Lascar LCD Digital Panel Meter AppNote

4
ICl
7660
4
3 5
1M
13
7
AD5
95 11
8
12
3 9
1
14
0V
Panel Instrument
Application Notes
Issue 2
+10
10
10
10K
1M
10
DPM
COM
REF
REF LO
10K
10
10
10K
20K
-5V VDD (V
+)
VSS
(V-)
IN H
IN L I
O
+5V
ICL
8069
ICL
8069
2k2
+5V
Index
INSTALLATION & OPERATION - Section A
Page
BASIC PRINCIPLES
THE A TO D CONVERTER
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION
SPECIFICATION
ANALOGUE INPUTS
DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
DIFFERENTIAL REFERENCE
ANALOGUE COMMON (EXCEPT 7135)
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO CMRR
ELIMINATING COMMON MODE ERRORS
REFERRING INPUTS TO SUPPLY GROUND
REDUCING/ELIMINATING VCM
REDUCING GROUND LOOP ERRORS
NOISE
INTERFACING WITH LINEAR AND DIGITAL CIRCUITRY
LINEAR
DIGITAL SIGNALS
POWER SUPPLIES
NEGATIVE RAIL GENERATORS
OPERATION FROM LOW VOLT SUPPLIES
FITTING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE
PARALLEL OPERATION
LCD BACKLIGHTING
COMMISSIONING THE METER
HANDLING
CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BEZEL FITTING
USING PCB LINKS
TROUBLESHOOTING
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
14
14
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS - Section B

MEASURING VOLTAGE
MEASURING CURRENT
MEASURING RESISTANCE
THERMOMETER CIRCUITS
USING STRAIN GAUGES
GENERATING AN OFFSET
AC-DC CONVERTERS
AUTORANGING
MEASURING FREQUENCY
Lascar Electronics Limited
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E-mail: [email protected]
15
15
17
18
19
19
20
21
21
Lascar Electronics, Inc.
Tel: +1 (650) 838 9027 Fax: +1 (650) 833 5432

Lascar Electronics (HK) Limited
Tel: +852 2797 3219 Fax: +852 2343 6187

Installation & Operation - Section A

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.1 THE A TO D CONVERTER
The vast majority of Lascar meters operate using the Dual-Slope method of conversion. Put simply, the technique involves charging a capacitor (CINT)
from zero at a rate directly proportional to the input voltage and for a fixed time (see fig. 1.2). This is the integrate phase. Then the control connects
the reference voltage (note that it is negative) and CINT is discharged at a rate proportional to the reference voltage. This is the reference integrate (or
de-integrate) phase, the end of which is determined when the voltage on CINT is zero. The time taken for CINT to discharge is directly proportional to
VIN and the number of clock pulses counted in this period gives the digital result.
CINT
VIN
RINT
COMP
+
AMP
-VREF
CONTROL
OSC
DISPLAY
Fig. 1.1 INTEGRATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

By using electronic switching and a capacitor to store the reference (CREF), the reference voltage is always applied with the opposite polarity to VIN.
Fig. 1.2. shows the result for a negative input.
PHASE 1
AUTO-ZERO
PHASE 2
SIGNAL
INTEGRATE
E
RG
VI
LA
V IN
SMALL
PHASE 3
REFERENCE
INTEGRATE
FIX
* 1000 for 3 Digit

10000 for 4 Digit
ED
SL
O
PE
OSC
FIXED NO. OF
CLOCK PULSES*
No. OF CLOCK PULSES

PROPORTIONAL TO VIN
FIG. 1.2 INTEGRATOR CONVERSION CYCLE

In the Auto Zero phase, errors in the analogue circuitry (op-amp input offset voltages for example) are nulled by grounding the input, closing a feedback
loop and storing an error offset voltage on the auto zero capacitor (CAZ)*.
*Not illustrated.
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1.2 MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION
Most Lascar voltmeters have either 3 or 4 digit resolution. That is a maximum reading of either 1999 or 19999. This will usually correspond to
a full scale reading of 199.9mV (VREF=100mV) or 1.9999V (VREF=1.00V).
The relationship is given by:READING = 1000 x VIN
VREF
(3)
(1.1)
OR = 10000 x VIN
VREF
(4)
(1.2)
The DPM 60, DPM 160 and DPM 300 achieve either 200mV or 2V full scale reading (for a 1V reference) by digitally selecting either 10000 or 1000
clock pulses during the signal integrate period. Thus for a DPM 60 (160, 300) in 200mV scale:READING = 10000 x VIN
VREF
(1.3)
The DPM 60 (160, 300) uses a more complex system of successive integration and de-integration to achieve the required range of 4 digits (on the
200mV range the resolution is 10mV). With VREF fixed and VIN varied, the system will multiply (see equations 1.1 - 1.3). However, if VIN is fixed and
VREF is the input, the system will divide. This can be used with effect in applications measuring period from the output of a F-V converter for example,
or any other requiring a reciprocal function - e.g. velocity
1.3 SPECIFICATION
1.3.1 3 DIGIT INSTRUMENTS

USING THE ICL 7136
/ MAX 131
DPM 1
DPM 125
DPM 2
DPM 200(S)
DPM 2000(S)
DPM 3
DPM 400
DPM 50(S)
DPM 500(S)
DPM 54(S)
DPM 600(S)
DPM 700(S)
DPM 702S
DPM 850S
DPM 942
DPM 950(S)
USING THE MAX 136
DPM 10
DPM 100
DPM 116
DPM 201(S)
DPM 2001(S)
DPM 601(S)
DPM 951(S)
DPM 970
USING THE MAX 138
DPM 1S-BL
DPM 125-BL
DPM 2S-BL
DPM 3S-BL
DPM 342
SP 200
SP 400
USING THE ICL 7137
DPM 343
DPM 343M
DPM 390
DPM 40
DPM 56
DPM 959
USING THE MAX 140
DPM 340
SP100
SP 300
DTM 995
TABLE 1 - ICL 7136, 7137, MAX 136, 140, 138 SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETERS
Zero input reading

