty acids(VFA) are produced which causes the decrease in PH of solution.
30
2%
A
6%
2%
5%
C
D
15%
51%
E
F
16%
G
H
31
8.4 DISCUSSIONS :
From the result it has been seen that in set2 which contain kitchen waste produces more gas,
compare to other two set. In set2 with kitchen waste produces average 250.69% more gas than
set 1 (with 200gm cow dung) and 67.5% more gas than set 3 (with 400gm cow dung). Means
kitchen waste produces more gas than cow dung as kitchen waste contains more nutrient than
dung. So use of kitchen waste provide more efficient method of biogas production.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
average
30
35
20
10
40
25
10
23.75
80
150
120
50
60
90
115
89.37
85
75
58
35
20
70
100
60.02
Set
no./day
From results it has been seen that pH reduces as the process going on as the bacteria produces
fatty acids. Here methanogens bacteria which utilize the fatty acids, is slow reaction compare to
other so it is rate limiting step in reaction. In set2 which contains kitchen waste pH decreases
highly means reaction is fast, means hydrolysis and acidogenesis reaction is fast as organism
utilize the waste more speedily than dung. And total solid decreases more in set2.
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
PH
TS %
PH
TS %
PH
TS %
7.25
7.2
7.25
6.7
7.6
5.8
5.4
6.6
7.5
6.85
7.6
6.45
5.4
6.9
7.5
6.65
4.92
4.7
6.5
32
Gas production
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
set 1
set 2
set 3
Day
0
10
Graph Analysis- It can be seen from the graph that gas production increases first upto day 3 but
then it starts decreasing as acid concentration increases in the bottles and pH decreases below 7
after 4-5 days water was added to dilute which increases the pH, gas production again starts
increasing. Therefore,we can infer that acid concentration greatly affects the biogas production.
PH
8
7
PH
6
5
PH1
PH2
PH3
2
1
0
0
10
Day
33
GRAPH This graph shows that first the ph is on higher side, as reaction inside the bottles
continues it stars decreasing and after day 3 it becomes acidic. Than water added to dilute and
thus pH increases.
34
8.6 INSTALATION:
Both the digester was unstalled in environmental lab of biotechnology department.
I used the 20 lit. water container as digester. Following were the material used for
20 lit. digester.
TABLE 5: List of materials used In Experiment No. 3
No.
Product Name
Solid tape
M seal
10
35
EXPERIMENT 3(O):
This digester contains the following composition.
20lit digester.
Cow dung + inoculum + water added.
Cow dung 2.5 lit
36
PH 5.02
37
pH (O)
pH (N)
Gas (O) ml
Gas (N) ml
7.5
5.6
7.52
6.82
800
7.25
6.63
1280
7.02
6.57
1800
400
6.33
6.66
1550
300
6.5
6.5
1700
550
6.54
6.8
1850
3200
6.4
7.03
2000
6500
6.9
7.2
1800
6500
10
6.7
7.16
2300
8500
11
6.5
7.2
2200
10400
12
6.51
7.51
2000
12850
13
6.74
7.34
1500
12600
14
6.52
7.3
900
7600
15
6.6
7.26
3750
8500
16
6.7
7.52
4250
9000
17
6.87
7.36
3300
8000
18
6.35
7.8
5300
7600
19
6.52
7.28
7500
9400
20
6.69
7.16
7400
10650
21
6.74
7.4
7250
11500
22
6.49
7.24
7000
11500
23
6.78
7.16
6800
10900
38
pH
PH(O)
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
PH(O)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
DAYS
Fig. 7
pH
PH(N)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PH(N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
DAYS
39
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
Production(O)ml
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DAYS
14000
GAS PRODUCTION(ml)
12000
10000
8000
Production(N) ml
6000
4000
2000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DAYS
40
DAYS
VFA(O) mg/l
VFA(N) mg/l
Gas (O) ml
Gas (N) ml
1968.75
3762.5
1837.5
6562.5
800
1750
5337.5
1280
2012.5
3937.5
1800
400
2187.5
6125
1550
300
2800
6387.5
1700
550
2537.5
5687.5
1850
3200
2231.25
4287.5
2000
6500
2187.5
5512.5
1800
6500
10
2275
4375
2300
8500
11
3675
5162
2200
10400
12
2450
6300
2000
12850
13
2370
6562.5
1500
12600
14
2281
6743
900
7600
15
2685
5612
3750
8500
16
2194
5783
4250
9000
17
2300
5907
3300
8000
18
2350
4956
5300
7600
19
2012.5
4112.5
7500
9400
20
2080
3953
7400
10650
21
2199
3200
7250
11500
22
2208
3200
7000
11500
23
2259
2500
6800
10900
41
DAYS
A/TIC (O)
A/TIC(N)
Kitchen
Waste Kitchen
(O) gm
(N) gm
0.45
0.94
0.45
0.845
20
0.471
0.88
0.52
0.874
20
0.65
0.853
0.524
0.892
20
20
0.55
0.817
0.646
0.75
20
20
0.586
0.64
10
0.662
0.520
20
20
11
0.61
0.456
12
0.563
0.49
13
0.834
0.315
14
0.743
0.284
30
30
15
0.668
0.339
16
0.597
0.295
20
20
17
0.72
0.38
18
0.687
0.343
30
30
19
0.767
0.386
20
0.73
0.334
30
30
21
0.67
0.343
22
0.63
0.369
30
30
23
0.625
0.333
Waste
42
8000
7000
VFA (mg/l)
6000
5000
4000
VFA (O)
3000
VFA (N)
Day
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DAYS
1
0.9
0.8
A/TIC Ratio
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DAYS
43
CHAPTER 9
9.1 CASE STUDY
From my experiment I am able to produce around 10 lit of biogas daily in a 20 lit reactor
(digester).
