IS 4880-3 (1976) - Code of Practice For Design of Tunnels Conveying Water, Part 3 - Hydraulic Design PDF
IS 4880-3 (1976) - Code of Practice For Design of Tunnels Conveying Water, Part 3 - Hydraulic Design PDF
IS 4880-3 (1976) - Code of Practice For Design of Tunnels Conveying Water, Part 3 - Hydraulic Design PDF
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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +
01 ' 5
Jawaharlal Nehru
! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
! > 0 B
BharthariNtiatakam
( Reaffirmed 2000 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
-DESIGN OF TUNNELS CONVEYING
PART CII HYDRAUIJC
WATER
DESIGN
( First Revision)
Water Conductor
Systems Sectional
Committee,
BDC 58
Chaimaan
SHRI P. M. MANE
Ramalayam,
Refiresenting
Public Works and Electricity Department, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore
&RI K. R. NARAYANARAO (Altimate)
Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board, Hyderabad
CHIEF ENGINEER (CIVIL)
SUPERINTENDINGENGII~EER
Members
SHRI S. P. BHAT
.SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER
ECHNICAL/&IL) (Al?, r;t&)
SHRIO?'
DATTA
DIRECTOR (HCD-I)
H. L. SHARMA (Alternate)
SHRXR. G. GANDHI
Government
of Punjab,
Irrigation
Department,
Pradesh, Lucknow
Government
of
Uttar
(Continued on page 2)
Q Copyright
BUREAU
OF
INDIAN
1977
STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
SIIRI K. K. SIIARMA
Assistant Director (Civ Engg), BlS
Cbmet!e,rer
CHOKSIiI
~Mzntbers
DR BHAWANISINCH
CHIEFENGINEER(IRKIGI\rION)
Du<bU.roR(HCD-I)
DEPUrY l1)IRECIOR (HO-I)
SIIRI
OM
PRAKASII
C;UP.rA
R. P.
SING~I
SlfRI 0. I~.
SIIRI
A.
~ksII-I.~
I<. hICIIUR
(dllemale)
Indian Standard
DESIGN
HYDRAULIC
WATER
DESIGN
(Fkst Revision)
0.
FO R E W 0 R I)
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part III) (First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 24 July 1976, after the draft finalized
by the Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 The Indian Standard Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying
water : Part III Hydraulic design was first published in 1968. This revision
has bccu taker) up with a view to keeping abreast with the technological
developments that have taken place in the field of tunnel design and conWitJi the confidence gained in the construction of a large number
struction.
of tunnels and the availability of concretes of higher strengths in the country,
the provisions of the code have been recommended for adoption for tunnels
carrying water at velocities up to 8 m/s without need for model studies. In
keeping with the practice, provision for limiting instant velocity during
surge oscillations has been cl&ted.
0.3 This standard has been published in
arc as follows :
Part I-1975
General design
Part II-1976
Geometric design
Part IV-1971
Structural design
Par1 v-1972
Structural &sign
soil
Par1 VI-1971
Iunnel supports
Part VU-1975
Structural design
parts.
(@t revision)
of concrete lining in rock
of concrelc lining ill sofi strata and
of steel lining
&
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part III} covers the hydraulic design of tunnels conveying water under pressure or under free flow conditions.
This does not,
however, cover the hydraulic design of other tunnel structures.
2. GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 General -
nature of flow in a
size, shape, length,
outlet shapes.
The
of control which in
tunnel.
In case of
The tunnel shall
In the calculation
be considered.
2.2.1 All tunnels should preferably have a positive gradient in the direction of flow, since they may have to be emptied and drained from time to time
4
usually
2.4 Cavitation
- Design shall be such that negative pressures are avoided.
To make sure that cavitation is avoided and to allow for uncertainties,
the
residual positive pressure shall not be less than 3 m of water head in concrete
lined tunnels.