Ratiometric reading
Rollover error
(Difference between equal, positive
and negative reading near full scale.)
Linearity (Maximum deviation from
best straight line fit)
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Leakage current at input
Zero reading drift
Scale factor temperature coefficient
Supply current (Does not include
COMMON or REF current)
CONDITIONS
Vin = 0V Full Scale = 200mV

Vin = Vref Vref = 100mV
-Vin = +Vin = 200mV
Full Scale = 200mV or

Full Scale = 2.00V
Vcm = +1V, Vin = 0V Full Scale = 200.0mV
Vin = 0V
Vin = 0V, 0C<Ta<+70C
Vin = 199.0mV, 0C<Ta<70C (Ext Ref 0ppm/0C)
Vin = 0V
MIN.
-0
998
-1
TYP.
+0
999/1000
+0.2
MAX.
+0
1000
+1
Reading
Reading
counts
UNIT
-1
+0.02
+1
counts
V/V
pA
V/C
ppm/C
A (7136)
A(MAX 136)
A(MAX 138)
mA (7137)
(7136)
V (MAX 136)
(MAX 138)
(7137)
(7136)
ppm/C (MAX 136)
(MAX138)
(7137)
V
V
Analogue COMMON Voltage

(with respect to positive supply)
250k between Common and Positive supply

(25k MAX 136, 7137)
Temperature coefficient of Analogue COMMON

(with respect to positive supply
250k between Common and Positive supply

(25k MAX 136, 7137)
Pk - Pk Segment Drive (7136/MAX 136/MAX 138)

Pk - Pk Backplane Drive (7136/MAX 136/MAX 138)
V+ to V- = 9V
V+ to V- = 9V
4
4
1
1
0.2
1
70
70
200
120
3.0
2.8
3.05
2.8
150
80
20
80
5
5
ICL 7137 ONLY

Segment Sinking Current
Except AB4
AB4 only
V+ = 5.0V Segment voltage = 3V
5
10
8
16
mA
Except AB4
AB4 only
V+ = 5.0V Segment voltage = 3V
1.5
3
2.5
5
mA
MAX 140 ONLY

Segment Sinking Current
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2.6
2.6
2.95
2.6
10
1
5
100
100
500
200
3.2
3.2
3.15
3.2
6
6
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1.3.2 4 DIGIT INSTRUMENTS
DPM 60, DPM 160 and DPM 300 : These use the ICL 7129A
TABLE 2 - ICL 7129 SPECIFICATION.
PARAMETERS
Zero input reading

Zero reading drift
Range change accuracy
Ratiometric reading
Rollover error
Linearity error
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Common Mode Voltage Range
Noise (p-p value not exceeded 95% of time)
Input leakage current
COMMON voltage
COMMON sink voltage
COMMON source voltage
DGND voltage
DGND sink current
Supply voltage range
Supply current (excluding COMMON current)
Clock frequency
Display multiplex rate
VDISP resistance
Low battery threshold
Continuity threshold
Pull down current
"Weak Output" current
Sink source
Pin22
CONDITIONS

Vin = 0V , 0C<Ta<+70C
Vin = 0.1V on Low Range + Vin = 1.0V on High Range
Vin = Vref, Vref = 100mV Range = 2V
-Vin = +Vin = 199mV
Full Scale = 200mV
Vcm = +1V, Vin = 0V Full Scale = 200mV
Vin = 0V , Pin 32,33
Vin = 199.0mV, 0C<Ta<+70C
V+ to pin 28
COM raised by 0.1V
COM lowered by 0.1V
V+ to pin 36, V+ to V- = 9V
DGND raised by 0.5V
V+ to VV+ to V- = 9V
fCLK = 120kHz
VDISP to V+
V+ to VVout Pin 27 = HI
Vout Pin 27 = LO
Pins 37 , 38, 39
Pins 20, 21 Sink/Source
Pin 27 Sink/Source
Source current
Sink current
MIN.
-0
0.9999
9998
V- + 1.5
2.8
4.5
6
6.3
100
TYP.
+0
+0.5V
1
9999
0.5
0.5
110
MAX.
+0
1.0001
10000
1
V+ - 0.5
7
1
2
3.2
0.6
12
5.3
1.2
9
1
120
100
50
7.2
200
200
2
3/3
3/9
10
5
3.5
5.8
14
1.4
360
7.7
400
10
UNITS
Reading
V/C
Ratio
Reading
Counts
Counts
dB
V
V
pA
ppm/C
V
mA
A
V
mA
V
mA
kHz
Hz
k
V
mV
A
A
A
40
3
DPM 45, DPM 443, 443M and 490: These use the ICL 7135.
Table 3 - ICL 7135 SPECIFICATION.
PARAMETERS
Zero input reading

Ratiomatic reading
Rollover error (Difference in equal positive and
negative reading near full scale)
Linearity (Max deviation from best straight line fit)
Differential linearity (Difference between worse
case step of adjacent counts and ideal step)
Leakage current at input
Zero reading drift
SYMBOL
IKK
TC
Noise (p-p value not exceeded 95% of time)

