International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

DOI: 10.5923/j.textile.20140302.01

Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants in

Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes
Wazeer Hussain Solangi1,*, Zulfiqar Ali Noonari1, Asghar Ali Channa1, Asad Jamil2
1

Instructor, Pak-Korea Garment Technology Institute Korangi, Karachi, City, 74500, Pakistan
2
Assistant Manager, Hira Terry Mills, Raewind-Manga Road, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract In this project both natural and synthetic migration inhibitors were applied using different concentrations i-e
10g/L, 20g/L and 30g/L. After dyeing of fabric the dyed samples were test for: 1. Migration test; 2. Color depth; 3. Tensile/
Tear strength; 4. Bending length; 5. Wash fastness. The results showed that synthetic migration inhibitors efficiently
restrict dye particles movement as compared to natural migration inhibitors. The result also shows that natural migration
inhibitors make fabric stiff as compared to synthetic migration inhibitors. But on the other hand natural migration inhibitors
as compared to synthetic show good color depth and do not affect tensile and tear strength of fabric.
Keywords Fiber structure and formation, Diffusion of dye, Synthetic migration inhibitors

1. Literature Review
F.Somm and R.Buser, Sandoz AG worked on migration
problems during intermediate drying of pad dyeing and
concluded that many continuous dyeing faults are definitely
traceable to migration problem [17].
Nick j. Christle works on different natural and synthetic
thickeners for the thermosol and space dyeing processes in
general. Essential properties of the gums used in thermosol
and space dyeing and some typical procedures of the gum
preparation and techniques of application are given [18].
Allan H. Lambert and Robert J. Harper, worked on a
novel approach to restrict migration of reagents during
drying of cotton textiles is to add thermal gels such as
cellulose ethers. Methyl cellulose was applied along with a
cross linker, but methyl cellulose does not interfere with
cross linker, nor does it completely restrict migration [19].
Stanely P. Rowland, Noelie R. Bertoniere and Walter D.
king worked on reagent migration in fabric thickness in
pad-dry-cure finishing. Migration of DMDHEU in the
thickness direction of fabric was examined under conditions
of forced draft drying from 40 oC to 160oC. The subsequent
cured fabrics were subjected to de Boer migration measure to
clarify extents of migration of reagent residues to fabric
surface. Unbalanced and variable migrations observed for
forced draft drying in laboratory oven [20].
P. Bajaj, R. B. Chavan and Manjeet Bhatia worked on
cross-linked acid based thickeners their preparation and
* Corresponding author:
[email protected] (Wazeer Hussain Solangi)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/textile
Copyright 2014 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

performance in reactive dyeing and printing. For economic

and technical reasons, low solid content thickeners are
desirable for textile application with reactive dyes on cotton.
Crosslinking of an acrylic acid based thickener (saponified
acrylonitrile) was attempted with multi valent metal salts and
a bifunctional cross linking agent. As the concentration of
the aluminiunsulphaaate is increased, a tremendous increase
in the viscosity occurred [21].
J. N. Etters worked on inducing and measuring particulate
migration and reviewed a recommended method for inducing
and measuring particulate migration and refinements to the
method were suggested. Statistical analysis of experimental
data shows that the use of a watch glass migration chamber
that is saturated with water vapor can lead to slightly higher
values of particulate migration than can the use of an
unsaturated chamber [22].

2. Introduction to Reactive Dyes

Reactive dyes consist of a chromosphere attached to a
reactive group through a -NH- group. The chromosphere is
responsible for the color of the molecule. The reactive group
provides capability for the dye to react with the fiber and has
little or no influence on the color.
Since the dye is fixed to fiber by covalent bonds, the
chromosphere can be a small, simple structure with limited
reaction to the fiber. Small molecular structures in reactive
dyes provide advantages such as high solubility in water,
easy removal of hydrolyzed and bright colors. Therefore the
chromosphere is usually a relatively small structure
containing sulfonate groups to make the dye soluble in water.
Typically chromospheres in reactive dye structures are mono
azo, anthraquinone, pthalocyanine (for bright turquoise hue),

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Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

triphenodioxazine and formazan. The azo group is

sometimes metallised with copper, cobalt, or chromium to
produce a bathochromic shift.
Several types of reactive groups are found in reactive dyes.
The first reactive dyes contained triazine reactive groups.

