Rotifers as indicators of water quality

Vladimir Slideek
Department of Water Technology, Trojanova 13, Prague2, Czechoslovakia

Keywords: rotifers, saprobity, saprobic valence, indicative weight of species, saprobic index, pollution

Abstract
Six hundred and twenty species and lower taxonomical units of Rotatoria found in Czechoslovakia and
surrounding countries are listed alphabetically and classified according to water quality. The numerical
characteristics include the saprobic valence in 10 balls, the indicative weight of species, Ii , and the individual
saprobic index, S i. Rotifers are considered to be good indicators and some of them are figured on Plates 1-3.
The situation is illustrated by four graphs and the relation to BOD 5 values is stressed. All rotifers are aerobic
organisms and occur only within limnosaprobity. They can also serve as indicators of trophic conditions. To
characterize the situation in standing and slowly flowing waters a Brachionus:Trichocercaquotient is
proposed. Rotifers can also be used as test organisms in toxicity experiments.

General characteristics
Rotifera or wheel animalcules are one of the most
interesting groups of freshwater invertebrates. They
belong to the subphylum Trochhelminthes, i.e. they
are worms, although their bodies share no resemblance with typical worms such as oligochaets. Remane (1929-33) believed they were larvae of unknown worms that remained in the larval stage, but
recent investigators (Clement 1980) see their origin
in Platyhelminthes. Having no paleontological evidence, we presume that rotifers are a very old group
of invertebrates, a product of the aerobic phase in
the development of our planet.
Rotifers are characterized by a corona (a ciliated
area or a funnel-shaped structure at the anterior
end) and a specialized pharynx called a mastax,
which serves as a jaw. Their size ranges between
45 #m and about 2.5 mm, the most common length
being 100-500 /rm. The rotifers ordinarily encountered are amictic females, i.e. they parthenogenetically produce diploid eggs. Usually in the autumn
mictic haploid eggs are formed from which, without
Hydrobiologia 100, 169-201 (1983).
a Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Printed in The Netherlands.

fertilization, males appear. They are known only in

a minority of species, and are reduced in size and in
organs. A digestive system is totally absent and
males perish within some hours or few days. From
the fertilized eggs special resting ('winter') eggs
evolve, having a thick protective cover resistant to
desiccation, freezing and other unfavourable factors. The next spring, females hatch from these
resting eggs and start a new amictic generation.
Species having males once per year are monocyclic,
twice per year, dicyclic and several times per year,
polycyclic. In the order Bdelloidea, where no males
occur, they are acyclic.
Rotifers possess no respiratory organs, and respire by their whole body surface. For this reason
they are unable to live in an anaerobic milieu. Only
few very resistant species tolerate tnicroaerobic
habitats, e.g. Rotaria neptunia and R. rotatoria.
There exist about 2 000 species of rotifers. Pennak (1953) indicated 1 700 species, less than 5% of
which are restricted to brackish and marine environments. In the second edition of Limnofauna europaea Berzins (1978) listed 1 588 taxa, 1 330 of

170
which he considered as valid species and the remaining as lower taxonomical units. In comparison
with the first edition (Berzins 1967) there was an
increase of 70 species. Although many rotifers show
a cosmopolitan distribution, all local faunas comprise fewer species. For Czechoslovakia Bartos
(1959) listed about 500 species, including those living in the edaphon, in mosses and a few commensals and parasites.
For decades the most important guide to rotifers
was the Siisswasserfauna by Collin et al. (1912) and
of course, the Synopsis of Rotatoria by Harring
(1913). Now we have modern keys (BartoS 1959;
Donner 1965; Koste 1978; Kutikova 1970; Rudescu
1960; Voigt 1957), enabling a reliable identification
of species and varieties. This is very important in
the genera Brachionus and Keratella. A long series
of publications deal with individual genera or species, and contain detailed keys (Ahlstrom 1940,
1943; Carlin 1943; Berzins 1951; Gillard 1947, 1948,
1952; Hauer 1924). General treatises have been published by Pennak (1953), Edmondson (1959),
Donner (1962), Remane (1929-32), Pontin (1978),
Weber & Montet (1918), Wesenberg-Lund (1939),
Wulfert (1969), Ruttner-Kolisko (1972), etc.

