IB HL Chemistry Atomic Structure Questions
IB HL Chemistry Atomic Structure Questions
IB HL Chemistry Atomic Structure Questions
2.
3.
4.
Consider the composition of the species W, X, Y and Z below. Which species is an anion?
Species
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
10
10
11
12
11
12
12
12
13
14
10
A.
B.
C.
D.
evenly spaced.
B.
C.
D.
arranged randomly.
Which is related to the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of the elements from
the alkali metals to the halogens?
I.
Group number
II.
Period number
A.
I only
B.
II only
C.
Both I and II
D.
Neither I nor II
How do bond length and bond strength change as the number of bonds between two atoms
increases?
Bond length
Bond strength
A.
increases
increases
B.
increases
decreases
C.
decreases
increases
D.
decreases
decreases
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
O bond
CO2 molecule
A.
polar
non-polar
B.
non-polar
polar
C.
polar
polar
D.
non-polar
non-polar
The molar masses of C2H6, CH3OH and CH3F are very similar. How do their boiling points
compare?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1s22s22p63s23p63d4
B.
1s22s22p63s23p64s24p2
C.
1s22s22p63s23p63d24p2
D.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
neutrons
electrons
A.
10
B.
10
C.
10
10
D.
19
10
Which statement is correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?
A.
B.
The lines are produced when electrons move from lower to higher energy levels.
C.
The lines in the visible region involve electron transitions into the energy level closest to
the nucleus.
D.
The line corresponding to the greatest emission of energy is in the ultraviolet region.
11.
12.
13.
14.
B.
C.
D.
II.
III.
Hydrogen bonding
A.
I and II only
B.
C.
D.
I, II and III
Which statement(s) is/are generally true about the melting points of substances?
I.
Melting points are higher for compounds containing ions than for compounds
containing molecules.
II.
A compound with a low melting point is less volatile than a compound with a high
melting point.
III.
A.
I only
B.
C.
D.
I, II and III
What is the correct sequence for the processes occurring in a mass spectrometer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
How many valence electrons are present in an atom of an element with atomic number 16?
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in the species 26Mg2+?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
A.
10
14
12
B.
12
14
10
C.
12
26
10
D.
14
12
12
What is the total number of p orbitals containing one or more electrons in germanium (atomic
number 32)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A certain sample of element Z contains 60% of 69Z and 40% of 71Z. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Z in this sample?
A.
69.2
B.
69.8
C.
70.0
D.
70.2
What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols
A.
B.
C.
D.
59
27
Co and
59
Ni?
28
A certain sample of element Z contains 60% of 69Z and 40% of 71Z. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Z in this sample?
A.
69.2
B.
69.8
C.
70.0
D.
70.2
21.
22.
23.
24.
A.
16 +
B.
16 2+
C.
18 2+
D.
(16O18O)+
O
O
O
10
B.
12
C.
14
D.
22
24
+2
12 Mg
ion?
The electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1. How many occupied main electron energy levels
are there in an atom of sodium?
A.
B.
C.
10
D.
11
How many electrons are there in all the d orbitals in an atom of xenon?
A.
10
B.
18
C.
20
D.
36
neutrons
protons
22
18
18
20
22
16
20
18
W and Y
B.
W and Z
C.
X and Z
5
D.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
X and Y
Electrons absorb energy as they move from low to high energy levels.
B.
Electrons absorb energy as they move from high to low energy levels.
C.
Electrons release energy as they move from low to high energy levels.
D.
Electrons release energy as they move from high to low energy levels.
B.
10
C.
16
D.
20
2.4
B.
2.8
C.
2.8.4
D.
2.8.8
Number of electrons in
highest main energy level
A.
B.
14
C.
D.
14
B.
C.
D.
B.
7
6
31.
32.
C.
17
D.
23
What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols
A.
B.
C.
D.
34.
35.
and
210
85 At?
Which statements are correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?
I.
II.
III.
33.
210
84 Po
A.
I and II only
B.
C.
D.
I, II and III
A transition metal ion X2+ has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d9. What is the atomic number
of the element?
A.
27
B.
28
C.
29
D.
30
What is the symbol for a species that contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
A.
31
16
B.
31
16
S 3
C.
31
15
D.
31
15
P 3
2, 8
B.
2, 3
C.
2, 8, 3
7
D.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
2, 8, 8
What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas if the pressure and the Kelvin
temperature are both doubled?
A.
B.
C.
D.
B.
C.
D.
128
2
52Te
B.