This type of reactive group is important in reactive dyes

today. The dyes are made by attaching a chromophore to
trichlorotriazine (cyanuricchloride).

Dichlorotriazine type reactive dyes contain two displaceable (reactive) chlorine groups. Monochlorotriazine type reactive
dyes are made by substituting one of the remaining chlorine atoms with an unreactive group leaving only one reactive group
on the dye molecule. Dichlorotriazine reactive dyes are more reactive and are usually applied at lower temperatures then
monochlorotriazine reactive dyes. Both types are widely used. Cyanuric chloride is a chromophoric blocking group.
Attachment of two chromophores through the triazine ring structure produce a dye with the color that would be produced by
physically mixing two chromophores. Thus attachment of a blue and a yellow chromophore through a triazine ring produces
a green dye. Although the structure produced by this method are too large to be reactive dyes, the technique used in making
direct dyes, CI direct green 26 is an example of a dye produced by this method.
Diazine reactive groups are also used in reactive dye molecules. Pyrimidine and quinoxaline are the most important of the
diazines in commercial reactive dyes.

The leaving groups (chlorine of other) on diazine rings are less reactive then those on triazinerings. The quinoxaline dyes
are less reactive then dichlorotriazine reactive dyes. Even though they may contain more than one halogen atom, the
reactivity of the other diazine types is similar to that of the monochlorotriazine types.

International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

19

Although chlorine is the most common leaving group on reactive dye molecules, many other leaving atoms and groups
have been described in patent literature. Three leaving groups other then chlorine that are found on commercial dyes are
fluorine, quartinary ammonium, and methyl sulfonyl. Following are the examples of dyes with these leaving groups.

All three of these groups are effective leaving group which

makes the dye more reactive then dyes with reactive
molecules containing chlorine leaving groups. The nicotinic
acid leaving group shown in the quartnery ammonium
example above produces dyes which react with cellulose
under neutral conditions. This allows them to be applied
simultaneously in the same dye bath with disperse dyes on
polyester cotton blend fabrics [7].
2.1. Diffusion of Dye in the Application of Reactive Dyes
a) Diffusion of dye into the cellulose fiber. Varying the
dyeing time, the dye bath temperature and the salt
concentration controls it.
b) Reaction between the dye and cellulose. It is achieved
by the selection of an appropriate alkalinity (pH).
The above mentioned stages very briefly describe the
reactive dyeing procedure, following is given all the phases
and factors that play a vital role in reactive dyeing [7].
2.2. Adsorption
Factors affecting are:
Nature of dye (dye affinity)
Liquor ratio
Electrolyte concentration
Temperature
Nature of fiber
2.3. Absorption
Factors affecting are
Nature of dye (diffusion co-efficient of dye)
Liquor ratio
Temperature
Nature of fiber
Particle size of fiber
2.4. Fixation
Factors affecting are:
Reactivity of dye
pH

temperature
2.5. Removal of Hydrolyzed Dye
Factors affecting are
Affinity
Electrolyte concentration
Temperature
2.6. Migration Inhibitors
A substance added to a dye to slow down its ability to
spread or bleed into a fabric as it is applied. Natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are used in the industry.
Anti-migration agents used particularly for dyeing and
printing include polyvinyl methyl ethers of a mean
molecular weight of about 100,000, alginates, low
molecular weight cellulose ethers, polyethylene glycols of
mean molecular weights of from 8,000 to 10,000 and
special
polymers
of
poly
vinyl
caprolactam.
Migration-inhibiting agents which are to give useful results
in dyeing and printing followed by intermediate drying
should neither disturb the dye neither finish nor cause loss
in brilliance. In addition, the agent should have adequate
liquor stability, should not cause any hardening of the
handle and should have good solubility at room temperature.
Finally, small amounts should give good effects.
The turbidity point of these compounds is also of special
importance and should lie within a range from about 35 to
55C. Migration inhibitor for continuous dyeing, improves
surface levelness of dyeings. Migration inhibitors are
necessary to control dye particle movement during the
pre-drying phase.
2.7. Synthetic Migration Inhibitors
Synthetic migration inhibitors have mostly chemical
constitution of acrylic copolymer. Their ionic character is
anionic. They wash off easily hence no harshening of handle.
They are present in both colored and colorless forms but
mostly yellowish in color. Stable in hard water and to acids,
alkalis and electrolytes in the usual amounts. They are stable