General ecology
Rotifers mainly live among aquatic vegetation in
the littorial zone of lakes, artificial reservoirs, fishponds, rivers, canals, pools and various small waterbodies like dendrothelms, cemetery flower urns etc.
Pennak (1953) states that about 75% of rotifers
belong to the littoral zone and only about 100 species are typically pelagic, forming a substantial part
of the zooplankton. Carlin (1945) found 69 species as
true planktons in Sweden. Few species are benthic,
dwelling among mud and detritus on the bottom of
the aphotic zone. Bdelloidea are most characteristic
for mosses, sphagnum and humus-containing soil.
Many species (but not all) are able to desiccate and
survive for months or years. Pennak (1953) writes
about one bdelloid rotifer that was revived from
moss that was kept dry for 27 years.
Rotifers are also found in wells, underground
waters and in mineral and thermal springs. Underground, their presence demonstrates an imperfect
filtration effect of the soil and possibly contamina-

tion of underground water from the surface. They

play a significant part as inhabitants of the psammon. In the wet interstices of sandy beaches Pennak
(1940) found up to 1 155 000 individuals per liter of
damp sand in Wisconsin lakes.
Most plankton communities show 50 to 500 individuals of rotifers per liter, but mountain lakes may
have less than 20. The most dense population in
unpolluted water reached 5 800 per liter (Pennak
1953). In a polluted and eutrophicated standing
water body rotifers reached 23 900 individuals per
liter at a depth of I m in July, whereas 8 900 were at
the surface, 14 500 in 0.5 m, 600 at 1.5 m and 100 at
2 m (bottom). This population consisted of Pompholyxsulcata(up to 11 200 at I m), Keratellacochlearis(up to 9 200), Keratellaquadrata(up to 4 100)
and a few other species. This pond served as a
lagoon for treating beet-sugar wastes from autumn
till spring, and converted by an aided self-purification into a very eutrophic fishpond in summer (Sladecek et al. 1958).
Bacteria, small algae, flagellates and detritus filtered from the water are the most common food. In
polluted waters the main sources are suspended
solids and even colloids from the waste waters together with bacteria decomposing the organic
matter. Plankton species of the genera Keratella,
Kellicottia, Filinia, Hexarthra, Conochilus, all
Bdelloidea and some sessile species of the genera
Floscularia and Collotheca only take particles
smaller than 10 #m. The genus Asplanchna feeds
on even larger algae, protozoa, other rotifers (Keratella) and small cladocera like Bosmina, catching
them individually. The genera Ascomorpha, Ascomorphella and Chromogaster suck the plasmatic content of bigger algae and species of the
families Notommatidae and Dicranophoridae eat
periphytic algae, protozoa and other rotifera (some
Encentrum, Aspelta, Dicranophorus). The few
parasites were omitted from our list.
Excessive growth of the blue-green algae (= Cyanobacteria) inhibits the development of the majority
of sedimentators among rotifers by eliminating the
fine micro-algae which serve as the basic food of the
phytophagous sedimentators (Edmonson 1965;
Pourriot 1977; Dumont 1977). Dumont(1977)suggested that some extra-cellular substances (external
metabolites) of blue-greens may be toxic to planktonic rotifers and limit their fertility. The popula-

