1

Mole Concept
l

One Mole Avogadros Number ( N A ) = 6.023 1023 . It

Hence, gram molecular weight (M) is numerically equal to

the atomic weight (or molecular weight) in gram unit because
1.0 mole of amu is 1.0 g.

12

is the number of atoms present in exactly 12 g of C isotope.

l

Atomic Weight (A) Atomic weight is the relative

weight of one atom of an element with respect to a standard
weight.
Weight of one atom of an element
A=
1
th part by weight of an atom of C12 isotope
12

formula is the simplest formula of a compound with the

elements in the simple whole number ratio, eg,
Molecular Formula

CH

amu (atomic mass unit) Weight

C6 H12 O6 (glucose)

CH2 O

1 amu

H2 O2

HO

H2 S2 O8 (persulphuric acid)

HSO4

1
g = 1.66 1024 g
NA
Atomic Weight (A) amu = Absolute atomic weight.

Change of Scale for Atomic Weight If an amu is

H2 +
2g

No matter in what ratio we mixed hydrogen and oxygen, they

will always combine in 1:8 mass ratio (stoichiometric mass
ratio).
l

Limiting reactant determine the amount of product in a

given chemical reaction

Molecular Weight (MW) Like atomic weight, it is the

Gram Atomic, Gram Molecular Weight (M) It is

the weight of 1.0 mole (Avogadro numbers) of atoms,
molecules or ions in gram unit.
M = A amu Avogadro number = A gram

Limiting Reactant It is the reactant that is consumed

completely during a chemical reaction. If the supplied mass
ratio of reactants are not stoichiometric ratio, one of the
reactant is consumed completely leaving parts of others
unreacted. One that is consumed completely is known as
limiting reactant.

x
A = A , where A = conventional atomic weight
12

Molecular weight
Weight of one molecule of a compound
=
1
th part by weight of an atom of C12 isotope
12

1
O H2 O
2 2
16 g
18 g

Here H2 and O2 combines in a fixed mass ratio of 1:8.

defined differently as (1/x)th part by weight of an atom of

C-12 isotope rather (1/12)th part then the atomic weight ( A )
can be derived as :

relative weight of a molecule or a compound with respect to

amu weight.

Laws of Chemical Combination Elements combine

in a fixed mass ratio, irrespective of their supplied mass ratio,
eg,

Note Atomic weight is a relative weight that indicates the

relative heaviness of one atom of an element with
respect to amu weight.
Atomic weight has no unit because it is the ratio of
weights.
One mole of an amu = 1.00 g.

Empirical Formula

C6 H6 (benzene)

1
=
th part by weight of an atom of C12 isotope
12

Empirical and Molecular Formula Empirical

Concentration Units
(i) Molarity (M) It is the moles of solute in one litre of
solution.
n
M = : n = Number of moles of solute
V
V = Volume of solution in litre
Molarity (M ) Volume (V ) = n (moles of solute)
If volume is in mL; MV = millimoles
If d g/cc is density of a solution and it contains x % of
solute of molar mass M, its molarity can be worked out as

2 | Chapter 1

Mole Concept

Molarity =
=

1000 dx
100 M

Xi =

ni
n

ni

10dx
M

i=1

(ii) Molality (m) It is the number of moles of solute

present in 1.0 kg of solvent.
Moles of solute ( n )
m=
1000
Weight of solvent in gram

(v) ppm (parts per million) Strength It is defined as

parts of solute present in 106 part of solution.
l

following formula work

M 1V1 = M 2V2

Note Molality is a true concentration unit, independent of

temperature while molarity depends on temperature.

(iii) Normality (N ) It is the number of gram equivalents

of solute in one litre of solution.
Gram equivalents of solute (Eq. )
N =
Volume of solution in litre

Dilution Formula If a concentrated solution is diluted,

(M 1 and V1 are the molarity and volumes before dilution and

M 2 and V2 are molarity and volumes after dilution)
l

Mixing of two or more solutions of different

molarities If two or more solutions of molarities
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , are mixed together, molarity of the resulting
solution can be worked out as
M V + M 2V2 + M 3V3 K
M = 11
V1 + V2 + V3 K

(iv) Mole fraction (X i ) It is the fraction of moles of a

particular component in a mixture as

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]