High
Clock in
Low
High
Run/Hold
Low
All outputs
B1, B2, B4, B8, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5
BUSY, STROBE, OVERRANGE,
UNDERRANGE, POLARITY
+5V Supply range
-5V Supply range
+5V Supply current
-5V Supply current
Power dissipation capacitance
Clock frequency
en
VINH
VINL
IINH
IINL
C0NDITIONS
0
+0.9999
MAX.
+0
+1.0000
UNITS
-Vin = +Vin = 2V
0.5
Counts
-2V < Vin < +2V
0.5
Counts
-2V < Vin < +2V
0.01
Vin = 0V
Vin = 0V 0C <Ta<70C
Vin = +2V 0C <Ta<70C
(Ext Ref 0 ppm/C)
Vin = 0V Full Scale = 2V
1
0.5
10
2
pA
V/C
ppm/C
Vin = 0V Full Scale = 2V

Vin = Vref Full Scale = 2V
Vin = 0
Vin = +5V
VOL
VOH
V+
VI+
ICPD
MIN.
-0
+0.9998
2.8
IOL = 1.6mA
TYP.
15
2.2
1.6
0.02
0.1
LSB
V
0.8
0.1
10
0.25
IOH = -1mA
2.4
4.2
IOH = -10mA
4.9
4.99
+4
-3
+5
-5
1.1
0.8
40
1200
fc = 0
fc =0
vs. Clock Freq.
DC
2000
Reading
Reading
V
mA
A
0.4V
V
+6V
-8V
3mA
3mA
pF
kHz

2. ANALOGUE INPUTS
2.1 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
The analogue inputs for VIN (IN HI and IN LO) respond to the voltage between them and not their voltage with respect to any other signal. Because of
this, the inputs are said to be "differential". This makes them very versatile when interfacing to various circuits because offsets can be eliminated. The
extent to which the inputs can be offset and still remain truly differential is known as the common mode range. The limits to this range being 1.5V**
below V+ and 1.5V** above V-. It is recommended not to operate either input close to the power supply rails, because of potential non-linearity
problems with the integrator section.
** This range below V+ to above V- varies depending on the IC series fitted to the DPM. Full details of this can be found in the IC manufacturers
original data.
2.2 DIFFERENTIAL REFERENCE
The reference voltage VREF (REF HI and REF LO) may be anywhere within the power supply voltage range of the converter. However, if there is a large
voltage between the reference input and COM there is a risk that stray capacitance in the analogue switching circuitry (see 1.1) will cause a noticeable
roll-over error (see 2.5). Roll-over error is the difference in reading between identical positive and negative inputs.
1 Note some units have IN LO and/ or REF LO linked to COM. MAX 136 and ICL 7135 based meters have REF LO permanently connected to COM.
2 All LED and S version LCD instruments generate their own negative supply that is below the 0V power supply rail. N.B. Beware of conflicting
terminology here. Traditionally non S LCD meters have power supply connections V+ and V- and were designed to operate from 9V nominal. In
contrast, S type LCD meters often use V+ and V- as power supply connections, BUT operate from 5V nominal (not 9V). Many have a -5V output
which is the on-board generated negative rail. For newer meters such as the SP Series, power supply and connectors are typically refered to as V+ and
GND for 5V operation (-5V is available on V-) or V+ and V- for 9V operation.
2.3 ANALOGUE COMMON (EXCEPT 7135)
This pin is included primarily to set the common mode voltage (VCM) for battery operation (LCD), or for any system where the input signals are floating
with respect to the power supply . The COM pin sets a voltage that is approximately 2.8 volts more negative than the positive supply . This is selected to
give a minimum end of-life battery voltage of about 6V . However, COM can be used as a reference voltage. When the total supply voltage is large
enough to cause the zener to regulate (>7V), the Common voltage will have a low voltage coefficient (.001%), low output impedance (<15), and a
temperature coefficient typically less than 80ppm/C.
Within the IC, COM is tied to an N-channel FET that can sink 300A (100A on 7136) or more to hold the pin 2.8 volts below the positive supply
(when a load is trying to pull COM positive). Sinking excessive current into COM can seriously damage the unit. However, there is only 1A of source
current, so COM may easily be tied to a more negative voltage, thus overriding the internal reference.
7135 based meters- The COM pin on these meters is committed and must be connected to a suitable ground reference, usually 0V.
2.4 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO CMRR
This gives a measure of the quality of the differential inputs and is expressed in dB. It means that if there is no input (VIN =0) and the CMRR is say
(-)100dB, when you impose a voltage of 1.0V between IN LO and COM.
IN HI
IN LO
VCM=
1.0V
(see fig 2.1) the resulting offset should not exceed:( -100
20 )
1.0 X 10
V =10V
COM
Fig 2.1 Determining CMRR
or 10V per volt of common mode voltage.

1
Thus for a 4 /2 digit display the offset will only be a fraction of one count (with 200mV FSR the least significant digit records 10s of mV)
Earlier designs of panel meter circuits used COM as the ground reference during integration. These had a lower CMRR of typically 86dB and ideally IN
LO should be connected to COM to eliminate offsets. Except where COM is being used as a ground reference (see 2.3), IN LO need not be tied to
COM.
2.5 ELIMINATING COMMON MODE ERRORS
The following sections give advice on suitable grounding arrangements. Because of the high Common mode performance of modern A/D converters, it
is not essential to have 0V VCM. It is, however, essential that you avoid going too close to or beyond the power supplies.
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3. REFERRING INPUTS TO SUPPLY GROUND
In many applications the meter will need to be powered from the same supply as the circuit under test. There are three pitfalls to be avoided here.
1. Applying excessive common mode voltage (VCM) (see Section 2).
2. Ground loop errors.
3. Noise.
3.1 REDUCING/ELIMINATING VCM
Referring to section 2.1, it will be seen that the negative power supply should be at least 1.5V below the analogue inputs.
We must, therefore, provide a negative supply. All LED instruments provide their own. All S-type LCD meters do likewise. If a suitable negative supply
is not available, one must be provided or a different meter chosen for the application.
V+
V IN
V+
IN HI
IN LO
V IN
V+
V+
IN HI
V+
IN HI
V IN
IN LO
0V
IN LO
REF LO
REF LO
REF LO
COM
V-
COM
V-
COM
V-
V-
0V
a. 4 Digit LED
V-
b. LED/S-type LCD
c. LCD
Fig 3.1 Ideal circuit connections
3.2 REDUCING GROUND LOOP ERRORS