171
tion density of Asplanchna priodonta feeding on
Keratella cochlearis in Polish lakes is regulated by
the abundance of their prey (Radwan 1980).
Notholca squamula feeds on the planktonic diatom Asterionellaformosaby breaking the cell frustules and removing the plasmatic content. The
broken empty frustules remain in the diatom colony and demonstrate the grazing effect of this rotifer (May 1980).
Some representatives of Brachionus may adhere
to the surface of cladocera, especially Daphniaand
Moina. They use cladocera as an easy means of
transport, but are not parasites. Such cases are
common in highly eutrophicated waters, stabilization ponds and fishponds.
The effect of pH was summarized by Pennak
(1953) as follows: 'In general, alkaline waters
(above pH 7.0) contain few species but large numbers of individuals, while acid waters contain large
numbers of species and few individuals (thus a high
diversity). In the hard-water lakes around Madison, Wisconsin, Myers identified 100 species in a
week of collecting, but he found the same number
of species in only one hour of collecting in a small
acid lake in northern Wisconsin. In the alkaline
Yahara basin in southern Wisconsin he collected
138 species, but in the acid waters of Mount Desert
Island in Maine he collected 497 species (Myers
1931-1934).' Myers thus distinguished three ecological groups with reference to pH: (1) alkaline
water species (Asplanchna, Asplanchnopus, Mytilina, Brachionus, Filinia, Lacinularia, Sinantherina, Eosphora, Notholca), (2) transition species that
occur in both alkaline and acid waters (the large
majority of rotifers), and (3) acid water species
(Cephalodella, Lepadella, Lecane, Monostyla, Trichocerca, Dicranophorus, but some genera also
show transition and alkaline species). Bdelloidea
are apparently all transitional and are able to tolerate a wide range of ecological conditions (Pennak
1953).
Special conditions of sessile rotifers were studied
and summarized by Edmondson (1944, 1945), Wallace (1980) and with respect to pollution by, SlAdeckova & Sladecek (1963, 1977).
An experimental approach to rotifer ecology was
undertaken by Pourriot (1965) on the basis of their
feeding on algae, detritus and bacteria.
Because rotifers are very easily transported by
water and air, their distribution is usually regarded

as potentially cosmopolitan and many species show

a world-wide distribution. However, some species
show a distinctly restricted geographical distribution, e.g. Trichocerca platessa, Pseudoploesoma
formosa and Kellicottia bostonensisin North America (Edmondson 1959). A number of brachionids
are restricted to warmer climates, while on the other
hand Keratellacochlearis is absent from the tropics, although it is one of the most common planktonic species in temperate regions. Thus, it makes
sense to undertake biogeographical studies of rotifers (Dumont 1980). In general, the rotifer fauna of
high altitudes and high latitudes is composed of
relatively few species of wide distribution (Edmondson 1959). Thermal pollution promotes the
tropical species in temperate zone. Lair (1980)
found three tropical rotifers in the river Loire in
France under the influence of heated water from
nuclear plants.

Saprobiology
Rotifers are good indicators of saprobity (= organic pollution manifested by BOD 5 , dissolved oxygen content and specific communities of indicator
organisms). The rotifers are distinctly aerobic invertebrates and indicate the situation only within
limnosaprobity, not within eusaprobity (sewage
and industrial wastes in an anaerobic state). They
occur in purification plants, where the waste water
is treated biologically and usually aerated (biofilters, activated sludge, stabilization ponds). Investigations of polluted and waste waters are often made
by students not familiar with rotifers, so that we
find only rarely rotifer determinations in the literature on the biological treatment. Sladecek (1957),
for example, studied for two years an activated
sludge plant in Praha-Hostivai, found an Encentrum sp. there but was not able to determine it until
several years after. It proved to be Encentrumlupus
Wulfert, a species which readily adapts to the conditions in the activated sludge, where an abundant
supply of food is available, together with a good
aeration reaching a D.O. content of 5-6 mg 1-1.
Rotifers of activated sludge were studied in detail
by Godeanu (1966) in Rumania, Klimowicz, (1970,
1972, 1973, 1977) in Poland, Doohan (1975) in
Great Britain and Sudzuki (1981) in Japan. They
occur especially in purification plants with a long

