S11 MTH3175 Group TH Q4 Pract Sol
S11 MTH3175 Group TH Q4 Pract Sol
S11 MTH3175 Group TH Q4 Pract Sol
Todorov)
Name:
Dihedral group D4
1. Let D4 =< , t | 4 = e, t2 = e, tt = 1 > be the dihedral group.
(a) Write the Cayley table for D4 . You may use the fact that {e, , 2 , 3 , t, t, t2 , t3 }
are all distinct elements of D4 .
Table 1: D4
D4
e
2
3
t
t
t2
t3
e
e
2
3
t
t
t2
t3
2
3
e
t
t2
t3
t
2
2
3
e
t2
t3
t
t
3
3
e
2
t3
t
t
t2
t
t
t3
t2
t
e
3
2
t
t
t
t3
t2
e
3
2
t2
t2
t
t
t3
2
e
3
t3
t3
t2
t
t
3
2
t
t
e
2
t2
t2
t2
2
e
t
2
2
t2
t
e
Name:
Isomorphisms
2. Prove that the map f : (Z10 , +) (Z10 , +) defined by f (x) = x + 2 (mod10) is not an
isomorphism of groups.
One way: f (x) is NOT group isomorphism, since
f (x + y) = 2 + x + y, but f (x) + f (y) = 2 + x + 2 + y, and
2 + x + y 6= 4 + x + y = 2 + x + 2 + y in Z10 .
Therefore the property f (a b) = f (a)f (b) does not hold.
Another way: For each isomorphism of groups f : G G0 , f (eG ) = eG0 . However
f (0) = 2 6= 0, hence f is not isomorphism.
3. Prove that the map f : (Z10 , +) (Z10 , +) defined by f (x) = 3x (mod10) is an isomorphism
of groups.
Isomorphisms between cyclic groups G =< a > and G0 =< b > of the same order can
be defined by
sending a, the generator of group G to a generator of G0 and
defining f (ai ) := (f (a))i .
(Z10 , +) is a cyclic group of order 10 with a generator 1.
Generators of (Z10 , +) are all integers {k | 1 k 9, gcd(k, 10) = 1}
f (1) = 3 which is also a generator in (Z10 , +)
f (ai ) = (f (a))i in additive notation with generator 1, is written as
f (i 1) = i f (1), which is the same as f (x) = x 3 or f (x) = 3x.
Therefere f is an isomorphism of the above cyclic groups.
4. let G =< a > be a cyclic group of order 10. Prove that the map f : G G defined by
f (a) = a3 and f (ai ) = a3i is a group isomorphism.
Isomorphisms between cyclic groups G =< a > and G0 =< b > of the same order can
be defined by
sending a, the generator of group G to a generator of G0 and
defining f (ai ) := (f (a))i .
G =< a > is a cyclic group of order 10 with a generator a.
Generators of < a > are all {at | 1 t 9, gcd(t, 10) = 1}
f (a) = a3 which is also a generator of G =< a >
From f (ai ) = a3i we have f (ai ) = a3i = (a3 )i = (f (a))i
Therefere f is an isomorphism of the above cyclic groups.
Name:
5. Let G =< a > be a cyclic group of order 10. Prove that the map f : G G defined by
f (a) = a4 and f (ai ) = a4i is not group isomorphism.
(One way) Isomorphism must send generator to a generator (see previous problems) but
a4 is not generator the cyclic group of order 10, G =< a > since gcd(4, 10) = 2 6= 1.
(Another way) Orders of a and f (a) must be the same if f is an isomorphism. But
= 5. Hence |a| 6= |f (a)|. Hence f is
|a| = 10 and |f (a)| = |a4 | = |agcd(4,10) | = |a2 | = 10
2
not an isomorphism.
(Third way) The map f is not one-to-one.
Proof: f (a) = a4 and f (a7 ) = a14 = a4 but a 6= a7 in a cyclic group of order 10 (all
elements {e, a, a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , a6 , a7 , a8 , a9 } are distinct.
6. Let G =< a > be a cyclic group of order 10. Describe all automorphisms of G.
Hint: f (a) must be a generator of G =< a >.
7. Describe 3 different group isomorphisms (Z10 , +) (Z10 , +). (Make sure that you explain
why they are isomorphisms! )
Name:
Name:
Cosets
11. Let G = D4 Let D4 =< , t | 4 = e, t2 = e, tt = 1 > be the dihedral group with the
distinct elements: {e, , 2 , 3 , t, t, t2 , t3 }.
Let H =< t > be the subgroup generated by t.
(a) What are the elements of H?
H = {t, t2 = e} = {e, t}
(b) What is the size of H?
|H| = |{e, t}| = 2
(c) What is the size of each of the left cosets of H in G.
|aH| = |H| = 2
(d) Find all left cosets of H in G.
eH = {e, t} = H
tH = {te, tt} = {t, e} = H
H = {e, t} = {, t3 } (use t = t3 for this and other cosets)
2 H = {2 e, 2 t} = {2 , t2 }
3 H = {3 e, 3 t} = {3 , t}
tH = {te, tt} = {t, 3 }
t2 H = {t2 e, t2 t} = {t2 , 2 }
t3 H = {t3 e, t3 t} = {t3 , }
Notice: eH = tH = H, H = t3 H, 2 H = t2 H, 3 H = tH
He = {e, t} = H
Ht = {et, tt} = {t, e} = H
H = {e, t} = {, t}
H2 = {e2 , t2 } = {2 , t2 }
H3 = {e3 , t3 } = {3 , t3 }
Ht = {et, tt} = {t, }
Ht2 = {et2 , tt2 } = {t2 , 2 }
Ht3 = {et3 , tt3 } = {t3 , 3 }
5
Name:
Name:
0+H
1+H
2+H
3+H
4+H
5+H
= {0, 3, 6, 9}
= {1, 4, 7, 10}
= {2, 5, 8, 11}
= {3, 6, 9, 0} = 0 + H = 6 + H = 9 + H
= {4, 7, 10, 1} = 1 + H = 7 + H = 10 + H
= {5, 8, 11, 2} = 2 + H = 8 + H = 11 + H
Name:
Name:
15. Let G = A4 be the group of even permutations on four elements {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Let H =< (134) > be the subgroup generated by the permutation = (134).
(a) What are the elements of H?
(b) What is the size of H?
(c) What is the size of each of the left cosets of H in G.
(d) Find all left cosets of H in G.
10
Name:
Name:
16. Let G be the group generated by the permutations = (1 2 3 4) and = (5 6 7 8 9 10) in S10 .
Let H =< > be the subgroup of G generated by the permutation = (1 2 3 4)(5 6 7 8 9 10).
(a) What are the elements of H?
(b) What is the size of H?
(c) What is the size of each of the left cosets of H in G.
(d) Find all left cosets of H in G.
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