TOA Psycho&Society
TOA Psycho&Society
TOA Psycho&Society
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
THEORY ON NEEDS
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
ON SPACES
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
THEORY ON NEEDS
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
THEORY ON NEEDS
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
THEORY ON NEEDS
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
THEORY ON NEEDS
Cognition:
the mental process
by which knowledge
is acquired
Symbol: something
that represents
something else by
association,
resemblance, or
convention, especially
a material object used
to represent
something invisible or
immaterial, deriving
its meaning chiefly
from the structure in
which it appears
Semiotics:
the science of
signs
Gestalt: objects
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Ecological:
conditions in
the
environment
affect the way
an object is
perceived
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Ecological:
conditions in
the
environment
affect the way
an object is
perceived
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Transactional:
perception is active
rather than passive;
perception is
governed by
expectancies and
pre-dispositions.
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Speculative
Aesthetics:
relies on the
introspective
analysis of the
individual.
Sensory values
Formal values
Expression or
associational
values: Aesthetic,
Practical,
Negative Values
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Speculative
Aesthetics:
relies on the
introspective
analysis of the
individual.
Sensory values
Formal values
Expression or
associational
values: Aesthetic,
Practical,
Negative Values
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Empirical
Aesthetics:
relies on scientific
techniques in the
analysis of aesthetic
experience
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
The formal or
structural aspects
of objects
Peoples
subjective
feelings about
them
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Information
Theory:
ENVIRONMENT
the environment as
a set of that act as
stimuli
PERCEIVER: processes
and restructures
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Semantic
Theory:
ENVIRONMENT
focuses on the
meaning of
elements of the
environment and not
on the patterns of
the structures per
se
PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Meanings:
learned associations
between the object
and an idea
ENVIRONMENT
PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Meaning of
Built
Environment:
Results from the
combination of
FORM with a
particular
MEANING
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Figureground: a
property of
perception in which
there is a tendency
to see parts of a
visual field as solid,
well-defined
objects standing
out against a less
distinct
background.
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Cognition:
Cognition:
Behavior
Settings:
are stable
combinations of
activity and
place
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Behavior
Settings
consist of :
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
different standing
patterns of
behavior occur
within it at
different times
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
A standing pattern of
behavior may consist
of a number of
different behaviors
occurring
simultaneously:
overt emotional
behavior
problem-solving
behavior
gross motor activity
interpersonal
interaction
manipulation of
objects.
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Rationale for
Designing
Spaces: to
provide for
some existing or
potential set of
human
activities.
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
NEED
e.g. Selfesteem
GENERAL
ACTIVITY
Study
Social
Interaction
Acceptance
SPECIFIC
ACTIVITY
Read
Attend Party
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
GROSS
MOTOR
ACTIVITY
Dance
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The Built
Environmentconsists of a
structured set of
surfaces of various
qualities:
Enclosure
Aesthetic
Affordance
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Physical settings or
milieus are usually
architecturally
differentiated
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
multiplicity of
satisfactions
Individual differences/
Personalities- different
boundary requirements
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Demand
Qualities:
afford only one
type of activity
or a limited set
of activities
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Invitational
Qualities:
afford various
types of
activities
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
KINESTHETIC QUALITIES
Social
Organization
Webster: A system
of continuous
purposive activity of a
specific kind
Richard Hall: A
collectivity with
relatively identifiable
boundary, a normative
order, authority ranks,
common system
Reciprocity
Affording
interaction
functional distance
functional centrality
Formal &
Informal
interactions
opportunities to see
and be seenprerequisite to
informal interaction
Collection
Points
Nodes
Elevators
Bundy clocks
Corridors with alcoves
Lobbies
Seats
Canteens
Acoustics
Clustering
Socio-petal
Space
Layouts where it is
easy to maintain faceto-face contact
Socio-fugal
Layouts where it is
easy to avoid
interaction
PRIVACY,
TERRITORIALITY,
DEFENSIBILE SPACES
PERSONAL SPACE
invisible boundary surrounding
the persons body into which
intruders may not come
4 DISTANCE ZONES
Intimate Distance
Personal Distance
Social Distance
Public Distance
PRIVACY
the ability of an individual or groups
of individuals to control their visual,
auditory, olfactory interactions with
others
KINDS OF PRIVACY
Solitude: state of being free from
observation by others
Intimacy: state of being with another person
but free from the outside world
Anonymity: state of being unknown even in
a crowd
Reserve: state in which a person employs
psychological barriers to control unwanted
intrusions
CROWDING
associated with a feeling of lack of
control over the environment
leads to negative behavior because
they are related to social overload
results from overmanning of
behavior settings
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
need for privacy greater for
introverts than for extroverts
extroverts like contrast with the
environment
introverts like courtyards
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
extroverts like strong central
plans
introverts like complex
internal relationships and clear
territorial patterns
people under stress need
more privacy for workplaces
PERSONALIZATION
staking claims to places
manifestation of desire for
control and expression of
aesthetic tastes
effort to make an environment
fit activity better
done for psychological security
TERRITORIALITY
a delimited space that a
person or a group uses and
defends as an exclusive
preserve
involves psychological
identification with a place
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF TERRITORIES
ownership of and rights to a place
personalization of marking of an
area
defense against intrusions
serve functions ranging from
physiological to self-actualization
SYSTEM OF HUMAN
TERRITORIES
Defensible Space: a space
that affords easy
recognition and control of
activities
Levels:
visual access
adjacency
monitored by computers
or cameras
TERRITORIAL VARIATION
as a factor of:
social class
civil status
religion
SOFT ARCHITECTURE
the building or environment
can be personalized without
damage to them or without
difficult surgery