172
detention time as in the classical activated sludge
process. Their reproduction rate is relatively slow
(days till weeks) so that they cannot persist in plants
with a shorter detention time. A smaller number of
species (especially Bdelloidea) dwell in biofilters. A
rich rotifer fauna is very often present in different
types of stabilization ponds and in polluted rivers
and standing water bodies like village ponds with
an inlet of liquid manure (dung-water).
Rotifers were first used as indicators by Kolkwitz
& Marsson (1902, 1909). Kolkwitz (1935) listed two
species as polysaprobic (Rotaria neptunia and R.
rotatoria),six taxa as alpha-mesosaprobic, seven as
beta-mesosaprobic and three as oligosaprobic. Similar lists appear in Dolgov & Nikitinskij (1927) and
Zadin & Rodina (1950). The revisions of Liebmann
(1951, 1962) brought several changes with additions
and deletions. Wetzel (1969) listed Rotaria neptunia and Diplax trigona as polysaprobic, no alphamesosaprobic species, Brachionus ureceolaris as
beta-mesosaprobic and Filinia longiseta, Polyarthra 'platyptera', Kellicottia longispina and Keratella cochlearis as oligosaprobic. Sladecek (1956)
considered 82 rotifers as good indicators.
A new approach - the saprobic valence - was
introduced by Zelinka et al. (1959) and Zelinka &
Marvan (1961). Every aquatic organism was considered as an indicator and its saprobic valence was
expressed in 10 balls (points) distributed over the 5
degrees of limnosaprobity. Thirty-six rotifers were
classified in this way and their numbers rose in the
subsequent editions (Cyrus & Sladecek (1969), Sladecek (1973, 1976, 1981). As a new criterion, the
individual saprobic index according to the method
of Pantle & Buck (1955) was added. Donner (1978)
brought very important supplements by analysis of
the Danube and its Austrian tributaries. He observed the changes of saprobity in space and time
and found that euryvalent species (among them a
majority of rotifers) reacted slowly to the changing
conditions. Many of them were able to adapt to the
changing environment and survived in the worsened conditions.
Water quality
The modern meaning of the term water quality
comprises all factors affecting the use of water by
man. We distinguish drinking water, water for

recreation and sports, water for industry (including

cooling water, washing water, water for irrigation),
polluted water (which cannot be used directly for
any human activity), as well as sewage and industrial wastes which should be purified before entering the receiving water bodies (brooks, rivers, lakes,
ponds, the sea).
From the biological point of view the following
features have to be considered (Sladecek 1966,
1973, 1981):
(1) Saprobity - the content of putrescible organic
matter, decomposed by aquatic microorganisms
forming different communities in the open water,
among the littoral vegetation and on the muddy
bottom. The organisms are named saprobes, their
environment saprobity.
(2) Toxicity - the effect of toxic material poisoning aquatic organisms. Toxicity levels are proportioned to the concentration of the toxic matter. A
system of acute toxicity was proposed by Sladetek
(1981).
(3) Radioactivity- the effects of radionuclides,
with a weak influence on primitive bacteria, protista, plants and invertebrates but with a strong effect
on man.
(4) Physical factors (= cryptosaprobity) - mechanical and other physical effects of inert matter
(inorganic powders, coal powder, mineral oil, too
low or too high temperatures) causing no saprobity
and no toxicity.
(5) Eutrophication - enrichment of the water in
mineral nutrients and subsequent development of
water blooms, vegetative colourings obnoxious
odours, masses of filamentous algae, dense growths
of aquatic weeds. Such phenomena cause problems
in water supply and in recreation. Eutrophication is
sometimes synonymous with saprobity (Sladecek
1977, 1978).
(6) Salinity - effects of increased concentrations
of salts, reducing the species array of freshwater
communities. Brackish waters and marine environment are usually dealt separately from freshwater
science (limnology).
(7) Unknown factors, developing with the progress of science and technology.
The biological analysis of water quality deals first
of all with saprobity. After the beginnings in the
19th century, a system of saprobic organisms was
first formulated by Kolkwitz & Marsson (1902,
1908, 1909). They distinguished three phases in the

173
Figure I shows 10 examples of the saprobic valence. The vertical axis indicates the 10 balls of the
saprobic valence, the horizontal one degrees of saprobity within limnosaprobity (katharobity and
eusaprobity are omitted). An ideal situation is
demonstrated by Keratellapaludosa,an extremely
good indicator for oligosaprobity, showing a very
high and acute Gaussian curve, which can be easily
visualized inside the histogram. Other histograms
show cases of less perfect indicators. The worst case
shown is Keratella cochlearis, and several authors
in the literature state that this is no indicator at all.
The saprobic valence can effectively differentiate
between good, medium and bad indicators.
Figure 2 shows part of the scale of saprobity
formed by the saprobic index 'S' (abscissa), with 7
curves of saprobic valence. Balls of the saprobic
valence lie on the ordinate. The apex of each curve
is identical with the individual saprobic index, e.g.
S i = 0.5 for Elosa woralii or Si = 3.8 for Rotaria
neptunia. The indicative weight of species is also on
the ordinate, showing half the values of the saprobic valence. The combination of species on this
figure is impossible in a real case.
Figure 3 shows the quadrant of limnosaprobity
(L) of the circular scheme of water quality (Sladecek
1965, 1973). Individual degrees x, o, b, a, p and