Is
V+
V+
IN HI
OUT
WRONG
V IN
CIRCUIT
UNDER
TEST
IN LO
REF LO
COM
V-
Vs
0V
Rs
Fig 3.2 Errors due to supply impedances

If we redraw fig 3.1 we will see that small impedances (Rs) in power supply lines will cause a volt drop (Vs) which will be subtracted from the reading,
causing an offset. Furthermore, with LED meters not only do they have a much higher current consumption (causing significant offsets), but each
reading results in a different current consumption. If there is a change in current consumption there is a change in the reading which causes a change
in current consumption, etc. A good example would be a DPM 40 reading say 1001. A drop of one count gives 1000, a difference of 4 segments in
the least significant digit. Each segment consumes 8mA. Thus the total change in current is 4 x 8 = 32mA. Under these conditions it only needs Rs to
be 6m to cause a 2 count offset.
Is
OUT
RIGHT
V IN
CIRCUIT
UNDER
TEST
V+
V+
IN HI
IN LO
REF LO
COM
V-
Is
Rs
Fig 3.3 Eliminating the effect of supply impedances

Using the application in Fig. 3.3 you will reduce the effects of any supply bourne interference.

3.3 NOISE
Electrical noise can be generated from stray electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields as well as from supply and signal bourne interference.
Although meters have very good line regulation and CMRR, they will be affected by excessive amounts of noise. Remember that meter signals are
referred to V+ and any suppression capacitors should be fitted between COM and V+. Each case of noise problems will have its own solution. Below
is a list (in order of importance) of possible remedies.
3.3.1. GROUND NOISE
Check that there are no signal errors due to ground loop impedances. See Section 3.2.
3.3.2. POWER SUPPLY
Supplies that are likely to generate noise, such as those with noisy loads or switching converters, need to be suppressed. Decouple the meter supply at
the meter and if necessary place a choke in the positive supply. Remember that electrolytic capacitors can be inductive and it is better to decouple with
solid tantalum capacitors.
3.3.3. SIGNALS
All meters have input filters which reduce noise, however, where the signal leads to the meter are long, use twisted pair wires and place any attenuator
networks at or on the meter. In extreme cases, use screened leads but be careful not to connect the screen to any noisy signal or power line. Only
screen the lead to COM at the meter. Ferrite beads can be very effective in reducing noise in signal lines.
3.3.4. STRAY FIELDS
If stray electrical or magnetic fields are suspected of causing noise, physical screening of the meter may be necessary. Other measures include placing
the meter away from cables that are likely to have large and noisy currents in them. Another source of magnetic interference will be any transformer,
especially one operating at high frequency.
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4. INTERFACING WITH LINEAR AND DIGITAL CIRCUITRY
4.1 LINEAR
As mentioned in Sections 2 and 3, the most important aspect is to ensure that ground voltage levels do not cause problems. For the sake of simplicity,
we shall assume the linear circuit to be an op-amp. A number of linear systems can exist:i.
Circuit operating from supplies, e.g. 5 - 0 - 5V (LCD).
ii. Circuit operating from a single supply but needing a ground level to be generated in between, e.g. battery operated equipment (LCD).
iii. Circuit operating from a single supply with its output referenced to the negative (GND) supply (LED, S-type LCD).
4.1.1 SPLIT SUPPLY OPERATION
If the signal to be measured is referred to ground, then IN LO will be connected to ground and IN HI to the signal. However, ensure that IN LO is
connected as close as possible to the ground connection point of the signal.
Advice on referring inputs to ground lines is given in Section 3. Be careful not to exceed the maximum supply voltage; the maximum supply voltage
quoted in data sheets is the maximum voltage between V+ and V-. If the maximum supply voltage is 15V, the maximum split supply is 7.5V.
V+
Input
V+
IN HI
IN LO
VV-
Fig 4.1 Split supply operation

4.1.2. GENERATING A GROUND LEVEL IN BATTERY POWERED EQUIPMENT
If the battery is formed with separate cells it is as well to have a centre-tap in the battery for the ground (0V). However, if you are using a packaged
battery such as the PP3, then other means are needed. The solution is to use either the COM or TEST (DGND) pins on the meter as the ground. The
choice depends on the circuit that must operate with the meter but there are a few considerations:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Using COM eliminates all common-mode voltages and because it is approximately 3V below V+, the ground will be well separated from either
supply rail even if the battery voltage drops down to 6V.
TEST (DGND) may be a better choice if running off higher supplies such as 12V vehicle batteries.
COM can sink but not source current. Any load on COM must not pull COM down towards the negative supply.
TEST (DGND) can sink or source up to 1mA and is the ground for the internal meter logic.
If a load exceeding the conditions laid out in iii. and iv. above is likely, then the ground needs to be buffered.
Input
V+
V+
V+
3V
V+
Input
IN HI
5V
V+
Input
IN HI
IN HI
IN LO
IN LO
COM
V-
TEST
V-
V-
V+
Fig. 4.2.b Using TEST to generate signal ground
4.1.3. SINGLE ENDED METER OPERATION

Many Lascar meters generate their own negative supplies internally.
All LED meters do and so do all S-type LCD meters. These supplies
may be used to power external circuitry. The maximum load depends
on the meter so consult the data sheet.
COM
(TEST)
VV-
V-
Fig. 4.2.a Using COM to generate signal ground
IN LO
Fig. 4.2.c Buffering the ground.
V+
POWER Input
IN
0V
V+
IN HI
IN LO
V- (-5V)
V-
I Load
Fig.4.3 Using meter negative power output

