Form 5 Science Chapter 1 PDF
Form 5 Science Chapter 1 PDF
Form 5 Science Chapter 1 PDF
FORM: 5
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
o Type of microorganisms
-
Definition:
Tiny living things that cannot be seen by naked eyes, but can be seen by electron
microscopes. They are also known as microbes.
Some of microbes are harmful, but some of them are useful too
Classification:
There are 5 main groups for microbes:
a) Bacteria
Beruk
b) Protozoa
Pergi
c) Fungi
Filipina
d) Algae
Angkat
e) Viruses
Van
Shape:
There are four general shapes:
a) Cocci
Cium
b) Bacili
Baboon
c) Spirilia
Sampai
d) Vibrio
Vietnam
Structure:
Nutrition:
Some bacteria have chlorophyll, so they can make their own food by
photosynthesis process. Some of bacteria dont have chlorophyll, so they have to be:
a) Saprophytes - get food from decaying matters
b) Parasites
Respiration:
Some of bacteria carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them carry out
anaerobic respiration.
Reproduction:
a) By binary fission
b) By spores
Habitat:
Bacteria live in any damp places.
2. Protozoa
Definition:
Animals which are made up of only one cell. They are unicellular. Example:
amoeba, paramecium and etc.
Size:
Consists only one cell (about 5 to 250 micrometer)
Shape:
Have various shapes, but mostly they have irregular shape (no fixed shape)
Structure:
Nutrition:
Some of protozoa live as parasites. E.g: plasmodium. Some of them obtain food
from their surroundings. E.g: amoeba and paramecium. Some of protozoa make
their own food.
Respiration:
Habitat:
Protozoa live independently in any ponds, river, damp soils or in other organisms,
and they lives in colonies
Exercise:
1. Name the five main groups of microorganisms
2. Bacteria can live in unfavorable conditions. Under such conditions, they.
3. Label the part of bacteria below
3. Fungi
Definition:
Plants which do not have chlorophyll. They include mushrooms, moulds and yeast.
They do not have root, stems or leaves
Size:
Some of them are large (i.e mushroom), and some of them are tiny (i.e moulds and
yeast)
Shape:
Have various shapes: i- round ball
ii- long filaments
iii- oval-shaped
Structure:
Nutrition:
Most of fungi live as parasites (i.e moulds) or saprophytes (i.e mucor) .
Respiration:
Most of fungi carry out aerobic respiration
Reproduction:
a) By spores
Fungi such a mushrooms form spores within their caps. Mucor form sporangium
(containing spores). When it ripe, it bursts open and disperses the spore.
b) By budding
Habitat:
Fungi live in damp dark habitats.
Example: Mucor grows on damp stale bread placed in the dark
4. Algae
Definition:
Very simple plants which have chlorophyll. Algae do not have root, stems or leaves
Size:
Some of them are large (i.e seaweed), and some of them are tiny (i.e diatoms, euglena
and etc)
Shape:
Have various shapes: i- round ball
ii- long filaments
iii- oval-shaped
iv- network-like structure
Structure:
Nutrition:
Algae possess chlorophyll, so that they can make their own food by photosynthesis.
Respiration:
Most of fungi carry out aerobic respiration
Reproduction:
a) By asexual reproduction (binary fission)
Habitat:
Algae live in fresh water, salt water, damp soil or on damp bark of trees.
5. Virus
Definition:
Smallest microorganisms and it do not respire, do not excrete waste products, and
do not possess nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm
Size:
About 0.02 0.4 micrometer, and can be seen only by electron microscope
Shape:
Have various shapes, maybe in spherical, rectangular or rod-shaped
Structure:
Nutrition:
Viruses live as parasites in living cell.
Reproduction:
Habitat:
Viruses live only in living cell.
Exercise:
1. How do fungi continue its generation under adverse condition?
2. Why algae look greenish?
3. What a different between algae and tree?
4. Which of microorganisms cannot survive outside living cells?
A. Bacteria
B. Algae
C. Viruses
D. Protozoa
5. pH value
Most of microorganisms prefer to live in neutral medium (pH = 7)
In very acidic (pH = 1 to 3) and very alkaline (pH = 12 to 14) conditions, most of
microorganisms will be killed.