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Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

at 20C and can be kept for a year or more than year but they
should be tightly reclosed after each withdrawal.
Synthetic migration inhibitors to be used in the experiment
are:
a) Thermaco MIN:
Ionic character:-Anionic
Physical form:-Colorless liquid
Specific gravity:-approx. 0.9
General stability:- stable to hard water and pH values
between 4 and 10.
Storage stability: - stable for more than one year at
20closed containers. Should not be stored at temperatures
above 40 C
Compatibility: - compatible with anionic and non-ionic
Auxiliaries.
Ecology/Toxicology:-The usual hygiene and safety rules
for handling chemicals should be observed in storage,
handling and use. The product must not be swallowed.
b) Thermacol MP:
Chemical constitution:- Aqueous solution of an acrylic
polymer
Ionic character:- Anionic
Specific gravity:- approx. 1
pH:- about 6
Compatibility:- compatible with anionic and nonionic
auxiliaries.
General stability: - stable in hard water and to acids,
alkalis and electrolytes in the usual amounts.
Storage stability: - stable for more than one year at 20C in
closed containers. Solidifies at temperatures below freezing
but after reverting to room temperature it is fully effective
again.
Ecology/Toxicology: - The usual hygiene and safety rules
for handling chemicals should be observed in storage,
handling and use. The product must not be swallowed.

2.8. Natural Migration Inhibitor

Natural migration inhibitor used in the industry:
a) Sodium Alginate:
Sodium Alginate is the purified carbohydrate product
extracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali. It
consists chiefly of the sodium salt of Alginic Acid, a
polyuronic acid composed of b-D-mannuronic acid residues
linked so that the carboxyl group of each unit is free while
the aldehyde group is shielded by a glycosidic linkage.
Molecular Formula: C5H7O4COONa

Figure 1. Sodium alginate structure

In textile dyeing and printing, alginates are used as

migration inhibitors and thickeners. Alginates became
important with the advent of reactive dyes. These combine
chemically with cellulose in the fabric. Many of the usual
thickeners, such as starch, react with the reactive dyes, and
this leads to lower color yields and sometimes by-products
that are not easily washed out. Alginates do not react with
the dyes, they easily wash out of the finished textile and are
the best migration inhibitors and thickeners for reactive
dyes [11].
b) Guar gum:
Guar gum is a natural hydrocolloid that is obtained from
the ground endosperm of the guar plant. Guar Gum mainly
consists of hydro colloidal polysaccharide with a high
molecular weight, which consists of galactopyranose- and
mannopyranose- units in glycoside linkage which can be
chemically described as galactomannan.

c) Primasol FFAM:
No surfactant; no foaming; freely miscible with water.
Nature:-Acrylic Copolymer.
Physical form:-Yellowish viscous liquid.
Density:- 1.09 g/cm3 at 20 C
pH:- 6.5 - 7.5.
Storage:- Primasol FF-AM can be kept for at least 12
months in the original sealed containers at temperatures
between 5C and 25C. Once the containers have been
opened, their contents should be used up as rapidly as
possible, and they should be tightly reclosed after each
withdrawal.
Safety:- When using this product, the information and
advice given in our Safety Date sheet should be observed.
Due attention should also be given to the precautions
necessary for handling chemicals
Action:- Primasol FF-AM prevents the migration of
pigment articles during Intermediate drying of fabrics
produced from cellulosic fibers and their blends with
manmade fibers [10].