4.2.DIGITAL SIGNALS
4.2.1. LED INSTRUMENTS

4.2.1.1. 3 DIGIT (DPM 343, 40, 56)
The only digital signal that we shall consider is the clock. The connection is provided for the user to either hold the display (by using a switch to
connect the clock signal to V+ or 0V) or to override the clock and thus re-define the conversion rate.
Note that reducing the conversion rate will lead to excessive integrator swing (see 1.1) and cause gross non-linearity at near full scale inputs. Consult
Lascar for meters with different conversion rates.
4.2.1.2. 4 DIGIT
All digital inputs and outputs are TTL compatible but remember that fan-out is limited to one standard input. Also ensure that digital signal currents do
not cause interference with analogue circuitry (see 3.2.).
4.2.2 LCD INSTRUMENTS
The digital section of all 3 digit displays operates between V+ and TEST and on 4 digit displays between V+ and DGND. The meters generate the
ground themselves and it can be between 4 - 6V (TEST) and 4.5 - 5.8V (DGND) below V+. Digital signal inputs and outputs are not TTL compatible
and C-MOS must be used.
It is recommended that wherever possible, all logic is powered from the meters digital supplies. If the logic will draw more than 1mA, then the ground
should be buffered (see Fig. 4.4).
V+
V+
DGND
(TEST)
DIGITAL
GROUND
VV-
Fig. 4.4 Buffering Digital Ground

Where separate supplies are used, ensure that they are commoned by joining the positive supplies together and that suitable level shifting networks are
used (see Fig. 4.5).
V+
V+
V+
IT 1700'
DPM
V-
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DPM
100k
100k
V-
V+
Fig. 4.5 LCD digital signal level shifting
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DGND
VV-
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5. POWER SUPPLIES
The best power supplies for meters are either batteries or linear regulated mains supplies. Ideally each meter should have its own supply and that
supply should be isolated. Where one supply is operating more than one meter or the meter is powered from the same supply as the circuit under test,
great care is needed to ensure safe and trouble free operation (see sections 6).
All mains powered meters have internal isolated supplies. Lascar manufacture a number of small PCB based supplies which are suitable for powering
meters (PSU 201**, PSU 203, PSU 206 PSU 30105, PSU 30205 and PSU 303).
When using mains power supplies and generally where the circuit being measured has several supply voltages, take care that at power-on and poweroff no harmful conditions exist that may damage the meter. The typical case is when, due to transients, the inputs to the meter are taken beyond the
supply rails to the unit and excessive current flows in the meter signal lines. Use current limiting resistors and/or clamp the inputs to the power supply
lines.
V+
Add Current
Limiting Resistor
Clamping
Diodes
V-
Fig 5.1 Signal input protection
5.1. NEGATIVE RAIL GENERATORS
Normally we recommend that if a negative rail is needed for a meter, a meter is used with an inbuilt negative supply (LED and S-type LCD meters). If
you choose one without a negative supply, then use the circuit shown in Fig. 5.2.
+5V
V+
IN HI
2
10F
7660 5
VIN
DPM
IN LO
COM
V-
3
0V
10F
-5V
Fig. 5.2 Negative rail generator
5.2. OPERATION FROM LOW VOLT SUPPLIES

Fig. 5.3. gives a suggestion for operating from a single 1.5V cell.
2
1.5V
+
-
10F
4
6
7660
5 10F
4
6
7660 5
3
0V
10F
V+
IN HI
DPM
IN LO
+
VIN
-
COM
V-
10F
Fig. 5.3 Single cell operation
10

6. FITTING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE
Sometimes a different calibration range may be needed or a more precise reference fitted, for example, where the meter does not have a bandgap
reference.
V+
V+
V+
V+
REF HI
REF LO
RBIAS
6.8K
18K
6.8V
ZENER
1F
REF HI
Iz
REF LO
COM
RBIAS
V-
Fig. 6.a Zener Diode Reference
2K
1.2V
REF
Fig. 6.b Using a Bandgap Reference.
7. PARALLEL OPERATION
Some applications will have more than one meter measuring in a circuit. It is very easy in these circumstances to have erroneous readings or worse.
Fig. 7.1. gives an example of how, even with an isolated supply, it is possible to destroy at least one meter. With shunts in each of the 24V supplies,
there will be 48V between the meter IN LO inputs. Fig. 7.2. shows a better arrangement. The general rule is don't use the same supply if you cannot
use the same signal ground.
+24V
PSU
METER
SUPPLY
0V
-24V
+
DPM1 DPM2 +
LOAD 1
+24V
Rs1
48V
METER
SUPPLY
LOAD 1
PSU
LOAD 2
0V
+
DPM1 DPM2 +
-24V
Rs2
Rs1
Rs2
LOAD 2
Fig 7.1 How not to use common supplies
Fig. 7.2 How to use common supplies
Ensure that when meters with internal references are parallel and COM is used as the ground, (e.g. in battery powered equipment) the references do
not 'fight' each other; the meter with the highest COM - V+ voltage will pull all the other COM voltages lower and only one meter will be accurate. In
these cases, use one meter to define the ground and leave the others with their COM pins unconnected. Check that programming links do not connect
COM to IN LO inside the meter.
8. LCD BACKLIGHTING
Several Lascar LCD displays feature LED backlighting. This is an option on the DPM 1, 2, 3, 100, 125, 500 and standard on the DPM 700 and the 900
series. The DPM 100, 500 and 900 series lamps operate from 5V d.c.. The DPM 700 is supplied with either 5V or 9V backlighting. The 900 series will
take 50mA (nominally) from the supply but can be supplied at up to 90mA from a higher voltage, provided care is taken to limit the current.
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11