2.4.1 The recommended
limiting sub-atmospheric
pressures, based on
probable minimum atmospheric
pressures at different elevations above sea
ievel, are indicated in Fig. 1.
NOTE- In locations which are susceptible to effects of cavitation such as downstream
of gate slot, where there is a change of grade in high velocity floi~, etc, steel lining may be
considered.
3. TRANSITION
SHAPES
3.1 From the tunnel section, either entry into or exit from the tunnel requires
transition. to reduce the head losses to a minimum and to avoid cavitation.
The length and shape of the transition depends upon the velocity and flow
*Code
revtin).
of practice
design (first
IS : 4880
(Part II+1976
-4
ALLOWABLE
FIG. 1
5
SUBATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
7
IN METRES
OF WATER
of
x2
(0.5D)2
-I- &,=l
ci
(0.;;
0)
=I
where D is the vertical height of the tutmel for defining the top and bottom
curves, and also is the horizontal width of the tunnel for defining the side
curves. The major and minor axes~are positioned similar to those indicated
for the circular bellmouth in 3.2.1.
3.2.2.1 For a rectangular entrance with the bottom placed even with the
upstream floor and with curved guide piers at each side of the entrance
openings, both the bottom and side contractions will be suppressed
and a sharper contraction will take place at the top of the opening. For
this condition the top contraction curve may be defined by the following
equation :
g+
(0.6;2D)Z =
where D is the vertical height of the tunnel downstream from the entrance.
3.3 Contraction
and Expansion - To minimize head losses and to avoid
cavitation tendencies along the tunnel surfaces, contraction and expansion
transitions to and from gate control sections in a tunnel should be gradual.
For contractions, the maximum convergent angle should not exceed that
indicated by the relationship :
Wll.ElY?
L,=
lJ=
v and
n =
g=
parameter
&
average of the velocities and diameters
beginning and end of the transition, and
acceleration due to gravity.
7
at
the
- 1976
2u
in 3.3.
For
pressure
3.4 Exit - When a circular tunnel flowing partly full empties into a chute,
the transition from the circular section to one with a flat bottom may be
made in the open channel downstream from the tunnel portal, or it may
be made within the tunnel so that the bottom will be flat at the portal
Ordinarily,
the transition should be made by gradually decreasing
section.
the circular quadrants from full radius at the upstream end of the transition
For usual installations the length of the
to zero at the downstream end.
transition can be related to the exit velocity.
An empirical rule which may
be used to design a satisfactory
transition for velocities up to 6 m/s is as
follows:
L -2vD
-where
L =
v =
D =
length of transition in m,
exit velocity in m/s, and
tunnel diameter in m.
NOTE- For velocities higher than 6 m/s and depths greater than 5 m hydraulic model
studies are essential.
4. PREssuRE
FLOW LOSSES
The formula
is given below :
where
V
R=
S=
n =
velocity
in m/s,
area
in m,
( wetted perimeter >
slope of energy gradient, and
roughness coefficient or rugosity coefficient.
hydraulic
radius
tunnels
coefficient
4.1.1.2
The value of rugosity coefficient n for use in the Mannings
formula for an unlined tunnel depends on the nature of the rock and the
quality of trimming, and is possibly influenced by the amount and distributian Qf overbreak.
Recommended
values of n for various rock smface
conditions are given below:
Surface Characteristic
Min
Very rough
Surface
trimmed
Surface
trimmed
Max
0.04
0.06
0.025
0.035
0*020
0.030
NOTE - In a number of unlined tunnels the~roughness haF been experimentally determined by measuring discharges and friction losses or aerodynamically, data about which
are given in Appendix A which may be used for design purpose assuming the effective
area and overbreak.
The formula
is given below :
where
11, =
JL
.:-
n=_
I!