1. A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio
of 1:4 by weight. Therefore, the ratio of their number of
molecules is
(1979, 1M)
(a) 1 : 4
(b) 1 : 8
(c) 7 : 32
(d) 3 : 16
2. The total number of electrons in one molecule of carbon
dioxide is
(1979, 1M)
(a) 22
(b) 44
(c) 66
(d) 88
3. The largest number of molecules is in
(a) 36 g of water
(b) 28 g of CO
(c) 46 g of ethyl alcohol
(d) 54 g of nitrogen pentaoxide (N2 O5 )

(1979, 1M)

4. When the same amount of zinc is treated separately with

excess of sulphuric acid and excess of sodium hydroxide, the
ratio of volumes of hydrogen evolved is
(1979, 1M)
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 9 : 4
5. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields a
residue weighing
(1979, 1M)
(a) 2.16 g
(b) 2.48 g
(c) 2.32 g
(d) 2.64 g
6. If 0.50 mole of BaCl 2 is mixed with 0.20 mole of Na 3 PO4 ,
the maximum number of moles of Ba 3 (PO4 )2 that can be
formed is
(1981, 1M)
(a) 0.70
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.20
(d) 0.10
7. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of solute in
(a) 1000 g of solvent
(b) 1.0 L of solvent (1986, 1M)
(c) 1.0 L of solution
(d) 22.4 L of solution

8. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a solution

remains independent of temperature?
(1988, 1M)
(a) Molarity
(b) Normality
(c) Formality
(d) Molality
9. How many moles of electron weighs one kilogram?
1
(a) 6.023 1023
(b)
1031 (2002, 3M)
9.108
6.023
1
(c)
(d)
1054
108
9.108
9.108 6.023
10. Which has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 24 g of C (12)
(b) 56 g of Fe (56)
(c) 27 g of Al (27)
(d) 108 g of Ag (108)

(2003, 1M)

11. Mixture X = 0.02 mole of [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Br and 0.02 mole
of [Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4 was prepared in 2 L solution.
1 L of mixture X + excess of AgNO3 solution Y
1 L of mixture X + excess of BaCl 2 solution Z
Number of moles of Y and Z are
(2003, 1M)
(a) 0.01, 0.01
(b) 0.02, 0.01
(c) 0.01, 0.02
(d) 0.02, 0.02
12. Given that the abundances of isotopes 54 Fe, 56 Fe and 57 Fe
are 5%, 90% and 5%, respectively, the atomic mass of Fe is
(2009)

(a) 55.85
(c) 55.75

(b) 55.95
(d) 56.05

13. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water

gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of the
solution is
(2011)
(a) 1.78 M
(b) 2.00 M
(c) 2.05 M
(d) 2.22 M

Chapter 1 Mole Concept |

Fill in the Blanks

1. The modern atomic mass unit is based on the mass of
. .
(1980, 1M)
2. The total number of electrons present in 18 mL of water is
. .
(1980, 1M)

3. 3.0 g of a salt of molecular weight 30 is dissolved in 250 g

water. The molality of the solution is . .
(1983, 1M)
22

4. The weight of 1 10
. .

molecules of CuSO4 5H2 O is

(1991, 1M)

Subjective Questions
1. Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes whose
atomic weights are 10.01 and 11.01. The atomic weight of
natural boron is 10.81. Calculate the percentage of each
isotope in natural boron.
(1978, 2M)
2. Accounts for the following. Limit your answer to two
sentences, Atomic weights of most of the elements are
fractional
(1979, 1M)
3. The vapour density (hydrogen = 1) of a mixture consisting of
NO2 and N2 O4 is 38.3 at 26.7C. Calculate the number of
moles of NO2 in 100 g of the mixture.
(1979, 5M)
4. In the analysis of 0.5 g sample of feldspar, a mixture of
chlorides of sodium and potassium is obtained, which weighs
0.1180 g. Subsequent treatment of the mixed chlorides with
silver nitrate gives 0.2451 g of silver chloride. What is the
percentage of sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the
sample?
(1979, 5M)
5. 5.00 mL of a gas containing only carbon and hydrogen were
mixed with an excess of oxygen (30 mL) and the mixture
exploded by means of electric spark. After explosion, the
volume of the mixed gases remaining was 25 mL. On adding
a concentrated solution of KOH, the volume further
diminished to 15 mL, the residual gas being pure oxygen. All
volumes have been reduced to NTP. Calculate the molecular
formula of the hydrocarbon gas.
(1979, 3M)
6. (a) 1.0 L of a mixture of CO and CO2 is taken. This mixture
is passed through a tube containing red hot charcoal. The
volume now becomes 1.6 L. The volumes are measured
under the same conditions. Find the composition of
mixture by volume.
(b) A compound contains 28 per cent of nitrogen and
72 per cent of a metal by weight. 3 atoms of metal
combine with 2 atoms of nitrogen. Find the atomic
weight of metal.
(1980, 5M)

