Mathematics Revision of Formulae and Results: Surds Co-Ordinate Geometry

MATHEMATICS REVISION OF FORMULAE AND RESULTS
Surds
Co-ordinate Geometry
a b = ab
a
b
Gradient formula: m =
Midpoint Formula: midpoint =
Perpendicular distance from a point to a line:
Absolute Value
ab = a . b
a+b a + b
m1 m2
1 + m1 m2
Equations of a Line
gradient-intercept form: y = mx + b
x3 y3 = x y (x2 + xy + y2 )
point-gradient form:
x3 + y3 = x + y (x2 xy + y2 )
two point formula:
Real Functions
intercept formula:
A function is even if f x = f(x). The graph is

symmetrical about the y-axis.
A function is odd if f x = f(x). The graph has
point symmetry about the origin.
The Circle
The equation of a circle with:
Centre the origin (0, 0) and radius r units is:
x2 + y2 = r2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
, 2
2
Acute angle between two lines (or tangents)
tan =
Factorisation
or m = tan
a2 + b2
x is the distance of x from the origin on the number line

x y is the distance between x and y on the number line
x2 x1
ax1 + by1 + c
Geometrically:
y2 y1
( a) = a
a = a if a 0
a = a if a < 0
+ (y2 y1 )2
Distance formula: d =
x2 x1
Centre (a, b) and radius r units is:
(x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y y1
x x1
x
a
y
b
y2 y1
x2 x1
=1
general equation: ax + by + c = 0
Parallel lines:
m1 = m2
Perpendicular lines:
m1 .m2 = 1
Trigonometric Results
sin =
cos =
The Quadratic Polynomial
opposite
(SOH)
hypotenuse
adjacent
The general quadratics is: y = ax2 + bx + c
The quadratic formula is:
The discriminant is: = b 4ac
hypotenuse
opposite
tan =
Complementary ratios:
If < 0 the roots are not real

If = 0 the roots are equal
If is a perfect square, the roots are rational
cos 90 = sin
tan 90 = cot
If and are the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
sec 90 = cosec
then:
cosec(90 ) = sec
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + cot2 = cosec2
tan =
sin
cos
and cot =
The Sine Rule

a
b
sinB
If a quadratic function is positive for all values of x, it is

positive definite i.e. < 0 and a > 0
If a quadratic function is negative for all values of x, it

is negative definite i.e. < 0 and a < 0
If a function is sometimes positive and sometimes

negative, it is indefinite i.e. > 0
b2 + c2 a2
2bc
The Area of a Triangle

1
sin
c
sinC
a2 = b2 + c2 2bcCosA
x = 2a
The axis of symmetry is:
The Parabola
The Cosine Rule
CosA =
cos
c
a
tan2 + 1 = sec2
+ = a and =
Pythagorean Identities
sinA
2a
If 0 the roots are real
(TOA)
adjacent
sin 90 = cos
b b2 4ac
(CAH)
x=
Area = 2 abSinC
The parabola x2 = 4ay has vertex (0,0), focus (0,a),

focal length a units and directrix y = a
The parabola (x h) = 4a(y k) has vertex (h, k)
Differentiation
Geometrical Applications of Differentiation
Stationary points:
Increasing function:
Decreasing function:
Concave up:
Concave down:
Minimum turning point:
Maximum turning point:
Points of inflexion:
about the point.
Horizontal points of inflexion:

= 0 and dx2 = 0 and
dx
concavity changes about the point.
First Principles:
f ' (x) = h lim
f ' (c) = xlim

c
If y = xn then
Chain Rule:
dx
dx
or
h
f (x) f (c)
h
= nxn1
Quotient Rule: If y =
u
v
then
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
d
dx
d
dx
du
dv
+u
dx
dx
v2
sinx = cosx
cosx = sinx
tanx = sec2 x
Exponential Functions:
d
dx
d
dx
Logarithmic Functions:
dy
d
dx
>0
dx
dy
<0
dx
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
<0
>0
du
= u dx + v dx
Trigonometric Functions:
dx
dv
=0
dx
du
f (u) = f ' (u)
Product Rule: If y = uv then
dy
f (x + h) f (x)
dy
ef (x) = f ' (x)ef (x)