9. COMMISSIONING THE METER
9.1 HANDLING
Lascar meters do not normally need special handling precautions but they do contain CMOS circuitry and static should be avoided. When soldering,
use irons with earthed tips and avoid applying excessive heat to the meter's PCB. The recommended tip diameter should be between 1 and 2mm and
flat, not pointed. Large tips can transfer too much heat to the PCB and thin ones physically damage it whilst being inefficient at bridging solder across
programming links. If it is necessary to transport meters, e.g. via carrier, post, etc. then ensure that the unit is well packed. This is especially important
in the case of LCD panel meters. Keep bezel materials away from the glass and do not use such packaging as 'padded' bags. Firm cardboard boxes
should be used. Padded bags may protect against impact but not against crushing.
9.2 CIRCUIT CONNECTION
It is recommended that all connections to the meter be made with a socket. Meters such as the DPM 200 can have solder connections. Do not solder
to meters which have IC type pins on them. In some cases the meter is supplied with sockets.
Always check that the power supply is correct and that the signals will not destroy the meter before connecting the unit. Take care that poweron transients will not apply destructive voltages to the meter.
9.3 BEZEL FITTING
Below are illustrations of the various techniques used to mount meters in panel cut-outs.
1. Turns lugs to fit thick or thin panels.

2. Screw lugs loosely into the bezel.
3. Fit bezel to the panel and turn lugs to grip the rear of
the panel.
4. Fit the meter.
In some cases it may be easier to fit the meter to the bezel
before fitting the assembly to the panel.
Fig. 9.1 Moulded window type fitting
This type of housing can be fitted with or without a bezel. To

remove bezel apply pressure to the bottom of the enclosure whilst
lifting the bezel.
To fit the module insert screws into both side clamps. Place the
module through the front of the panel and locate the side clamps
into the groove on either side of the module housing, until they
click into position. Tighten screws whilst holding the module flush
to the panel to ensure a secure fit.
Fig. 9.2 Din case panel fitting - screw type
Locate the meter by passing it through the front of the

panel cut-out, gently pushing until the rear of the bezel is
flush with the panel (DO NOT PUSH ON THE LCD). The
snap-in lugs will now automatically hold the meter firmly
in position.
Fig. 9.3 10 Series modules
12
Fit the bezel to the front of the panel and then locate the
meter into the bezel from behind. Alternatively the meter
and bezel may be assembled before fitting into the front of
the panel but care must be taken not to use excessive
force. Finally fit the window into the front of the bezel.
Fit the bezel to the front of the panel, then locate the
meter to the bezel from behind the panel. Using the
screws provided, secure the two plastic spring clips to the
rear of the meter. The meter is designed to fit directly onto
OKW Type M, P and Veronex size 3 enclosures.
Locate the four posts on the rear of the bezel

into the holes in the front of the module.
Place the module into the panel cut-out until
the bezel is flush with the panel. align the
mounting clips at each side of the module and
secure in place with screws provided.
Note: an IP67 / NEMA 4X bezel (BEZ 900-IP)
is available - shown right.
Locate the meter by passing it through the front panel cutout , gently pushing until the rear of the bezel is flush with
the panel. The snap-in lugs will now automatically hold
the meter firmly in position.
Fig. 9.7 Din Cased Series modules
Drill a hole in the panel. Fit the module to the front of the
panel, threading the wires through the hole. Add the
washer and nut from the rear, taking care not to
overtighten the nut. Do not trap any of the wires.
Fig. 9.8 EM Series modules
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13

Slide the seal over the rear of the meter and fit round the
meter rim. Locate the meter by passing it through the front of
the panel cut-out and push until the rear of the bezel is flush
with the panel. Slide the fixing clip over the rear of the
module and press firmly into place.
Fig. 9.9 SP Series modules
Fit the module to the bezel and slide the

assembly through the panel. Fit the
retaining clip over the bezel pillars and fix
using push-on fasteners.
Fig. 9.10 V Series modules
9.4 USING PCB LINKS
Many Lascar meters have programming pads to make circuit configuration quick and easy. Some pads are almost always closed by the customer and in
these cases the pad will have a small PCB link across it. If you need to cut the link, use a sharp scalpel and be careful not to damage adjacent tracks.
The basic technique is to dig the link out rather than slice through it (see Figs. 9.5 and 9.6).
Fig. 9.5 How not to cut PCB links
Fig. 9.6 How to cut PCB links
Take care not to apply excessive force to fine blades which can break. Wear eye protection.
10. TROUBLESHOOTING
The majority of difficulties stem from application problems. If a meter is suspected of malfunctioning, remove it from the circuit and connect it up on
its own in the 'Floating Supply Mode (see meter data sheet - back page) and apply an isolated signal. If the meter works satisfactorily, check the circuit,
otherwise contact a Lascar Applications Engineer. The most common problem occurs when the meter is subjected to signals outside its common mode
range or where there is a ground supply error (see sections 2 and 3).
Note: The Frequently Asked Questions section of our website contains a more detailed section on trouble-shooting DPMs.
14
Typical Applications - Section B

1. MEASURING VOLTAGE
Because all meters measure d.c. voltage this is the simplest parameter to measure. The most common interface circuit is a voltage attenuator. Fig. 1.
gives an example of a multi-range attenuator.
200mV Full Scale