NTP required to produce 55 g n-butane, if the bromination

takes place with 90% yield and the Wurtzs reaction with
85% yield.
(1989, 3M)
10. A solid mixture (5.0 g) consisting of lead nitrate and sodium
nitrate was heated below 600C until the weight of the
residue was constant. If the loss in weight is 28.0 per cent,
find the amount of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the
mixture.
(1990, 4M)
11. Calculate the molality of 1.0 L solution of 93% H2 SO4 ,
(weight/volume). The density of the solution is 1.84 g/mL.
(1990, 1M)

12. Upon mixing 45.0 mL 0.25 M lead nitrate solution with

25.0 mL of a 0.10 M chromic sulphate solution, precipitation
of lead sulphate takes place. How many moles of lead
sulphate are formed? Also calculate the molar concentrations
of species left behind in the final solution. Assume that lead
sulphate is completely insoluble.
(1993, 3M)
13. A is a binary compound of a univalent metal. 1.422 g of A
reacts completely with 0.321 g of sulphur in an evacuated
and sealed tube to give 1.743 g of a white crystalline solid B,
that forms a hydrated double salt, C with Al 2 (SO4 )3 . Identify
A, B and C.
(1994, 2M)
14. 8.0575 102 kg of Glaubers salt is dissolved in water to
obtain 1 dm 3 of solution of density 1077.2 kg m 3 . Calculate
the molality, molarity and mole fraction of Na 2 SO4 in
solution.
(1994, 3M)
15. A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical
particles of 150 in diameter and 5000 long. The specific
volume of the virus is 0.75 cm 3 /g. If the virus is considered to
be a single particle, find its molar mass.
(1999, 3M)
16. Find the molarity of water. Given: = 1000 kg/m3

(2003)

7. An unknown compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

contains 69.77% C and 11.63% H and has a molecular
weight of 86. It does not reduces Fehling solution but forms a
bisulphate addition compound and gives a positive iodoform
test. What is the possible structure of unknown compound?

17. In a solution of 100 mL 0.5 M acetic acid, one gram of active

charcoal is added, which adsorbs acetic acid. It is found that
the concentration of acetic acid becomes 0.49 M. If surface
area of charcoal is 3.01 102 m2 , calculate the area occupied
by single acetic acid molecule on surface of charcoal.

(1987, 3M)

(2003)

8. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 g contains 34.2 g of sugar

(C12 H22 O11 ). Calculate (i) molal concentration and (ii) mole
fraction of sugar in syrup.
(1988, 2M)

18. 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2 . On heating N2 gas

evolved from sites and were collected at 0.001 atm and 298 K
in a container of volume is 2.46 cm 3 . Density of surface sites
is 6.023 1014 /cm 2 and surface area is 1000 cm 2 , find out the
number of surface sites occupied per molecule of N2 .

9. n-butane is produced by monobromination of ethane

followed by Wurtzs reaction.Calculate volume of ethane at

(2005, 3M)

4 | Chapter 1

Mole Concept

Answers
Objective Questions I
1. (c)
8. (d)

2. (a)
9. (d)

3. (a)
10. (a)

4. (a)
11. (a)

5. (a)
12. (b)

6. (d)
13. (c)

7. (a)

Fill in the Blanks

1. C-12 isotope

2. 6.023 10 24 3. 0.4

4. 4.14 g

Hints & Solutions

Objective Questions I
1.