R
friction
headloss in m,
friction coefficient,
the length of the tunnel in m,
diamctcr
of the tunnel in m,
Nope L- The formula given above is superior to the other empirical formulae, such as
Bazin, Rehbock and Williams and Hazen because the friction factorfis dimensionless and
no fractional powers are involved. The friction coefficient depends on the Rayllolds
number and the relative roughness,
K;:
- where
0.4 to 0%
O.lC to o-4,
joints
I
J
New-unusually
smooth concrete steel forms
0.015 to tYO6
-first
class workmanship
Smooth joints
>
NOTE - The value of KS for steel shall be taken from IS : 2951 (Part I)-1965*.
4.1.2.2 For unlined tunnels the value off depends on the variation in
cross-sectional
area obtained in the field as well as the direction of drivirlg
Tests in, mostly, granite
indicate
that the friction loss mify lx;
the tunnel.
estimated
by measuring
cross-sectional
areas at intwvals
and drtcrmmir,~
the value off by the following formula :
,f =1 0*002
57 6
where
6 =
A,,
AI
to 99 percent Frequency,
to 1 percent frequency,
anIl
4.1.2.3
For tunnels of non-circular
cross-section
the diameter II in
4.1.2 shall be replaced by 4R, where R is the hydraulic mean raciills, 11~~
reading as follows:
*Recommendations
in straight
resistance.
10
IS : 4880 (Part
I?.I) - 1976
4.1.3 For tunnels flowing partly full the head loss in friction shall be
computed by the method specified in IS : 4745-1968*.
4.2 Trash Rack Losses - Trash rack structure which consists of widely
i;>aced structural members without rack bars will cause very little head loss
and trash rack losses in such a case may be neglected in computing tunnel
losses. When the trash rack consists of a rack of bars, the loss will depend
on bar thickness, depth and spacing and shall be obtained from the Following
formula :
ht= E-t u
%
where
ht = trash rack head loss,
Xt = loss coefhcient for trash rack
1*45_0*45
Cl
an $
)
at
an - net area through trash rack bars,
at = gross area of the vent (racks and supports),
U = velocity in net area, and
= acceleration due to gravity.
s
_=
4.2.1 Where maximum loss values are desired, 50 percent of the rack area
shall be considered clogged. This will result in twice the velocity through
the trash rack. For minimum trash rack losses, the openings may not be
considered clogged when computing the ICAYS
coefficient or the loss may be
neglected entirely.
4.3 Entrance
cqua tion :
Losses
where
he
K,
V
4.3.1 Values of loss coefficient ,K, for various types of entrances shall be
assumed to be as given in Table 1.
4.4 Transition Losses - Head loss in gradual contractions or expansions
in a tunnel may be considered in relation to the increase or decrease in
velocity head and will vary according to the rate of change of area and
*Code of practice for designof cross-sectionof lined canals.
11
LOSS
COEFFICIENT
FOR
TUNNEL
ENTRANCES
(clallre 4.3.1)
SL
No.
TYPE
(1)
Loss
ENTRANCE
OF
FOR
ENTRANCE,
Kp
*
Minimum
Average
(3)
(4)
(5)
I.80
1.00
1.50
h~aximum
(2)
COEFFICIENT
1.x
0.50
I.00
1.00
0.10
0.50
iv) Square-cornered
entrances
0.70
0.40
0.50
v) SIightly roundecEentranccs
0.60
0.18
0.25
0.27
0.08
0.10
0.05
~.0.15
0.10
0.04
0.20
0.07
0.16
0.93
0.56
0.80
viii)
length of transition.
(Bart II)-1965*.
4.4.1
For
gradual
contractions,
loss of head
he, shall
be computed
by
acceleration
due to gravity.
4.4.1.1
The value of loss coefficient K, shall be assumed to vary from
0.1 for gradual contractions
to 0.5 for abrupt contractions.
Where flare
angle does not exceed those specified in 3.3 the loss coefficient shall be assumed to be 0.1.