USEFUL MICROORGANISMS
4. In Agriculture
4.1 Maturing of tobacco leaves
Bacteria used to make tobacco leaves mature, so that they can emit desirable smell
and taste.
4.2 Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Nitrogen gas
Denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrates
Nitrifying
bacteria
Ammonium compounds
Bacteria of decay
Yoghurt (contains lactic acid) is prepared by the action of bacteria on milk. Bacteria
will reacts with lactose in milk and turns it into lactic acid.
lactose
bacteria
lactic acid
pH
3
7
7
10
Light
Bright
Bright
Dark
Dark
Moisture
Moist
Dry
Moist
Dry
- Microorganisms which can cause disease called pathogens. They can be either bacteria
or viruses or fungi or protozoa.
- Before that, disease can be defined as any conditions which actively harm the
normal functioning of the body.
1. Diseases Caused by Bacteria
DISEASE
METHOD OF
INFECTION
1.Tuberculosis
(Batuk kering)
1. Through food
2. Through infected
air breathed into the
lung
2. Cholera
(Taun)
1. Through
contaminated water
and food.
3. Gonorrhoea
1. Through sexual
intercourse
4. Syphillis
1. Through sexual
intercourse
5. Tooth decay
1. Through foods
waste on the teeths
surface.
SYMPTOM
1. Patient loss
weight and appetite
for food
2. Patient coughs
often, and in
advanced he coughs
out of blood.
1. Patient has severe
diarrhoea and
vomits
2. Patient feels
giddy and pain in
abdomen
3. His body
becomes
dehydrated.
1. For male, his
testis becomes
inflamed and
enlarged. He feels
pain during
urination.
2. For female, she
has painful vagina
and uterus.
1. Patient has fever
and non-itchy rash
on the body.
2. Patient has sores
on the penis or
vagina
3. Patient has sore
throat and pain in
the bones and joint.
1. Patient feels pain
for infected teeth
since teeths pulp is
badly inflamed
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
1. Can be treated by using antibiotics
(i.e streptomycin and isoniazid)
2. Can be prevented through
immunization by BCG vaccine
METHOD OF
INFECTION
1.Common cold
(Selsema)
1. Through
contaminated air
(when people
around sneezes)
2. Dengue fever
(Demam denggi)
1. Through Aedes
mosquito (inject the
virus into patients
blood)
3. AIDS
(Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Sydrome)
1. Through 3 ways:
i -Sexual
intercourse
ii - Sharing of
syringes during
drug addicts
iii- Infected
pregnant woman to
her baby.
SYMPTOM
1. Patient gets
cough, fever,
running nose and
red or watery eyes
2. Patient has a sore
throat
3. Patient becomes
weak
1. Patient has high
fever.
2. Bleeding in nose
and gums
3. Pain in the bones,
joints, muscles and
eyes
4. Blue marks
appear on the body
1. Patient has fever
and diarrhoea, and
coughs very often.
2. Patient has loss
appetite for food
and weight.
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
1. NO PROPER TREATMENT
2. Can be prevented by:
i - having proper diet
ii - have fresh and clean air
iii- keep away from the crowd
1. NO PROPER TREATMENT
2. How to prevent from being infected?
i - Keep our living place clean
ii - Destroy Aedes mosquitos habitat
iii - Fogging
1. NO PROPER TREATMENT
2. Can be prevented by having healthy
clean life.