Weight of a compound in gram ( w )

= Number of moles ( n )
Molar mass ( M )
Number of molecules ( N )
=
Avogadro number ( N A )
w ( O2 ) N ( O2 )
(i)

=
32
NA
w ( N2 ) N ( N2 )
And
(ii)
=
28
NA
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii) gives
N ( O2 ) w ( O2 ) 28 1 28 7
=

=
=
N ( N2 ) w ( N2 ) 32 4 32 32

2. In a neutral atom, atomic number represents the number of

protons inside the nucleus and equal number of electrons
around it. Therefore, the number of total electrons in
molecule of CO2
= electrons present in one carbon atom
+ 2 electrons present in one oxygen atom.
= 6 + 2 8 = 22.
3. Number of molecules persent in 36 g of water
36
=
N A = 2N A
18
Number of molecules present in 28 g of CO
28
=
NA = NA
28
Number of molecules present in 46 g of C2 H5 OH
46
=
NA = NA
46
Number of molecules present in 54 g of N2 O5
54
=
N A = 0.5 N A
108
Here NA is Avogadros number. Hence, 36 g of water
contain the largest (2N A ) number of molecules.
4. The balanced chemical reaction of zinc with sulphuric acid
and NaOH are
Zn + H2 SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 ( g )
Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2 O Na 2 [ Zn(OH)4 ] + H2 ( g )
Since one mole of H2 ( g ) is produced per mole of zinc with
both sulphuric acid and NaOH respectively, hydrogen gas is
produced in the molar ratio of 1:1 in the above reactions.

5. Unlike other metal carbonates that usually decomposes into

metal oxides liberating carbon dioxide, silver carbonate on
heating decomposes into elemental silver liberating mixture
of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas as
Heat

Ag 2 CO3 ( s ) 2Ag ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) +

MW = 276g

1
O (g )
2 2

2 108 = 216 g

Hence, 2.76 g of Ag 2 CO3 on heating will give

216
2.76 = 2.16 g Ag as residue.
276
6. The balanced chemical reaction is
3BaCl 2 + 2Na 3 PO4 Ba 3 (PO4 )2 + 6NaCl
In this reaction, 3 moles of BaCl 2 combines with 2 moles of
Na 3 PO4 . Hence, 0.5 mole of of BaCl 2 require
2
0.5 = 0.33 mole of Na 3 PO4 .
3
Since available Na 3 PO4 (0.2 mole) is less than required mole
(0.33), it is the limiting reactant and would determine the
amount of product Ba 3 (PO4 )2 .
Q 2 moles of Na 3 PO4 gives 1 mole Ba 3 (PO4 )2
1
0.2 mole of Na 3 PO4 would give 0.2
2
= 0.1 mole Ba 3 (PO4 )2
7. Molality of a solution is defined as number of moles of solute
present in 1.0 kg (1000 g) of solvent.
8. Molality is defined in terms of weight, hence independent of
temperature. Remaining three concentration units are
defined in terms of volume of solution, they depends on
temperature.
9. Mass of an electron
= 9.108 1031 kg
Q 9.108 1031 kg = 1.0 electron
1
1 kg =
electrons

9.108 1031
1031
1

9.108 6.023 1023

1
=
108 mole of electrons.
9.108 6.023
=

Chapter 1 Mole Concept |

10. Number of atoms = number of moles

Avogadros number ( N A )
24
Number of atoms in 24 g C =
N A = 2N A
12
Number of atoms in 56 g of Fe
56
=
NA = NA
56
27
Number of atoms in 27 g of Al =
NA = NA
27
108
Number of atoms in 108 g of Ag =
NA = NA
108
Hence, 24 g of carbon has the maximum number of atoms.
11. 1.0 L of mixture X contain 0.01 mole of each
[(Co(NH3 )5 SO4 )]Br an [Co(NH3 )5 Br)]SO4 . Also, with
AgNO3 , only [(Co(NH3 )5 SO4 )]Br reacts to give AgBr
precipitate as
[Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Br + AgNO3 [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]NO3
1.0 mol

excess

+ AgBr
1.0 mol

With BaCl 2 , only [Co(NH3 )5 Br)]SO4 reacts giving BaSO4

precipitate as
[Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4 + BaCl 2 [Co(NH3 )5 Br]Cl 2
1.0 mol

excess

+ BaSO4
1 mol

Hence, moles of Y and Z are 0.01 each.