According to our purpose of our project we were trying to design reactors of 1000 lit for each
and every hostel of NIT, Rourkela. (at the backyard of the mess, using kitchen waste directly as
a feedstock)
Hence I can conclude that we can produce 650 lit of biogas daily in 1000 lit reactor, under ideal
conditions (like maintaining pH , VFA , Alkalinity, etc.).
CONSUMPTION OF
SL No.
HOSTEL NAME
M S SWAMINATHAN HALL OF
1
1412.4 kg
RESIDENCE
DHIRUBHAI AMBANI HALL OF
3547.5 kg
RESIDENCE + Extension
2038 kg
44
9.2 ANALYSIS 1 :
Calorific value of Biogas = 6 kWh/m3
Calorific value of LPG = 26.1 kWh/m3
Let us assume we need to boil water sample of 100 gm
We have Energy required to boil 100 gm water = 259.59 kJ
Hence, we need Biogas to boil 100 gm water = 12.018 lit
And, we need LPG to boil 100 gm water = 2.76 lit.
Therefore, amount of water which can be boiled using this much Biogas = 5.408 lit/day Now,
amount of LPG required to boil 5.408 lit of water per day = 149.26 lit So. We can save up to 10
cylinders of LPG per day.
9.3 ANALYSIS 2 :
Let us use the Biogas produced in our plant for Breakfast & evening snacks (1 hr in morning
and 1 hr in the evening)
650 lit if used for 2 hrs gives = 66.46 * 103 J /day
Let V be the amount of LPG used to produce same amount of energy
Hence, we get ,V = 2827.56 lit i.e. Mass (m) of LPG = 6.079 kg
Therefore per month consumption of LPG = 182.38 kg which is equivalent to 12.84 cylinders
Result :- We can save abound 13 cylinders of LPG if Biogas from 1000 lit tank
is used for 2 hours daily.
45
9.4 ANALYSIS 3 :
TABLE 10:
BIOGAS SYSTEM
Comparison with
Conventional Bio-gas
Systems
System
Amount of feedstock
1.5-2 kg + water
Nature of feedstock
Cow-Dung
12ltr, watery
to be disposed
Reaction time for full
40 days
52 hours
4,000 lit
1,000 lit
utilization of feedstock
Standard size to be installed
In a kitchen waste biogas system, a feed of kitchen waste sample produces methane, and the
reaction is completed in 52 hours. Conventional bio-gas systems use cattle dung and 40kg
feedstock is required to produce same quantity of methane.
46
REFERENCES
[1] Kale, S.P and Mehele, S.T. kitchen waste based biogas plant.pdf. Nuclear agriculture
and Biotechnology/ Division.
[2] Karve .A.D. (2007), Compact biogas plant, a low cost digester for biogas from waste
starch. http://www.arti-india.org.
[3] Karve of Pune A.D (2006). Compact biogas plant compact low-cost digester from
waste starch. www.bioenergylists.org.
[4] Shalini sing, sushil kumar, M.C. Jain, Dinesh kumar (2000), the increased biogas
production using microbial stimulants.
[7] The University of Southampton and Greenfinch Ltd. - Biodigestion of kitchen waste
A comparative evaluation of mesophilic and thermophilic biodigestion for the
stabilisation and sanitisation of kitchen waste.
[8] Ranjeet Singh, S. K. Mandal, V. K. Jain (2008), Development of mixed inoculum for
methane enriched biogas production
47
[9] Kumar, S., Gaikwad, S.A., Shekdar, A.K., Kshirsagar, P.K., Singh, R.N. (2004).
Estimation method for national methane emission from solid waste landfills.
Atmospheric Environment. 38: 34813487.
[11] Thomsen, A.B., Lissens, G., Baere, L., Verstraete, W., Ahring, B. (2004). Thermal
wet oxidation improves anaerobic biodegradability of raw and digested biowaste.
Environmental Science and Technology.38: 3418-3424.
[12] Meres, M., Szczepaniec-Cieciak, E., Sadowska, A., Piejko, K., Oczyszczania, M.P.,
Szafnicki, K. (2004). Operational and meteorological influence on the utilized biogas
composition at the Barycz landfill site in Cracow, Poland. Waste Management Resource.
22: 195201.
48