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    Practical Organic Chemistry

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    Rajeev Gangwar
    This document discusses tests for elements in organic compounds. It describes how halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur can be detected by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. This converts the elements into ionic forms that can be tested for. Halogens form sodium halides that produce characteristic precipitates with silver nitrate. Nitrogen forms sodium cyanide, which is converted to ferric ferrocyanide to test for. Sulfur forms sodium sulfide to test for with sodium nitroprusside. Both nitrogen and sulfur form sodium thiocyanate, detected by its blood color complex with iron.

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    Practical Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Rajeev Gangwar
    135 views4 pages
    This document discusses tests for elements in organic compounds. It describes how halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur can be detected by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. This converts the elements into ionic forms that can be tested for. Halogens form sodium halides that produce characteristic precipitates with silver nitrate. Nitrogen forms sodium cyanide, which is converted to ferric ferrocyanide to test for. Sulfur forms sodium sulfide to test for with sodium nitroprusside. Both nitrogen and sulfur form sodium thiocyanate, detected by its blood color complex with iron.

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    This document discusses tests for elements in organic compounds. It describes how halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur can be detected by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. This converts the elements into ionic forms that can be tested for. Halogens form sodium halides that produce characteristic precipitates with silver nitrate. Nitrogen forms sodium cyanide, which is converted to ferric ferrocyanide to test for. Sulfur forms sodium sulfide to test for with sodium nitroprusside. Both nitrogen and sulfur form sodium thiocyanate, detected by its blood color complex with iron.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    135 views4 pages

    Practical Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Rajeev Gangwar
    This document discusses tests for elements in organic compounds. It describes how halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur can be detected by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. This converts the elements into ionic forms that can be tested for. Halogens form sodium halides that produce characteristic precipitates with silver nitrate. Nitrogen forms sodium cyanide, which is converted to ferric ferrocyanide to test for. Sulfur forms sodium sulfide to test for with sodium nitroprusside. Both nitrogen and sulfur form sodium thiocyanate, detected by its blood color complex with iron.

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    of 4

    MASTERING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    By-- S.K.SINHA

    PRACTICAL ORGANICCHEMISTRY
    1. Test of unsaturation
    (a)
    addition of H2,
    (b)

    (c)

    1 1 mole H2
    addition of Br2 \ CCl4 or Brominewater
    *Phenolic compounds gives light yellow ppt with Br2 water.
    *Aromatic amines gives ppt with Br2/H2O
    Bayers Reagent discharge the colour of dil, cold, alkaline KMnO4 to pink or brown.

    Terminal alkynes gives red/brown ppt with Cu2Cl2/NH4OH dueto Copperalkylide.


    (e)
    Terminal alkynegives whiteppt with tollens reagent 3 Silver alkylide.
    (f)
    undergoesozonolysis.
    2. Test of OHgroup
    (i)
    evolves H2 gas with Na metal.
    (ii)
    gives red soln. with ceric ammoniam nitrate.
    (iii)
    gives ester with acetic anhydrides, acid chloride, acids.
    (iv)
    gives halides with PCl5, PX3, anhy. ZnCl2 / conc. HCl or SOCl2.
    (v)
    lucas test (anhy. ZnCl2 / Conc. HCl)
    (d)

    (vi)

    3 Formation of turbidity immediate


    2 Formation of turbidity within 5 minutes.
    1 No turbidity appears
    Victor Mayer Test
    (i) P/I2/
    (a) Red soln. nitrolic acid salt 10
    (ii) AgNO2.
    Alcohol
    (iii) NaNO2 / conc. H2SO4

    (vii)