12. From the given relative abundance, the average weight of Fe
can be calculated as
54 5 + 56 90 + 57 5
= 55.95
A=
100
Moles of solute
120
13. Molarity =
moles of urea =
=2
Volume of solution (L)
60
weight of solution = weight of solvent + weight of solute
=
1000 + 120 = 1120g
1120g
1

Volume =

= 0.974L
1.15g / mL 1000mL / L

Molarity =

2.000
= 2.05M
0.974

Fill in the Blanks

Number of moles of solute
Volume of solution in litre
Weight of solute
1000
3 1000
=

Molar mass
Volume in mL 30 250
= 0.4 M

1. Carbon-12 isotope. According to modern atomic mass unit,

one atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as one-twelfth of mass
of an atom of C-12 isotope, ie,
1
1 amu (u) =
weight of an atom of C-12 isotope.
12

3. Molarity =

2. Considering density of water to be 1.0 g/mL, 18 mL of water

is 18 g (1.0 mol) of water and it contain Avogadro number of
molecules. Also one molecule of water contain
2 (one from each H atom) + 8 (from oxygen atom)

4. Molar mass of CuSO4 5H2 O

= 63.5 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 18 = 249.5 g

= 10 electrons.
1.0 mole of H2 O contain = 10 6.023 1023
= 6.023 1024 electrons.

Also, molar mass represents mass of Avogadro number of

molecules in gram unit, therefore,
Q 6.023 1023 molecules of CuSO4 5H2 O weigh 249.5 g
1022 molecules will weigh

249.5
23

6.023 10

1022 = 4.14 g

Subjective Questions
1. Average atomic weight
Percentage of an isotope atomic weight
=
100
10.01x + 11.01 (100 x )
10.81 =

100

x = 20%
Therefore, natural boron contain 20% (10.01) isotope and
80% other isotope.
2. Most of the elements found in nature exist as a mixture of
isotopes whose atomic weights are different. The atomic
weight of an element is the average of atomic weights of all
its naturally occurring isotopes.

3. From the vapour density information

Molar mass = vapour density 2
(Q Molar mass of H2 = 2)
= 38.3 2 = 76.6
Now, let us consider 1.0 mole of mixture and it contain x
mole of NO2 .

46 x + 92 (1 x ) = 76.6

x = 0.3348
100
Also, in 100 g mixture, number of moles =
76.6
100
Moles of NO2 in mixture =
0.3348 = 0.437
76.6

6 | Chapter 1

Mole Concept

4. Oxides of sodium and potassium are converted into chlorides

according to following reactions :
Na 2 O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2 O
K 2 O + 2HCl 2KCl + H2 O
Finally all the chlorides of NaCl and KCl are converted into
AgCl, hence
moles of (NaCl + KCl) = moles of AgCl
(one mole of either NaCl or KCl gives one mole of AgCl)
Now, let the chloride mixture contain x g NaCl.
x
0.118 x 0.2451

+
=
58.5
74.5
143.5
Solving for x gives x = 0.0338 g (mass of NaCl)
mass of KCl = 0.118 0.0338 = 0.0842 g

1
Also, moles of Na 2 O = moles of NaCl
2
1 0.0338
mass of Na 2 O =

62 = 0.0179 g
2
58.5
1 0.0842
Similarly, mass of K 2 O =
94 = 0.053 g
2
74.5
0.0179
mass % of Na 2 O =

100 = 3.58 %
0.5
0.053
mass % of K 2 O =
100 = 10.6 %
0.5
5. In the present case, V n Q all the volumes are measured
under identical conditions of temperature and pressure.
Hence, the reaction stoichiometry can be solved using
volumes as :
y
y

Cx H y ( g ) + x + O2 ( g ) x CO2 ( g ) + H2 O ( l )

4
2
volume of CO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) (remaining unreacted) = 25
Volume of CO2 ( g ) produced
= 10 mL (15 mL O2 remaining)
Q 1 mL Cx H y produces x mL of CO2
5 mL Cx H y will produce 5x mL of CO2 = 10 mL

x=2
y

Also 1 mL Cx H y combines with x + mL of O2

4
y

5 mL Cx H y will combine with 5 x + mL of O2

5 x + = 15 (15 mL of O2 out of 30 mL

4
remaining unreacted)
y = 4, hence, hydrocarbon is C2 H4 .