biological self-purification of waste water: (1) phase

with a predominance of reduction processes = polysaprobic, (2) end of reduction and start of oxidation
processes = mesosaprobic, and (3) phase of completingthe oxidation = oligosaprobic. Because they
further divided mesosaprobity into two stages (alpha and beta) and added a category of pure water
(= katharobity), they obtained a scale of 5 degrees
(levels, stages, zones, phases) corresponding to a
gradual decrease in pollution and increase in water
purity.
The system of saprobic organisms has been criticized (e.g. Hynes 1960; Caspers & Karbe 1966; Elster 1962, 1966; summary in Sldde&ek 1973), revised
(e.g. Liebmann 1951,' 1962) and supplemented by
adding new phases, especially in the sewage and
industrial wastes (Thomas 1944; Cyrus & Cyrus
1947; Srdmek-HuSek 1956; Fjerdingstad 1964;
Slddecek 1959-1981 and others).
Substantial progress was made by the introduction of the saprobic valence by Zelinka et al. (1959)
and of the saprobic index by Pantle & Buck (1955).
These numerical values are now the major criteria
characterizing each species as an indicator organism. They can be written in one line and long
tables can be formed. The saprobic index can be
calculated by computer(Hradil & DospiSlovA 1973).

b a

Kellicottia
8 longispina

x o

Keratella
paludosa

Keratella
cochlearis

Keratella
serrulata

Keratella
quadrate

4'
2
1

31

Keratella valga
8 tropical

10

Keratella valga
valga

[9

Keratella
ticinensis

Keratella
hiemalis

Lecane paxiana

6:
4-

21 8
o
b

6
o

4
b

55
o
b

2
x

5
o

3
b a

2
x

6
o

21
b

Fig. I. Histograms of the saprobic valence of 10 species of Rotatoria. The numerals written at the bases of the histograms show a per cent
distribution (X 10) of the species in each of the 5 degrees of limnosaprobity and form the base of the classification used in Table 1.

174

-0,5

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

Fig. 2. A part of the scale of saprobity represented by the saprobic index 'S' with position of 7 rotifer species. V = saprobic valence,
S = saprobic index, identical with the apex of the distribution curve. A co-existence of all figured species within one community is
impossible.

Cl
V

50 mg.1

Fig. 3. Position of 10 species belonging to the genus Rotaria

within limnosaprobity (L). On the periphery abbreviations of the
limnosaprobic degrees xenosaprobity (x), oligosaprobity (o),
beta-mesosaprobity (b), alpha-mesosaprobity (a) and polysaprobity (p), as well as the approximate mean BOD 5 values in
mg 1-1 are given. Instead of lines, Gaussian curves could be drawn.

BOD5

Fig. 4. Relation of BOD5 in mean values (mg 1- ) to the saprobic

index 'S' with a position of 13 rotifer species. Modified from
Sladetek &Tu:ek, 1975.

4,5

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Plate 1. Oligosaprobic rotifers: I - Anuraeopsisfissa, 2 - Argonotholcafoliacea,3 - Ascomorpha ecaudis, 4 - Asplanchna herricki, 5

-Bipalpus hudsoni, 6 - Chromogasterovalis, 7 - Collotheca mutabilis, 8 - Collothecapelagica,9 - Collotheca libera, 10 - Conochilus
unicornis, 11 - Gastropus stylifer, 12 - Kellicottia longispina, 13 - Keratellasurrulata, 14 - Monommata longiseta, 15 - Notholca labis,
16 - Notholca acuminata, 17 - Scaridium longicaudum, 18 - Tetramastix opoliensis opoliensis, 19 - Elosa worallii, 20 - Ploeosoma
lenticulare, 21 - Trichocercatigris, 22 - Polyarthraeuryptera,23 - Trichocerca vernalis. Figures according to BartoS (1959), Kutikova
(1970) and Sladetek, various publications.