METHOD OF
INFECTION
SYMPTOM
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
1. Can be treated by suitable anti-fungal
drugs
2. Can be prevented by:
i - keep the body clean and dry
ii - avoid direct contact with infected
person .
iii - do not share towel or comb
1. Can be treated by suitable anti-fungal
drugs
2. Can be prevented by:
i - keep the body clean and dry
ii - avoid direct contact with infected
person .
iii - do not share towel or comb
1.Tinea
(Panau)
1. Through spore of
the fungus
1. Whitish patches
appears on the
infected skin
(usually face or
back of the body)
2. Ringworm
(Kurap)
1. Through spore of
the fungus
1. A reddish area
appears on the
infected skin
2. Infected skin
becomes itchy
METHOD OF
INFECTION
1. Through
Anopheles
mosquito (inject
parasitic protozoon
plasmodium into
blood)
SYMPTOM
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
By Air
It occurs when infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. So, a spray or tiny droplets of
moistures containing pathogens released into air
Diseases transmitted by air: common cold and tuberculosis
ii-
By Water
It occurs when water from ponds, river and sea always contaminated with faeces which
usually contains pathogens. So, these pathogens can spread into water supplies due to
unsanitary conditions / seeped through the soil
Diseases transmitted by water: cholera and hepatitis A
iii-
By Food
By Contacts
It occurs when there has direct contact between infected people to others or wity objects
handled by infected people
Diseases transmitted by contacts: tinea, ringworm, AIDS, gonorrhoea and syphilis
v-
By Vector
Vectors: Animals carry pathogens in their bodies. For example: Aedes mosquito,
houseflies, rats, dogs and etc
Diseases transmitted through their bite into humans blood or carrying pathogen onto the
food.
Diseases transmitted by vectors: dengue fever, malaria and cholera
Pathogen
Virus
Protozoa (plasmodium)
Bacteria
Fleas
Table 9.6 A (Vectors and its diseases)
Disease
Dengue fever
Malaria
Cholera
Plague
c) radiation
2.1 Sterilization using Heat
a) Boiling
- Boiling a substance or an object in water for 20 minutes will kill all bacteria cells and
many spores.
- Surgical instruments in clinics or hospital are usually sterilized in this way.
b) Autoclave
- An autoclave is a steam sterilizer. The things to be sterilized are kept in closed container
and steam under high pressure and temperature of 120C for 15-20 minutes
- All the bacteria and spores will be destroyed in this way.
c) Dry air oven
- It can be used to sterilize glassware and metal objects.
- The things to be sterilized are kept in dry air oven at 170C for 15-20 minutes
- Effectiveness of sterilization using this way is less compare to using autoclave.
2.2 Sterilization using Chemicals
a) Antiseptics
- It can be used to prevent the growth of some bacteria and destroy some others.
- It usually used for cleaning wounds
- Example: iodine solution, hydrogen peroxide solution and potassium manganate (VII)
solution
b) Disinfectants
- Powerful chemicals to destroy pathogens
- It used for sterilizing instruments, containers, cloths, floors, walls and etc.
- Example: lysol, formaldehyde, phenol and sodium hypochlorite
2.3 Sterilization using Radiation
a) UV light
- Applied to lamp in surgical operating theatre and lab for air sterilizing.
b) Gamma rays
- It used for sterilizing surgical instruments and certain foods
- Foods that have been sterilized in this way can be kept for a long period of time and it is
safe to eat.
3. Prevention through Immunization
Definition of Immunization:
Process of increasing a persons resistance to a particular infection by using antibodies
Definition of Antibodies:
- Chemical substance produced from white blood cells to destroy pathogen or neutralize
the toxins produced by pathogen. Each of antibody acts on a particular pathogen.
Type of immunity:
a) Natural
- Refer to situation when a person recovered from an infection, antibodies produced by
the persons body to fight that infection remains in the persons blood for months or
even for his/her whole life.
- When same infection comes back again, the person has antibody to fight back
b) Artificial
- Refer to a situation when a person given a vaccination, injecting a dead or weak
pathogens into the persons body to stimulate his/her body to produce antibody
- Artificial immunity also can be gained when a person is given an injection contains
antibody.
c) Passive
- Part of artificial immunity
- Can be done by injecting antibody (usually contains antiserum) directly into a persons
body
- Effect of this immunity is fast but temporary.
d) Active
- Can be either natural or artificial immunity
- Can be done by having antibody after recover from infection or vaccination
- Effect of this immunity is slow but permanent.
1. Antibiotics
2. Antiserum
3. Chemotherapy
4. Radiotherapy
5. Surgery