Figure 2. Structure of guar gum

The most important property of guar gum is its ability to

hydrate rapidly in cold water to attain uniform and very high
viscosity at relatively low concentrations.
Guar Gum gives excellent film forming and thickening
properties when used for textile sizing, finishing and dyeing
and printing. It reduces warp breakage, reduces dusting
while sizing and gives better efficiency in production.
The viscosity of the guar gum and stock migration
inhibitors shows good stability over a long period [12].
c) Carboxyl methyl cellulose:
Carboxyl Methyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative

International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of

the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that

21

make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium

salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

Figure 3. Structure of Carboxyl Methyl cellulose

Most CMCs dissolve rapidly in cold water and are mainly used for controlling viscosity without gelling (CMC, at typical
concentrations, does not gel even in the presence of calcium ions). Its control of viscosity allows use as thickener, phase and
emulsion stabilizer and suspending agent. CMC can be also used for its water-holding capacity as this is high even at low
viscosity; particularly when used as the Ca2+ salt. CMC is non-toxic, and is non-allergenic.

3. Experimental Work
3.1. Material and Equipment
To proceed with the proposed project material and methods are selected. Methods were performed in National Textile
University, Faisalabad with the exception of migration inhibitors which were acquired from CIBA and BASF chemicals.
The material and equipment used for the completion of the project are described below in detail.
Fabric
Chemicals
Equipments
3.1.1. Fabric Specifications
100% bleached cotton fabric was used in this work and its warp and weft count were 31s and its end per inch were 90 and
picks per inch were 59
3.1.2. Chemicals
The chemicals were used, are given below:
Table 1. 3.1.2. Chemicals
Serial #

Chemicals

Commercial name

Manufacturer

Migration inhibitor

Thermacol MP

Huntsman

Migration inhibitor

Primasol FFAM

BASF

Migration inhibitor

Thermacol MIN

Huntsman

Migration inhibitor

Sodium alginate

Migration inhibitor

Guar gum

Migration inhibitor

Caroboxymethyl cellulose

Reactive dye

Sandalfix red 150%

Sandal dyestuff

Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

22

3.1.3. Equipments
3.1.3.1. Application Equipments
The following machines described below were used for the completion of the project:
Padder (Manufacturer: Daiei kagakuaeikiseisakushu.Ltd)
Thermosol (Manufacturer: Daiei kagakuaeikiseisakushu.Ltd)
Table 2. 3.1.3.1. Application Equipments
Type of Test

Manufacturer

Test Standard

Washing fastness

Simple transparent glass,

watch glass and grey scale
Launder- Meter

DAIEI KAGAKV SEIKI MFG.CO.LTD

AATCC Test
Method 140-2001
ISO 105 CO3

Colorfastness to crocking

Crock meter

Shirley development Manchester, UK

ISO105*12

Migration test

Instrument used

Color strength

Spectrophotometer

Color-Eye Gretamacbeth

Tensile strength

Tensile tester

Daiei kagakuaeikiseisakushu.Ltd

ASTM 14-32

Tear strength

Elmendrof tear tester

Daiei kagakuaeikiseisakushu.Ltd

ASTM 14-22

3.2. Application Method

First of all 100% bleached cotton was taken. The bleached cotton was then dyed with Sandalfix red 150% reactive dye for
10% shade using different migration inhibitors, both synthetic and natural. The laboratory dyeing pad padthermosol machine
was used and method of dyeing was pad-dry-cure. Padding was done in padder after padding, drying and curing was done in
thermosol. The drying temperature was 120C for two minutes and curing temperature was 180C for two minutes.
3.2.1. Recipies
Table 3. 3.2.1 Recipies
Sandalfix red 150%
Na2CO3
Urea
Migration inhibitor

10 g/L
20g/ L
10g/ L
10g/ L, 20g/ L and 30g/L

The same procedure was repeated by taking 10g/ L, 20g/ L and 30g/L of migration inhibitors used-e sodium alginate,
Carboxymethyl cellulose, Guar gum, Thermacol MP, Primasol FFAM and Thermacol MIN. All other chemicals were remain
same in the whole experiment except the concentration of migration inhibitors. Migration test was performed on each sample
after padding then fabric was dried and cured.
drying temperature
120 C
curing temperature
180C
After dyeing hot washing and cold washing was done of each sample.
3.2.2. Migration Test
Fabric was impregnated with colorant and auxiliaries then fabric was padded and dried partially covering with a watch
glass and partial drying was done, and therefore migration to occur. The degree of migration was evaluated by visual
examination. AATCC Test Method 140-2001 was followed [23].