132
2
54 Xe
C.
132
2
54 Xe
D.
128
2
52Te
What is the correct sequence for the processes occurring in a mass spectrometer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[Ar]4s23d9
B.
[Ar]4s13d10
C.
[Ar]4s13d9
D.
[Ar]3d10
The diagram below (not to scale) represents some of the electron energy levels in the hydrogen
atom.
(i)
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
n=
n=6
n=5
________________________________
n=4
________________________________
n=3
________________________________
n=2
________________________________
n=l
Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the electron transition for the ionization
of hydrogen. Label this arrow A.
(2)
(ii)
Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the lowest energy transition in the
visible emission spectrum. Label this arrow B.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
42.
Tritium,
3
1
T , is an isotope of hydrogen.
(i)
State the number and type of sub-atomic particles in a tritium atom and the location of
each type.
(ii)
Write balanced equations to represent the formation of the following compounds, starting
with T2 or T2O.
NT3: ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
NaOT: .............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
43.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Give the formulas of two oppositely charged ions which have the same electron
configuration as argon.
(2)
44.
(ii)
45.
15
7
N3.
(Total 2 marks)
46.
A sample of germanium is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The first and last processes in mass
spectrometry are vaporization and detection.
(a)
(i)
State the names of the other three processes in the order in which they occur in a
mass spectrometer.
(2)
(ii)
For each of the processes named in (a) (i), outline how the process occurs.
(3)
(b)
Isotope
Relative abundance /
(i)
72
Ge
22.60
74
Ge
25.45
Ge
36.73
76
Ge
15.22
(ii)
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium, giving your
answer to two decimal places.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
47.
(a)
Use the Aufbau principle to write the electron configuration of an atom of germanium.
(1)
(b)
The successive ionization energies of germanium are shown in the following table:
Ionization energy /
kJ mol1
(i)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
760
1540
3300
4390
8950
Identify the sub-level from which the electron is removed when the first ionization
energy of germanium is measured.
(1)
(ii)
Write an equation, including state symbols, for the process occurring when
10
(iii)
Explain why the difference between the 4th and 5th ionization energies is much
greater than the difference between any two other successive values.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
48.
atomic number
(1)
(ii)
mass number
(1)
49.
50.
Identify the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species 33S2.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
51.
State the electron arrangement for atoms of aluminium, nitrogen and fluorine.
52.
The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of the two
isotopes of chlorine, 35Cl and 37Cl in a sample of chlorine gas.
53.
(a)
ionization
(2)
(ii)
deflection
(2)
(iii)
acceleration
(1)
(b) (i)
(ii)
Calculate the percentage abundance of the two isotopes of rubidium 85Rb and 87Rb.
(2)
(iii)
State two physical properties that would differ for each of the rubidium isotopes.
(1)
(iv)
Determine the full electron configuration of an atom of Si, an Fe3+ ion and a P3
ion.
(3)
54.
Naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass, (Ar), of 63.55 and consists of two
11
(ii)
55.
(i)
(ii)
Explain how successive ionization energies account for the existence of three main
energy levels in the sodium atom.
(3)
56.
50
23
V and
51
23V,
(b)
50
23V.
(2)
(c)
(d)
State the name and the mass number of the isotope relative to which all atomic masses
are measured.
(1)
57.
(a)
(b)
Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is
35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.
(2)
58.
(a)
(c)
59.
State the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the ion 56Fe3+.
(a) Define the term isotope.
(2)
(b)
A sample of gallium exists as two isotopes, 69Ga, relative abundance 61.2%, and 71Ga,
relative abundance 38.8%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
12
60.
(a)
Evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms is provided by line spectra.
State how a line spectrum differs from a continuous spectrum.
(1)
(b)
On the diagram below draw four lines in the visible line spectrum of hydrogen.
(1)
Low energy
(c)
High energy
Explain how the formation of lines indicates the presence of energy levels.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
61.
The element bromine exists as the isotopes 79Br and 81Br, and has a relative atomic mass of
79.90.
(a)
Complete the following table to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles in the species
shown.
an atom of 79Br
an ion of 81Br
protons
neutrons
electrons
(3)
(b) State and explain which of the two isotopes 79Br and 81Br is more common in the element
bromine.
(c)
The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as bromine.
(i)
(ii)
62.
Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer. One of the ions that reaches
the detector is 25Mg+.
(a)
Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the 25Mg+ ion.
(1)
(b)
(c)
The 25Mg2+ ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the magnetic field.
Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/z values of these two ions of magnesium,
which of the ions 25Mg2+ and 25Mg+ is detected using a stronger magnetic field.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
63.
(a)
Yellow light
13
II.
Red light
III.
Infrared radiation
IV.
Ultraviolet radiation
The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the
Earths surface.
Type of Radiation
Wavelength / nm
UV-A
320380
UV-B
290320
Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous
than UV-A.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
C
14
87. B
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100. D
101. A
102. A
103. D
104.
n=
n=6
n=5
n=4
A
n=3
B
n=2
n=1
(i)
(ii)
line starting at n = 1;
line finishing at n = (not above );
upward arrow;
3 correct [2], 2 correct [1].
Line from n = 3 to n = 2;
Arrow pointing downward (in any transition);
2 max
2
[4]
105. (i)
1p
2n ;
1e
15
;
e orbiting / outside
[1] for number and type of particles and [1] for location.
p, n in nucleus
106. (i)
(ii)
107. (a)
1s22s22p63s23p6;
Do not accept [Ne] 3s23p6 or 2, 8, 8.
K+ /Ca2+ /Sc3+/Ti4+;
Cl/S2/P3;
Accept other suitable pairs of ions.
(b) (i)
2
3
mass ; 1.01 10 kPa (0.399dm ); ;
number of moles of gas n = PV
RT molar mass
8.314 J (273K)
mol K
1.00 g
= 56.3 (g mol1)
0.017 mol
OR
volume at STP;
molar mass is the mass of the molar
3
22.4 dm
1
.
00
22
.
4
=
= 56.1 (g mol1)
0.399
Accept answers in range 56.0 to 56.3.
Accept two, three or four significant figures.
(ii)
C4H8;
1
No ECF.
[5]
109. (a)
(i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
16
[9]
110. (a)
(b)
10
10
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p /[Ar] 4s 3d 4p ;
Do not penalize for interchanging 4s2and 3d10.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(4)p;
Ge+(g) Ge2+(g) + e;
Do not penalize for e(g).
Accept loss of electron on LHS.
5th electron removed from energy level closer to nucleus/5th electron
removed from 3rd energy level and 4th electron from 4th energy
level/OWTTE;
attraction by nucleus or protons greater (for electrons closer to
nucleus)/OWTTE;
2
[5]
111. (i)
(ii)
1
[2]
112. Si
P3
2.8.4/2,8,4;
2.8.8/2,8,8;
2
[2]
1
[1]
114. Al 2,8,3;
N 2,5;
F 2,7;
2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two or one correct.
Accept correct configuration using s,p,d notation.
[2]
35x 37(100 x)
;
100
2
[2]
116. (a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
1
17
(b)
(i)
(ii)
85x 87(100 x)
;
100
Accept other valid mathematical alternatives.
Ar(Rb) = 85.47 =
85
(iii)
(iv)
mass; density;
boiling point;
melting point;
rate of diffusion in the gas phase;
enthalpy of vaporization;
enthalpy of fusion;
rate of reaction in the gas/liquid phase;
Any two for one mark
Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2;
Fe3+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d5;
P3 : 1s22s22p63s23p6;
Allow [1 max] for 3 correct abbreviated structures using noble
gas symbols.
[12]
117. (i)
(ii)
1
the mass of C-12 isotope/
12
average mass of an atom on a scale where one atom of C-12 has a mass of 12/sum
of the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element compared to
C-12/OWTTE;
1
Award no mark if element is used in place of atom
ratio of average mass of an atom to
63
1
[2]
118. (i)
(ii)
3
[4]
18
119. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
protons
electrons
neutrons
51
V
23
23
23
27
Three correct [2], two correct [1].
carbon, 12/12C;
1
[5]
120. (a)
[3]
121. (a)
(b)
(c)
23 electrons;
26 protons;
30 neutrons;
2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two correct.
122. (a)
Award only [1] max if reference made to elements but not atoms.
(b)
1
[3]
123. (a)
(b)
(c)
1
[3]
124. (a)
an atom of 79Br
an ion of 81Br
protons
35
35
neutrons
44
46
;
19
electrons
35
36
;
3
(b)
79
(c)
(i)
2,8,8,2/2.8.8.2;
(ii)
CaBr2;
[6]
125. (a)
Mg+;
greater m/z value/less highly charged ions need stronger fields to
deflect them/OWTTE;
Do not accept greater mass with no reference to charge, or
greater mass and smaller charge.
1
1
25
[4]
126. (a)
(c)
3
[5]
20