ax = ax .lna
loge f (x) =
f ' (x)
f (x)
d2 y
dx2
dy
dx
dy
dx
= 0 and
= 0 and
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
>0
<0
= 0 and concavity changes
dy
d2 y
Approximation Methods
Sequences and Series
The Trapezoidal Rule:
d = U2 U1
h
f x dx =
y + y + 2 y1 + y2 + y3 + + yn1
2 0 n
Arithmetic Progression
Un = a + n 1 d
Simpsons Rule:
Sn = 2 [2a + n 1 d]
h
f x dx =
y + y + 4 y1 + y3 + + 2 y2 + y4 +
3 0 n
a
Sn = 2 [a + l] where l is the last term
In both rules, h =
ba
where
n
r=
n is the number of strips.
by
If
dx
dx
dx
b
a
f x
= xn then y =
xn+1
n+1
If
Trigonometric Functions:
dx
= ax + b
then y =
ax + b n
The Trigonometric Functions
radians = 180
Length of an arc:
l = r
Area of a sector:
A = 2 r2
Area of a segment:
A = 2 r2 ( sin)
Exponential Functions:
Logarithmic Functions:
f ' (x)
f (x)
dx = loge x + C
Small angle results:
lim sinx
x0 x
[In these formulae, is measured in radians.]
sec2 x dx = tanx + C
+ C and
1r
sinx 0
cosx 1
tanx 0
eax
a 1 rn
1 r
cos x dx = sinx + C
eax dx =
a rn 1
a(n + 1)
sin x dx = cosx + C
S =
x dx.
The volume obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x)

about the x-axis between x = a and x = b is given by
U1
Sn =
If f (x) 0 for a x b, the area bounded by the

curve y = f (x), the x-axis and x = a and x = b is given
b
f
a
U2
Un = arn1
Integration
Geometric Progression
ax dx =
.ax
ln a
= x lim
0
tanx
x
=1
For y = sin nx and y = cos nx the period is
For y = sin nx the period is
2
n
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
The Index Laws:
ax ay = ax+y
ax ay = axy
ax
ax =
x
= axy
1
ax
ay = ax
a0 = 1
The logarithmic Laws:

If loga b = c then ac = b
loga x + loga y = loga xy

loga x loga y = loga
x
y
loga n + nloga x
loga a = 1 and loga 1 = 0
The Change of Base Result:
loga b =
loge b
loge a
log
= log10 a
10

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MATHEMATICS REVISION OF FORMULAE AND RESULTS

Midpoint Formula: midpoint =

Perpendicular distance from a point to a line:

two point formula:

A function is even if f x = f(x). The graph is

Acute angle between two lines (or tangents)

x is the distance of x from the origin on the number line

Centre (a, b) and radius r units is:

The Quadratic Polynomial

The general quadratics is: y = ax2 + bx + c

The quadratic formula is:

The discriminant is: = b 4ac

If < 0 the roots are not real

If and are the roots of the quadratic equation

The Sine Rule

If a quadratic function is positive for all values of x, it is

If a quadratic function is negative for all values of x, it

If a function is sometimes positive and sometimes

The Area of a Triangle

The axis of symmetry is:

The Cosine Rule

If 0 the roots are real

The parabola x2 = 4ay has vertex (0,0), focus (0,a),

The parabola (x h) = 4a(y k) has vertex (h, k)

Geometrical Applications of Differentiation

Minimum turning point:

Maximum turning point:

Horizontal points of inflexion:

f ' (c) = xlim

f (u) = f ' (u)

Product Rule: If y = uv then

ef (x) = f ' (x)ef (x)

= 0 and concavity changes

Sequences and Series

The Trapezoidal Rule:

Sn = 2 [a + l] where l is the last term

n is the number of strips.

The Trigonometric Functions

Small angle results:

[In these formulae, is measured in radians.]

The volume obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x)

If f (x) 0 for a x b, the area bounded by the

For y = sin nx and y = cos nx the period is

For y = sin nx the period is

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The Index Laws:

The logarithmic Laws:

loga x + loga y = loga xy

The Change of Base Result:

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