6. (a) After passing through red-hot charcoal, following

reaction occurs
C( s ) + CO2 ( g ) 2CO( g )
If the 1.0 L original mixture contain x litre of CO2 , after
passing from tube containing red-hot charcoal, the new
volumes would be :

2x (volume of CO obtained from CO2 ) + 1

x (original CO) = 1 + x = 1.6 (given)

x = 0.6
Hence, original 1.0 L mixture has 0.4 L CO and 0.6 L of
CO2 , ie, 40% CO and 60% CO2 by volume.
(b) Accroding to the given information, molecular formula
of the compound is M 3 N2 . Also, 1.0 mole of compound
has 28 g of nitrogen. If X is the molar mass of compound,
then :
28
X
= 28
100
X = 100 = 3 Atomic weight of M + 28
72
Atomic weight of M =
= 24
3
7. From the given elemental composition, empirical formula
can be derived as :
Element

Weight %

69.77

11.63

18.60

Mole %

5.81

11.63

1.1625 (obtained by
dividing from M )

10

Simple ratio

Hence, empirical formula is C5 H10 O and empirical formula

weight is 86.
Since, empirical formula weight and molecular weight are
both 86, empirical formula is the molecular formula also.
Also, the compound does not reduce Fehling solution,
therefore it is not an aldehyde, but it forms bisulphite, it must
be a ketone. Also, it gives positive iodoform test, it must be a
methyl ketone :
O

C3 H7 C CH3
Based on the above information, the compound may be one
of the following :
O
CH3 O

CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH3 or CH3 CH C CH3

2-pentanone

3-methyl-2- butanone

34.2
= 0.1
342
Moles of water in syrup = 214.2 34.2 = 180 g
Moles of solute
Therefore, (i) molality =
1000
Weight of solvent (g)

8. Moles of sugar =

0.1
1000 = 0.55
180
(ii) Mole fraction of sugar
Mole of sugar
=
Mole of sugar + mole of water
0.1
= 9.9 10 3
=
0.1 + 10
=

Chapter 1 Mole Concept |

9. Reactions involved are

C2 H6 + Br2 C2 H5 Br + HBr
2C2 H5 Br + 2Na C4 H10 + 2NaBr
Actual yield of C4 H10 = 55g which is 85% of theoretical
yield.
55 100
= 64.70 g
Theoretical yield of C4 H10 =
85
Also 2 moles (218 g) C2 H5 Br gives 58 g of butane.
64.70 g of butane would be obtained from
2
64.70 = 2.23 moles C2 H5 Br
58
Also yield of bromination reaction is only 90%, in order to
have 2.23 moles of C2 H5 Br, theoretically
2.23 100
= 2.48 moles of C2 H5 Br required.
90
Therefore, moles of C2 H6 required = 2.48
Volume of C2 H6 (NTP) required = 2.48 22.4
= 55.50 L.
10. Heating below 600C converts Pb(NO3 )2 into PbO but to
NaNO3 into NaNO2 as :

Pb(NO3 )2 PbO( s ) + 2NO2 +

MW :

330

222

NaNO3 NaNO2 ( s ) +
MW :

85

1
O
2 2

1
O
2 2

69

millimol of Pb(NO3 )2 taken = 45 0.25 = 11.25

millimol of Cr2 (SO4 )3 taken = 2.5
Here, chromic sulphate is the limiting reagent, it will
determine the amount of product.
Q 1 mole Cr2 (SO4 )3 produces 3 moles PbSO4 .
2.5 millimol Cr2 (SO4 )3 will produce 7.5 millimol PbSO4 .
Hence, mole of PbSO4 precipitate formed = 7.5 10 3
Also, millimol of Pb(NO3 )2 remaining unreacted
11.25 7.50 = 3.75
Molarity of Pb(NO3 )2 in final solution
Millimol of Pb(NO3 )2
=
Total volume
=

3.75
= 0.054 M
70

Also, millimol of Cr(NO3 )2 formed

= 2 millimol of Cr2 (SO4 )3 reacted
5
= 0.071 M
Molarity of Cr(NO3 )2 =
70
13. Compound B forms hydrated crystals with Al 2 ( SO4 )3 . Also,
B is formed with univalent metal on heating with sulphur.
Hence, compound B must has the molecular formula M 2 SO4
and compound A must be an oxide of M which reacts with
sulphur to give metal sulphate as
A + S M 2 SO4
B