Figure 4. Layout of Migration test apparatus

International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

Visual examination was observed on a gray scale of 1-5 by reference to the Gray Scale for Color Change:
3.3. Results and Discussion
3.3.1. Effects of Migration Inhibitors
Natural migration inhibitors when use darting obtained was:

Figure 5. Natural migration inhibitors when used

Synthetic migration inhibitors when used rating obtained was:

Figure 6. Synthetic migration inhibitors when used

Figure 7. Migration inhibitors

23

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Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

From the above results we observed as the concentration of migration inhibitor is increased the migration is less, and it was
also observed that synthetic migration inhibitors do their job well then natural migration inhibitors. Synthetic migration
inhibitors also reduce cleaning time hence increased productivity. In natural migration inhibitor, sodium alginate prevents
dye migration better than other natural migration inhibitors, while in synthetic migration inhibitors Primasol FFAM and
Thermacol MP prevents better dye migration.
3.3.2. Effect of Migration Inhibitors on Tensile and Tear Strength [24]

Figure 8. Effect of migration inhibitors on Tensile strength

The results shows that synthetic migration inhibitors effect on tensile strength is negative as the tensile strength is
decreasing with the increasing concentration of migration inhibitor, due to acrylic acid component present in the polymer
structure of migration inhibitors causing degradation to some extent while natural migration inhibitors do not affect the
tensile strength of fabric too much.
3.3.2.1. Tear Strength

Figure 9. Effect of migration inhibitors on Tear strength

International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

25

The results in table and figure show that as the concentration of migration inhibitor increases the tear strength decreases.
However, in case of synthetic migration inhibitors more tear strength is lost as compare to migration inhibitors as the
concentration of migration inhibitor increases as migration inhibitors are thickeners so they increases stiffness of fabric which
becomes cause of decreasing tear strength.
3.3.2.2. Effect of Migration Inhibitors on Crock Fastness [25]

Figure 10. Effect of migration inhibitors on crock fastness

The results in table and figure shows that effect of migration inhibitors on crock fastness is not seen and they do not affect
the crocking properties of the fabric. Poor Crock fastness is due to the poor fixation of dye, as migration inhibitors do not take
any part in the fixation of dye so they do not affect the crock fastness values of fabric.
3.3.2.3. Effect of Migration Inhibitors on Wash Fastness [26]

Figure 11. Effect of migration inhibitors on wash fastness

The results in table and figure shows that effect on wash fastness by migration inhibitors is not seen, because migration
inhibitors have no any role in the fixation of dye as dye fixation is the key factor in wash fastness, more the dye fixation better
the wash fastness, however synthetic migration treated fabric has better wash fastness as compared to natural migration
inhibitors.

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Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

3.3.2.4. Effect of Migration Inhibitors on CV-SUM

The results of application of different migration inhibitors are given below. The following table shows the effect of
migration inhibitors on the CV-SUM of the samples.

Figure 12. Effect of migration inhibitors on CV-SUM

The results in table and figure shows that migration inhibitors has no any significant impact on CV-SUM, however,
CV-SUM of natural migration inhibitors is comparatively more than synthetic migration inhibitors due the fact that natural
migration inhibitors have cellulose components in its polymer structure, so dye is more attracted to the cellulose component,
resulting in better CV-SUM value of natural migration inhibitors.
3.3.2.5. Effect of Migration Inhibitors on % Strength
The results of application of different migration inhibitors are given below. The following table shows the effect of
migration inhibitors on the % strength of the samples.

Figure 13. Effect of migration inhibitors on % strength

The results in table and figure shows that natural migration inhibitors show good % strength then synthetic migration
inhibitors, due the fact that natural migration inhibitors have cellulose components in its polymer structure, so dye is more
attracted to the cellulose component, resulting in better % Strength value of natural migration inhibitors.