corresponding approximate BOD 5 values lie on the

periphery. The interval of the saprobic valence of 10
species of the genus Rotaria is shown by lines.
Figure 4 demonstrates the relation of mean
BOD 5 values (ordinate) to the saprobic index S
(abscissa). The position of 13 rotifer species is indicated.
Plates 1-3 illustrate the most common indicators
for oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic conditions in standing and running
waters with emphasis on planktonic and semiplanktonic species. Brachionusurceolarisis figured
twice, because it occurs in two degrees of saprobity,
as do some other species. This fact can be best
expressed by the saprobic valence as given in Table 1.
The main part of this contribution is Table 1. It
lists 620 species and lower taxonomical units of
rotifers. Each line contains a taxon (binomen or

trinomen, and its author), the numerals of the saprobic valence (giving a total of 10 balls) distributed
over 5 saprobic degrees, the indicative weight of
species Ii (in German this is 'G' = Indikationsgewicht, Sladecek 1964) and the individual saprobic
index Si of Pantle & Buck (1955). The saprobic
valence shows the (Gaussian) distribution of the
species, with I i the height of the curve in values 5, 4,
3, 2, 1, and Si the position of the apex of the distribution on the conventional scale of saprobity, as
shown in Fig. 2. It must be noted that the saprobic
valence is a subjective value given by an investigator
according to his experience and to data in the literature. The values in SlAdetek (1973) were revised
according to new knowledge, especially the papers
by Mauch (1976) and Donner (1978). In the following text some remarks on the ecology and saprobiology of selected species are given.

176

~~b`c`

Plate 2. Beta-mesosaprobic rotifers: I - Asplanchnapriodontapriodonta,2 - Brachionus angularisbidens, 3 - Brachionusbudapestinensis budapestinensis, 4 - Brachionus diversicornis diversicornis, 5 - Brachionus quadridentatus quadridentatus, 6 - Brachionus
leydigii, 7 - Brachionus urceolaris, 8 - Euchlanis dilatata, 9 - Hexarthra mira, 10 - Keratella cochlearis cochlearis, 11 - Keratella
quadrata,12 - Notholca squamula, 13 - Platyiasquadricornisquadricornis,14 - Polyarthravulgaris, 15 - Cephalodellastereamutata,
16- Pompholyxsulcata, 17- Synchaetapectinata,18- Testudinellapatinapatina,19- Testudinellatruncataecornis,20- Testudinella
elliptica. Figures according to Bartok (1959), Kutikova (1970) and Sldetek, various publications.

Notes on selected species

Adineta oculata (Milne) is the only representative of the genus, possessing two large red eyspots.
It dwells in the littoral, especially among Potamogeton and was discovered in a laboratory model of
activated sludge tank together with Lecane pyriformis and other rotifers (Sladetek 1968).
Adineta vaga vaga (Davis) is a littoral species
living among macrophytes, mosses, Hepaticae and
in sphagnum. Four forms were described. In activated sludge it was found by Klimowicz (1970,
1972, 1973, 1977) in small numbers, with a maximum of 3 ind. ml- at a good and medium purification effect. Doohan (1975) found it in Britain in
activated sludge.
Asplanchna brightwelli Gosse (Plate 3/1) is a
cosmopolitan species inhabiting the plankton of

large and small water bodies. Sladecek et al. (1958)

found it in an accumulation pond after successful
treatment of beet-sugar wastes. It occurred from
early May till September, with a maximum 1 400
ind. 1-1 at a depth of I m on 19 May. At the same
time is was present in ponds and brooks in the
vicinity, all showing worser beta-mesosaprobic conditions.
Asplanchna priodonta priodonta Gosse (Plate
2/1) is one of the most common cosmopolitan
planktonic predators. Its development is dependent
on the development of its prey (Keratella cochlearis) (Radwan 1980). Sladeek & Vosahlik (1979)
found it in a stabilization pond at PelhHimov
(Bohemia) and Doohan (1975) in British purification plants.
BrachionusangularisangularisGosse (Plate 3/2)
is perennial in alkaline waters like village ponds

