Psychrometric Properties On A Calc
Psychrometric Properties On A Calc
Psychrometric Properties On A Calc
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Abstract
Simple and precise equations for calculation of saturation vapour pressure in three di2erent temperature ranges are presented in the
paper. Input parameters required for calculation of psychrometric properties are wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, dew point and dry-bulb
temperatures and relative humidity and dry-bulb temperature. In this paper, the equations used for computing saturation vapour pressure
c 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
may also be used for determining dew point temperature for the entire pressure range.
Keywords: Dry-bulb temperature; Wet-bulb temperature; Dew point temperature; Humidity ratio; Speci7c volume and relative humidity
1. Introduction
Knowledge of psychrometric properties is the basic requirement for environmental measurements and drying processes. An understanding of physical and thermodynamic
properties of an airwater vapour mixture is called psychrometrics. It is fundamental to the design of environmental
control systems for plants, crops, animals and human beings.
The equations presented in the paper enable an engineer to
calculate all or some of the psychrometric properties, if any
two independent psychrometric properties of an airwater
vapour mixture are known in addition to the atmospheric
pressure. Generally, one may have the values of dry-bulb
temperature and another psychrometric property such as,
wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity or dew point temperature. From these parameters, one can easily determine
other psychrometric properties such as, relative humidity,
enthalpy, humidity ratio, speci7c volume or vapour pressure.
The determination of wet-bulb temperature is somewhat dif7cult. Either it is solved by trial or the secant method (Conte,
Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1965) can be used, which is cumbersome. Computational
problems may occur with this method at temperatures
(1a)
416
Nomenclature
T
v
Ra
P
P
hfg
B
W
temperature, C
speci7c volume, m3 kg1
relative humidity, fraction
gas constant for air
atmospheric pressure, Pa
partial pressure, Pa
latent heat of vapourization, J kg1
psychrometric constant
slope of saturation pressure line,
humidity ratio
h
Cp
enthalpy, J g1
Subscript
a
wb
dp
w
s
dry air
wet-bulb
dew point
condition for water vapour
condition at saturation
and
(1c)
temperature range 0 C to 40 C.
By using the perfect gas relationship and de7nitions, the
following relationships can be developed.
2.2. Humidity ratio
Weight of the water vapour in kg=kg of dry air is given as
0:62198Pw
;
P Pw
(2)
where, (Ra =Rw ) is the ratio of mole masses of air and water
(0.62198).
Eq. (2) can be rewritten for actual vapour pressure
Pw =
PW
0:62198 + W
(3)
(0 C T 40 C)
and
(63 C T 110 C)
W=
(4a)
Ratio of actual vapour pressure to saturated vapour pressure at the same temperature is given as
(PV=RT )w
(PV=RT )a
=
Pw
:
Pws Ta
(5)
417
2.8. Enthalpy
The dew point temperature can be calculated by using saturation vapour pressure equations 1(a) (c) and putting the
value of actual vapour pressure (Pw ) or saturation vapour
pressure at dew point temperature. In this instance, the above
three equations are required for the entire pressure ranges.
The salient feature of the saturation vapour pressure equations is that the same equations can be used for computing
dew point temperature.
The wet-bulb temperature can be estimated from the following well-known psychrometric relation:
(6)
(7)
and
hfg = [3161:36 2:406(Twb + 273:16)]1000:
(10)
Wbd =
(1 ) (for Ta ; 030 C)
0:9
and
0:4355Ta + 5:1
Wbd =
(1 ) (for Ta ; 0110 C)
0:9
(13)
3. Application of equations
Pw = PsTwb B(Ta Tw )
(11a)
(11b)
Twb1 = Ta Wbd
If Twb1 Tdp , Twb1 is taken as (Tdp + 0:5):
can be estimated from Eq. (7) by substituting Twb1 for
Twb , which is given as
Ps Twb1 Pw
=
:
(12)
Twb1 Tdp
By substituting the values of B and into Eq. (8), Twb can
be estimated. Twb becomes Twb1 for the next step for which
B and are estimated again and substituted into Eq. (8).The
process continues till we get a constant value of Twb .