International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(2): 17-28

27

3.3.2.6. Effect of migration Inhibitors on Bending Length

Bending length of the dyed fabric was measured using cantilever test method.

Figure 14. Effect of migration inhibitors on Bending Length

From the above table and graph it is shown that bending

length of fabric treated with natural and synthetic migration
inhibitors has increased, however natural migration inhibitor
treated fabric has more bending length as compared to
synthetic migration inhibitor treated fabric due to the fact
that they give more stiffness to the fabric.

4. Conclusions and Future Work

4.2. Future Work

Although I tried my best to achieve the goal of the project.
I did this project on pad-dry-cure method in future
pad-dry-steam method could be used. In future research
could be done on the new generation of migration inhibitors
which are now available in market and desired properties
obtained by new generation of migration inhibitors could be
compared with natural.

4.1. Conclusions
Following conclusions are drawn after the project:
Synthetic migration inhibitors efficiently restrict dye
particle movement during drying but along with the
environmental concern.
Natural migration inhibitors are environmental friendly
but do not restrict dye particles movement efficiently.
Migration inhibitors have no any effect on wash
fastness as they have no any role in dye fixation.
Migration inhibitors also not have any impact on crock
fastness properties of dyed fabric.
Synthetic migration inhibitors do not cause stiffness in
fabric while natural cause to little extent.
Synthetic migration inhibitors also effect on Tensile/
Tear strength of fabric while natural migration inhibitors do
not effect strength of fabric.
CV-SUM and % strength of natural migration
inhibitors is better than synthetic migration inhibitors
because cellulosic component in natural migration
inhibitors have more dye affinity then acrylic based
synthetic migration inhibitors.

REFERENCES
[1]

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3940247.html

[2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton

[3]

http://cottonjourney.com

[4]

Chapter 3: the cotton fiber from textile fiber, by V.A. Shenai

[5]

Chemical Finishing of Textiles by W.D. Schindler and PJ.

Hauser.

[6]

Fiber to fabric chapter 13

[7]

Cellulosic dyeing by john shore

[8]

K. Hunger (Editor),Industrial Dyes, chemistry, Properties,

Applications, wiley-vch, Germany.

[9]

http://catspitproductionsllc.com/dyemigration.aspx

[10] Technical data sheet of migration inhibitors of CIBA, BASF

Chemicals.

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Wazeer Hussain Solangi et al.: Effect of Using Natural and Synthetic Anti Migrants
in Continuous Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes

[11] Dennis J. Mchugh, Production, Properties and Uses of

Alginates, chapter: Production and Utilization of Products
from Commercial Seaweeds, Rome, Italy. FAO 1987.

[19] Allan H Lambert and Robert J, harper use of cellulose ethers

in migration control, page 584.October 1989, Textile
Research Journal.

[12] http://www.guargum.biz/index.html

[20] Stanely P. Rowland, Noelie R. Bertoniere and Walter D. king,

reagent migration in pad-dry cure finishing, page 318,
September 1983, Textile Research Journal.

[13] http://www.rachada.co.th/5-1-2.html
[14] http://www.springsamsolutions.com/index.php?option=com
_content&task=view&id=65
[15] httworldtextile.aimoo.com/Dyeing-Laboratory/Continuous-d
yeing-of-reactive-by-pad-dry-chemical.html
[16] http://www.scribd.com/doc/21333479/continous-dyeing-proj
ect

[21] P. Bajaj, R. B. Chavan and Manjeet Bhatia worked on

cross-linked acid based thickeners, page 63, January 1986,
Textile Research Journal.
[22] N. Etters worked on inducing and measuring particulate
migration, page 274, May 1987, Textile Research Journal.
[23] AATCC test method 140-2001manual

[17] F.Somm and R.Buser, Sandoz AG, worked on migration

problems during intermediate drying, December 1985
International dyer.

[24] ASTM 14-32, ASTM 14-22 Test Manual.

[18] Nick j. Christle works on different natural and synthetic

thickeners for the thermosol, July 1992, International Dyer.

[26] ISO 105 CO3 Test Manual

[25] ISO105*12 Test Manual.