28
Weight loss = 5
= 1.4 g
100
Weight of residue left = 5 1.4 = 3.6 g
Now, let the original mixture contain x g of Pb(NO3 )2 .
Q 330 g Pb(NO3 )2 gives 222 g PbO
222 x
g PbO
x g Pb(NO3 )2 will give
330
Similarly, 85 g NaNO3 gives 69 g NaNO2
69 ( 5 x )
g NaNO2
(5 x) g NaNO3 will give
85
222 x 69 ( 5 x )
= 3.6 g
Residue :
+
330
85
Solving for x gives, x = 3.3 g Pb(NO3 )2

NaNO3 = 1.7 g.
11. 93% H2 SO4 solution weight by volume indicates that there is
93 g H2 SO4 in 100 mL of solution.
If we consider 100 mL solution, weight of solution = 184 g
Weight of H2 O in 100 mL solution = 184 93 = 91 g
Moles of solute
Molality =
1000
Weight of solvent (g)
93 1000
= 10.43
=

98
91
12. The reaction involved is
3Pb(NO3 )2 + Cr2 (SO4 )3 3PbSO4 ( s )
+ 2Cr(NO3 )3

Q 0.321 g sulphur gives 1.743 g of M 2 SO4

32.1 g S (one mole) will give 174.3 g M 2 SO4
Therefore, molar mass of M 2 SO4 = 174.3 g
174.3 = 2 Atomic weight of M + 32.1 + 64
Atomic weight of M = 39, metal is potassium (K)
K 2 SO4 on treatment with aqueous Al 2 ( SO4 )3 gives
potash-alum.
K 2 SO4 + Al 2 (SO4 )3 + 24H2 O
B

K 2 SO4 Al 2 (SO4 )3 24H2 O

C

If the metal oxide A has molecular formula MOx , two moles

of it combine with one mole of sulphur to give one mole of
metal sulphate as
2KOx + S K 2 SO4
x = 2, ie, A is KO2 .
14. Molar mass of Glauber salt (Na 2 SO4 10H2 O)
= 23 2 + 32 + 64 + 10 18 = 322 g
mole of Na 2 SO4 10H2 O in 1.0 L solution
80.575
=
= 0.25
322
molarity of solution = 0.25 M
Also, weight of 1.0 L solution = 1077.2 g
weight of Na 2 SO4 in 1.0 L solution = 0.25 142 =35.5 g
weight of water in 1.0 L solution = 1077.2 35.5
= 1041.7 g

8 | Chapter 1

Mole Concept

0.25
1000 = 0.24 m
1041.7
mole fraction of Na 2 SO4
Mole of Na 2 SO4
=
Mole of Na 2 SO4 + mole of water
molality =

0.25
= 4.3 10 3 .
1041.7
0.25 +
18

millimol of CH3 COOH adsorbed = 50 49 = 1

number of molecules of CH3 COOH adsorbed
1
=
6.023 1023
1000
= 6.023 1020
Area covered up by one molecule =

= 3.14 (75 108 )2 5000 108 cm3

17

= 8.83 10 cm
Volume of a virus
Mass of one virus =
Specific volume
=

8.83 1017 cm3

3

0.75 cm g

= 1.1775 1016 g

Molar mass of virus

= mass of one virus Avogadro number
= 1.1775 1016 6.023 1023 g
6

= 70.92 10 g
16. Mass of 1.0 L water = 1000 g
1000
Molarity =
= 55.56 mol L1
18
17. Initial millimol of CH3 COOH = 100 0.5 = 50
millimol of CH3 COOH remaining after adsorption
= 100 0.49 = 49

6.02 1020

= 5 10 19 m 2

15. Volume of one cylinderical plant virus = r l

3.01 102

18. Partial pressure of N2 = 0.001 atm,

T = 298 K, V = 2.46 dm 3 .
From ideal gas law : pV = nRT
pV 0.001 2.46
n ( N2 ) =
=
= 107
RT
0.082 298
No. of molecules of N2 = 6.023 1023 107
= 6.023 1016
Now, total surface sites available
= 6.023 1014 1000
= 6.023 1017
20
6.023 1017
100
= 2 6.023 1016

Surface sites used in adsorption =

Sites occupied per molecules =

=

Number of sites
Number of molecules
2 6.023 1016
6.023 1016

=2