* These resistors
must be rated to
withstand high
voltages.
9M*
900k*
90k
VIN
9k
2V F.S.
20V F.S.
IN HI
200V F.S.
2000V F.S.
1k
IN LO
Fig. 1 Multi-range Voltmeter
2. MEASURING CURRENT
Although measuring current simply means measuring the voltage across a low value resistor which has been placed in series with the current, there are
some potential pitfalls (see Chapter 1, section 6). The thing to remember is to ensure that the signal to the meter is within its common mode range.
The commonest mistake is to place the shunt in the positive supply with the meter referred to ground. If it is possible, place the shunt in the ground
line, but be careful not to superimpose the meter supply current in the reading. Always use the 'Four Terminal' technique to avoid errors due to
terminal resistance, etc. If it is essential to have the shunt in the positive supply, use an isolated meter supply or the circuit shown in Fig. 2.a.
SHUNT
0V
220nF
+3.8V
470nF
10F 10F 10F
7660
5
79L05
IN HI
V+
IN LO
DPM
OUTPUT
COM
V-
-5V
-
Fig. 2.a Positive Supply Shunt (LCD only)
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15

Always ensure IN LO is not connected to COM. Fig. 2.b. gives the preferred application for LED and S-type LCD meters.
+5V
V+
10F
220nF
COM
78L05
(7805)
S-TYPE
DPM
V- (GND)
470nF
OUTPUT
IN HI
IN LO
SHUNT
Fig. 2.b LED and S-type LCD Current Monitoring
V+
10F
78L05
470nF 10F
2
4
220nF
COM
+5V
8
7660
V10F
OUTPUT
DPM
-5V
IN LO
0V
IN HI
SHUNT
Fig. 2.c Normal LCD Current Monitoring
DPM
200A F.S.
2mA F.S.
I IN
20mA
200mA
2A
IN HI
900
90
9
0.9
0.1
IN LO
I OUT
Fig. 2.d Multi-range Current Measurement
16

3. MEASURING RESISTANCE
There are two basic methods of measuring the value of a resistor. The first is to pass a known current through it and measure the volt drop. While this
method is accurate, it usually means constructing a constant current generator with a voltage reference and some active elements.
The second is easier, requires few external components and, provided the reference resistor used is accurate, needs no calibration. Known as the
ratiometric method, it uses a known resistor to generate a reference voltage and the unknown resistor to supply the input.
Referring to Chapter 1, section 1.2:READING = 1000 x VIN
VREF
(1.1)
Refer to Fig 3.1 and rewriting equation 1.1:READING = 1000 x Vu

Vs
(3.1)
Now Vs = IL.Rs and Vu = IL.Ru. Substituting in 3.1:READING = 1000 x Ru.IL

Rs.IL
(3.2)
READING = 1000 x Ru
Rs
(3.3)
Thus:-
RL*
V+
REF HI
RSTANDARD
VOLTAGE ACROSS
STANDARD (Vs)
REF LO
IL
IN HI
RUNKNOWN
VOLTAGE ACROSS
UNKNOWN (Vu)
IN LO
COMMON
V+
Fig. 3.1 Ratiometric Resistance Measurement

*RL should be chosen to set the value of Vs in the range 50 - 200mV. Tip, if RSTANDARD is to be switched (multi-range or multimeter type application),
then in order to avoid the need to change RL as each range is selected, RL can be replaced by 3-4 (forward biased) diodes in series. Only use meters
that can have their own reference circuits disconnected and which have access to the Reference inputs.
Below follows a table as a guide to suitable DPMs for this method. Note, whilst not shown in the table, parts where REF LO is hardwired to COMMON
may still be used by re-configuring the RSTANDARD and RUNKNOWN divider sequence. For example DPM 116, DPM 443, DPM 443M, DPM 45, DPM
850S, EMV 1125, SP 100 and SP200. Alternatively the DMM 939 is available where resistors etc are already provided on-board.
LCD 3
DPM 1
DPM 125
DPM 1760
DPM 1763
DPM 2
DPM 200(S)
DPM 2000(S)
DPM 3
DPM 400
DPM 500(S)
DPM 600(S)
DPM 700(S)
DPM 950(S)
OEM 1
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LED 3
DPM 340
DPM 390
DPM 959
LCD 4
DPM 160**
DPM 300**
DPM 60**
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17

4. THERMOMETER CIRCUITS
The simplest way is to use a Lascar panel mounted temperature meter (DTM 910, DTM 995 or EMT 1900). However it is also possible to use a DPM
with front end circuitry.
V+
220k
1M
22k
IN LO
TEMP. SENSOR
100k
0.1F
1M
IN HI
DPM
100k
REF HI
REF LO
COMMON
V-
Fig. 4.1 Using a Transistor as the Sensor
For S-TYPE meters

AD590
1k
1f
V+
IN HI
ICL
8069
1k
For NON S-TYPE meters
+5V
S-TYPE
DPM
18k7
15k
OFFSET
2k
4k3
PRECISION
RESISTOR
LOW TEMPCO
V+
IN HI
REFREF LO
COMMON
PUSH TO
READ
IN LO
2k
CAL
AD590
10
1k
REF HI
REF LO
COM
+9V
ICL
8069
9V
15k
DPM
IN LO
4k3
TEST
V- (GND)
1k
0V
V-
0V
Fig. 4.2 Thermometer using the AD590
7805
7.5V - 15V I/P

470n
IN4148
220n
0V
10
8
+5V
ICl
7660
4
3 5
0V
K-TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
INPUT*
+IN
-IN
CLOSE FOR
INTERNAL SENSOR
1
14
IN4148
2
10
10
10
+5V
13
7
AD595 11
8
12
3 9
-5V
+10V
1M
10K
ALM I/O
mV/C I/O
VDD (V+)
VSS (V-)
IN HI
IN LO
DPM
+5V
COM
REF REF LO
2k2
10K
10
*SHORT CIRCUIT
+IN & - IN IF YOU
ARE USING THE
INTERNAL SENSOR
1M
20K
10K
10
ICL
8069
ICL
8069
10k
Fig. 4.3 Using the AD595
-5V
18