For grca.ter flare angles the loss coefficient shall be assumed
to v;ry in straight lint rcla~tionship to a maximum of 0.5 for a right angle
contraction.
*Recommendations
in valves and fittings.
12
shall be
f1e+ -r;,,-where
4.7.1
h,,
Kex
II
=
=
=
acceleration
exit velocity,
2g
and
due to gravity.
of a portion
13
shall bc
5. VELOCITY
5.1 Average permissible velocity in a concrete lined tunnel may be about
6 m/s. For steel lined tunnels velocities as dictated by economic studies
shall be chosen. In case of river diversion tunnels and tunnel spillways
there may be no such limitations on the maximum permissible velocity,
however, the lining and its surface shall bc designed to withstand the velocities
which will occur.
5.1.1 Permissible velocities in tunnels of different surfaces (unlined, concrete lined, steel lined) also depend upon the sediment load carried by the
water. Where water carrying abrasive material in suspension and as bed
load is to be conveyed the permissible velocity should be reduced.
A recommended velocity is 2.3 m/s.
6. AIR LOCXING AND REMEDIAL
MEASURE
6.1 General - The presence of air in a pressure tunnel can IX a source of
grave nuisance as given below:
The localization of an air pocket at the high point in a tunnel or at
a change in slope which occasions a marked loss of head and diminution of discharge.
The slipping of a pocket of air in a tunnel and its rapid elimination
by an air vent can provoke a water hammer by reason of the impact
between two water columns.
The supply of emulsified water to a turbine affects its operation by
a drop in output and efficiency thus adversely affecting the operation
of generator.
The presence of air in a Pelton nozzle can be the
cause of water hammer shocks. Admission of air to a pump may
occasion loss of priming.
4 If the velocity exceeds a certain limit air would be entrained causing
bulking.
6.2 Source of Air .-- Air iuay cntcr and accumulate in a tmmcl by the
following means:
a) During filling, air may bc trapped along the crown at high points
or at changes in cross-sectional size or shape;
b) Air may be entrained at intake tither by vortex action or by means
of hydraulic jump associated with a partial gate opening; and
c) Air dissolved in the flowing water may come out of solution as a
result of decrease in pressure along the tunnel.
6.3 Remedial Measures -The
following steps arc recommended to
prevent the entry of air in a tunnel:
a) Shallow intakes are likely to induce air being sucked in. Through14
APPENDIX
(Note
VALUES
YL
No.
T&E
OF
ROCK
OF n FOR
THEORETICAL
-Area
(4
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
Granite-gneiss
Granite-gneiss
Granite-gneiss
Granite-gneiss
Gneiss-granite with
some diabase
Vein-gneiss
Arkose sand-storm
Arkose sand-stone
Upper sillurian
slate horizontally
stratified
Black slate with
granite intrusions
Hydrau-
lit
Radius
(R)
EXISTING
TUNNELS
ACTUAL
EFFECTIVE
-Area Hvdrau lit
Radius
(4)
(R,)
OVERBREAK
-A,
A:
Percent
(Volume)
MANNING'S
n
ms
30
50
50
30
1.46
1.85
1.85
1.45
33.8
57.4
61.5
35.9
1.54
2.09
2.16
I.62
1.128
1.15
1.23
1.20
12.7
14.8
23.0
19.6
0.035
0.034
0.030
0.038
60
2.00
0.59
1.53
168
64.0
3i.z
40.1
0%
164
1.74
167
1.32
1.21
1.13
6.6
32.0
-
0.027 0*
0.033 9*
0.038 1
0.038 t
105
2.74
114.3
2.88
1.088
8.9
8029 2*
70
2.24
80.5
2.42
1.15
15.1
0.043 7*
ma
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
22.7
35.4
4*
3*
o*
4*
Calculated from the length of tunnel, the effective area and the hydraulic radius and
he observed friction head.
tCalculated from the length of tunnel, from actual area of tunnel and hydraulic radius of
quivalent circle.
15