    (iv) OH
    with Cu/300C

    (b) blue soln. of Pseudonitrol 20

    (c) No colour 3 alcohol


    (a) 1 Alcohol aldehyde
    (b) 2 Alcohol Ketone
    (c) 3 Alcohol alkene

    (3) Test of Phenolic group


    (a)
    soluble in NaOH Insolublein NaHCO3 (Picric acid is only alcohol solublein NaHCO3)
    (b)
    Phenol gives red colour with alc. FeCl3
    (c)
    Phenols undergoes acetylation & Methylation.
    (4) Test of ether linkage
    (a)
    Ethers insoluble in H2O.
    (b)
    with HI gives alcohol and alkyl Iodide
    (c)
    with excess HI only alkyl Iodide
    (5) Test of Carbonyl groups
    (a)
    Phenyl hydrazine &HCl brown crystallinecompound of phenyl hydrazone.
    (b)
    2,4 DNPH (Bradys reagent) Red ppt (c)
    NH2OH/H+ Oxime
    (d)
    Reduced to alkanes by
    (i)Wolff = Kishner reduction NH2NH2/KOH
    (ii)Clemeneson reduction Zn(Hg)/HCl
    aldehydes only
    Red ppt with Fehling soln. Cu2O.`
    (b)
    Red ppt with Benedicts soln. Cu2O
    Silver mirror (Ag) with Tollens Reagent. (d)
    Pink colour with Schiffs reagent.
    Aldol condensation Aldehydes with Hydrogen with dil base NaOH
    Cannizzaro Reaction aldehydes without no hydrogen with conc. NaOH/KOH.
    Ketones
    Winered colour with sod. nitroprusside
    aliphatic methyl ketones gives ppt with NaHSO3.
    (c)
    On Reduction gives 2 alcohol.
    8. Test of corboxylic acid
    (a)
    With NaHCO3 effervescenceof CO2 (b)
    PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2 acid chloride
    6. Test of
    (a)
    (c)
    (e)
    (f)
    7. Test of
    (a)
    (b)

    (c)

    Amides with NH3/

    (e)

    HCOOH also gives oxidation with


    (i) Tollens Reagent
    (ii) Fehling solution

    9. Test for dibasic acid


    (a)
    Oxalic acid .

    CO +CO2 +H2O

    B-7. J AWAHAR NAGAR.Main Road ,Kota.

    (d)

    (b)

    Acetic acid gives blood red colour with FeCl3


    (iii) HgCl2

    (iv) Br2

    Malonic acid CH3COOH + CO2


    Ph-0744-2422383 .Mo-93149-05055

    Test for elements


    It is a general test for the detection of halogens, nitrogen and sulphur in an
    organic compound. These elements are covalently bonded to the organic
    compounds. In order to detect them, these have to be converted into their
    ionic forms. This is done by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal.
    The ionic compounds formed during the fusion are extracted in aqueous
    solution and can be detected by simple chemical tests. The extract is called
    sodium fusion extract or Lassaigne's extract.
    Test for Halogen:
    Halogens present in an organic compound forms sodium halide on fusion with
    sodium metal. Sodium halide extracted with water can be easily identified by
    adding silver nitrate solution after acidifying with dil. HNO3.
    If chlorine is present, a white curdy precipitate soluble in ammonium
    hydroxide solution is formed.
    Na + Cl NaCl
    NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
    If bromine is present, an yellowish white precipitate sparingly soluble in
    ammonium hydroxide solution is formed.
    Na + Br NaBr
    NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
    If iodine is present, an yellow precipitate insoluble in ammonium hydroxide
    solution is formed.
    Na + I NaI
    NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3
    Test for Nitrogen:
    The carbon and nitrogen present in the organic compound on fusion with
    sodium metal gives sodium cyanide (NaCN) soluble in water. This is
    converted in to sodium ferrocyanide by the addition of sufficient quantity of
    ferrous sulphate. Ferric ions generated during the process react with
    ferrocyanide to form prussian blue precipitate of ferric ferrocyanide.
    Na + C + N NaCN
    6NaCN + FeSO4 Na4[Fe(CN)6] + Na2SO4

    Sodium
    ferrocyanide
    Na4[Fe(CN)6] + Fe3+ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
    Ferric ferrocyanide
    Test for Sulphur:
    If sulphur is present in the organic compound, sodium fusion will convert it
    into sodium sulphide. Sulphide ions are readily identified using sodium
    nitroprusside.
    Na + S Na2S
    Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
    Sodium nitroprusside

    violet colour

    Test for both Nitrogen and Sulphur:


    If both nitrogen and sulphur are present in an organic compound, sodium
    fusion will convert it into sodium thiocyanate which then react with Fe 3+ to
    form blood colour complex [Fe(SCN)]2+
    Na + C + N + S NaSCN
    Fe3+ + 2Na [Fe(SCN)]2+
    Note: If the Lassaigne's extract containing excess of sodium metal, sodium
    cyanide and sulphides are formed instead of sodium thiocyanate.
    NaSCN + 2Na NaCN + Na2S
    Here in this type of cases, both sulphur and nitrogen are to be identified in
    separate tests.

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