5. USING STRAIN GAUGES
The strain gauge circuit is a variation of the resistance circuit as seen in section 3 above. It gives a reading of bridge imbalance as a ratio of the applied
voltage and is thus independent of supply voltage. As with the resistance circuit, ensure you choose a meter with separate input and reference
connections and which can have the meter reference disconnected. Arrange the ratio of R1 to R2 to give approximately 100mV across R2.
V+
V+
REF HI
IN HI
REF LO
R1
R2
R1
DPM
IN LO
V-
Fig. 5 Strain Gauge Application
6. GENERATING AN OFFSET
Some applications need the meter to have an offset (eg. tare). The basic method is to apply the signal between IN HI and COM and apply the offset
between COM and IN LO.
I IN
V+
IN HI
220k
6R2
SET
ZERO
5k
I OUT
DPM
IN LO
COM
V-
Fig. 6 4-20mA Reading (200mV FSR meter)
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19

7. AC-DC CONVERTERS
The simplest way is to use a Lascar panel mounted AC meter (DPM 970). However it is also possible to use a DPM with front end circuitry. Two basic
techniques for AC-DC conversion exist. The simplest is the 'Precision Rectifier' whose output is the average of the AC input. Provided that the
waveform of the input is constant, the meter can be calibrated to read RMS values.. The second is the true RMS converter. This can give the true RMS
value of the input and is recommended for such applications as monitoring the current in SCR controlled loads.
V+
100k
AC VOLTS IN
4.7F
INPUT
IN 914
V2.2M
IN 914
470k
10k
COM
IN HI
10k
2k
SET
GAIN
V50k
IN LO
1nF
V-
SET
ZERO
220K
OUTPUT
1.5F
COM
4148
50k
50k
3k
4148
+
N2
N1
1nF
Rb
1F
1F
1F
22F
Ra
V+
COM
+
- N2
4148
4148
N1
Fig. 7.a Averaging Converter Using a Single Op-amp
Fig. 7.b High Performance Averaging AC-DC Converter
1.5F
2.2k
6
3
8 (6) (14) (4)
TO
4 (1)
METER
10
9 (7)
(8)
Ra
100k
Rb
10F
8069
INPUT
SIGNAL
5k
+5V
V+
8
2
7660
3
0V
10F
V+
AD636
(AD536)
100nF
100K
8069
1 (9)
2 (10)
10F
10F
IN HI
100nF
2.2k
(5) 7
(2)
(11)
(12)
(3) (13)
5
N.C.
COM
-5V
IN LO
Fig. 7.c Using the AD636 (AD 536)
20

8. AUTORANGING
If you are planning to design for applications where the meter will automatically change range, you will need to know when the meter is over or
under range. The ICL 7135 and ICL 7129 based meters have such outputs and they can also be derived from some 3 digit LCD meters.
V+
V+
V+
AB
O/R
BP
DPM
200/2000
E3
U/RANGE
DPM60/
160/300
U/R
RANGE
DGND
V-
XG3
O/RANGE
4001
XB3
TEST (GND)
V-
Fig. 8.a Generating Overrange and Underrange Signals from LCD Meters
Fig. 8.b Simple Two Range 4 Digit LCD Meter
9. MEASURING FREQUENCY
Measuring frequency is done by a frequency to voltage converter. One advantage of the F/V converter over the more conventional digital
frequency meter is that it has a faster response to low frequencies.
C3
0.1
R1
100k
R2
2.7M
R4
INPUT
FROM
SENSOR
C1
220pF
C2
100pF
130k
8
V+
OUT 3
6
(a)
2 TRIG
V7
R3
360k
2 7
6
3 +(b) 8
Vin
R5 1M
R6
110k
C6
0.01
a) ICM 7555
b) ICL 7611
c) LCD DPM
V+
IN HI
(c)
IN LO
COM
V-
9V
Fig. 9 Measuring Frequency
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4

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS - Section B

Lascar Electronics Limited

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Lascar Electronics, Inc.

Tel: +1 (650) 838 9027 Fax: +1 (650) 833 5432

Lascar Electronics (HK) Limited

Tel: +852 2797 3219 Fax: +852 2343 6187

Installation & Operation - Section A

Fig. 1.1 INTEGRATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

* 1000 for 3 Digit

No. OF CLOCK PULSES

FIG. 1.2 INTEGRATOR CONVERSION CYCLE

Installation & Operation - Section A

1.3.1 3 DIGIT INSTRUMENTS

USING THE MAX 136

USING THE MAX 138

USING THE ICL 7137

USING THE MAX 140

TABLE 1 - ICL 7136, 7137, MAX 136, 140, 138 SPECIFICATIONS

Zero input reading

Vin = 0V Full Scale = 200mV

Full Scale = 200mV or

Analogue COMMON Voltage

250k between Common and Positive supply

Temperature coefficient of Analogue COMMON

250k between Common and Positive supply

Pk - Pk Segment Drive (7136/MAX 136/MAX 138)

ICL 7137 ONLY

V+ = 5.0V Segment voltage = 3V

V+ = 5.0V Segment voltage = 3V

MAX 140 ONLY

Lascar Electronics Limited

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Lascar Electronics, Inc.

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Tel: +852 2797 3219 Fax: +852 2343 6187

Installation & Operation - Section A

Zero input reading

Vin = 0V Full Scale = 200mV

Zero input reading

Scale factor temperature coefficient

Noise (p-p value not exceeded 95% of time)

-2V < Vin < +2V

-2V < Vin < +2V

Vin = 0V Full Scale = 2V

Installation & Operation - Section A

2.2 DIFFERENTIAL REFERENCE

2.3 ANALOGUE COMMON (EXCEPT 7135)

2.4 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO CMRR

Fig 2.1 Determining CMRR

or 10V per volt of common mode voltage.

2.5 ELIMINATING COMMON MODE ERRORS

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Lascar Electronics (HK) Limited