The above equations from (1) to (13) are used for the
determination of psychrometric properties, if any two psychrometric properties of an airwater mixture are known.
(see Table 1).
(1) Dry- and wet-bulb temperature, or
(2) dry-bulb and dew point temperature, or
(3) dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
Thus,
Case(1): When Ta and Tw are known:
(1) Pws T a and PsT wb can be calculated by Eq. 1(a),
(b) or (c).
(2) Pw using Eqs. (6), (9) and (10).
(3) W using Eq. (2) and Pw .
(4) Tdp using Eq. 1(a), (b) or (c) and Pw .
(5) v using Eq. 4(a) or (b).
(6) h using Eq. (13).
(7) using Eq. (5).
Case(2): When Ta and are known:
(1) Pws T a can be calculated by Eq. 1(a), (b) or (c).
(2) Pw using Eq. (5).
(3) W using Eq. (2) and Pw .
(4) Tdp using Eq. 1(a), (b) or (c) and Pw .
(5) v using Eq. 4(a) or (b).
(6) h using Eq. (13).
(7) using Eq. (5).
Case(3): When Ta and Tdp are known:
(1) Pws T a and Pw can be calculated by Eq. 1(a), (b) or (c).
(2) W using Eq. (2) and Pw .
(3) v using Eq. 4(a) or (b).
(4) h using Eq. (13).
(5) using Eq. (5).
(6) Twb as per given procedure.
3.1. Accuracy and limitations
The accuracy of the calculated values of dew point temperature depends on the limits of temperature and vapour
pressure. Within the limits speci7ed Eqs. 1(a), (b) or (c)
compute the accurate values of dew point temperature, the
maximum deviation being only 0:08 C. But if the calculations are to be made outside the stated limits, the above
418
Table 1
Comparison of computed psychrometric properties with tabulated values
Source
Ta
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
Tablea
Wet-bulb
Humidity
Dew point
30
30
30
30
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
100
100
100
100
110
110
110
110
Tw
b
30:37
30:37
30:37
b
11:53
11:53
11:53
b
0:61
0:61
0:61
b
7.87
7.89
7.89
b
18.68
18.68
18.68
b
16.10
16.10
16.10
b
33.35
33.35
33.35
b
36.96
36.94
36.94
b
68.89
68.88
68.88
b
51.19
51.19
51.19
b
90.15
90.17
90.17
Tdp
40
39:92
40:01
40:01
17:75
17:75
17:75
17:75
1:47
1:47
1:47
1:47
9:50
9:50
9:50
9:50
18.03
18.03
18.03
18.03
0:35
0:32
0:32
0:32
32.97
32.97
32.97
32.97
29.59
29.63
29.63
29.63
68.85
68.84
68.84
68.84
46.00
46.08
46.08
46.08
90.00
90.01
90.01
90.01
0.338
0.342
0.338
0.338
0.492
0.491
0.491
0.491
0.886
0.886
0.886
0.886
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.884
0.884
0.884
0.884
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.893
0.893
0.893
0.893
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.951
0.951
0.951
0.951
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.489
0.489
0.489
0.489
0.0000793
0.0000796
0.0000787
0.0000786
0.000783
0.000783
0.000783
0.000783
0.00335
0.00334
0.00334
0.00334
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.00368
0.00367
0.00367
0.00367
0.0326
0.0325
0.0325
0.0325
0.0266
0.0266
0.0266
0.0266
0.260
0.260
0.260
0.260
0.0692
0.0691
0.0691
0.0691
1.4c
1.395
1.395
1.395
0.689
0.689
0.689
0.689
0.746
0.746
0.746
0.746
0.777
0.778
0.778
0.778
0.832
0.832
0.832
0.832
0.848
0.848
0.848
0.848
0.878
0.878
0.878
0.878
0.918
0.919
0.919
0.919
1.01
1.014
1.014
1.014
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.17c
1.175
1.175
1.175
3.6c
3.52
3.52
3.52
a Tabulated
equations need to be reformulated. Eq. 1(b) has the accuracy of 0.067 per cent of the correct values of saturation
419