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Plate3. Alpha-mesosaprobic and polysaprobic rotifers: I - Asplanchna brightwelli, 2 - Brachionusangularisangularis,3 - Brachionus

urceolaris, 4 - Brachionus calyciflorus, 5 - Brachionus rubens, 6 - Diplois daviesiae, 7 - Filinia longiseta, 8 - Rotaria rotatoria,9
-Rotarianeptunia, 10- Rotarianeptunoida, 11I - Cephalodellagibbagibba, 12- Cephalodellagracilisgracilis, 13 - Colurellaadriatica,
14 - Encentrum lupus, 15 - Epiphanessenta, 16 - Habrotrochaflava,17 - Lecane inermis, 18 - Habrotrochabidens. Figures according to
BartoS (1959), Kutikova (1970), Rudescu (1960) and SlAdecek, various publications.

(Bartok 1959) where it is one of the six last rotifer

species that still occur in the most strongly eutrophicated water: Brachionus urceolaris, B. rubens,
Filinia longiseta, Rotaria rotatoria, R. neptunia.
Sometimes it also appears in the plankton of fishponds and lakes, where it dwells among littoral
vegetation. At population maximum (June-August) there occur in Czechoslovakia two sizes of
individuals: 160-200 Am and about 100 #m, without intermediary sizes. Within both groups there is
polymorphism. It is again a cosmopolitan with a
broad distribution. In the stabilization pond at
Pelhlimov this species occurred abundantly in
summer, with a maximum of 5 100 ind. l- I (SlAdecek
& Vosahlik 1979). It was also recorded by Doohan
(1975).
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Plate 3/4) is a
common cosmopolitan species of alkaline waters.
Wilkens (1972) considers it as planktonic, tolerat-

ing gross pollution. Dhanapathi (1977) found it in

India in polluted localities only. Starkweather
(1980, 1981) discovered that it eats filaments of
Anabaenaflos-aquae. Slde:ek et al. (1958) found
it in the accumulation pond in Vinof from April
onwards, with a maximum of 2 600 ind. 1- l . SlAdetek
& VoSahlik (1979) observed it in the stabilization
pond at Pelhfimov with a maximum of 8 700 ind.
1- 1. It was found in activated sludge by Klimowicz
(1973, 1977), and in British purification plants by
Doohan (1975).
Brachionus leydigii Cohn (Plate 2/6) lives in eutrophicated village ponds in spring till May (BartoS
1959). It probably also occurs in stabilization
ponds.
BrachionusquadridentatusHermann (Plate 2/ 5)
inhabits alkaline waters, especially small field and
village ponds. It is widely distributed but in small
numbers. Usually, several varieties live together.

178
This cosmopolitan species was found in small
numbers in an activated sludge plant in Praha-Stvanice (Dvoi'kova, in litt.) and in the stabilization pond at Pelhiimov, again with few individuals
(Sldecek & VoSahlik 1979). Doohan (1975) found
it in Great Britain.
Brachionus rubens (Ehrenberg) (Plate 3/4) is
known from highly eutrophicated and polluted village ponds, where it adheres on the carapax of the
cladocera Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Moina spp.
and rarely on Daphnialongispinaand Corixasp. In
cleaner water it swims in the plankton. A cosmopolite. Schluiter (1980) experimentally studied the algal species eaten by this species, and demonstrated
that a concentration of dissolved oxygen of 1-2 mg
1- did not affect its reproduction. Wilkens (1972)
considers it as a littoral species transgressing to the
plankton in polluted waters. Sldecek et al. (1958)
detected it regularly after mid-April in the accumulation pond at Vinoi, but in small numbers. On the
other hand, in the stabilization pond of Pelhlimov,
it occurred regularly in spring and summer, peaking
at 21 000 ind. 1-1 (SlAdeek & VoSahlik 1979). Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977) found it in activated
sludge in medium numbers at a good function and
in weak numbers at a poor purification. Doohan
(1975) found it in British plants.
Brachionus urceolaris 0. F. MUller (Plate 2/7,
3/3) is a monocyclic species with a maximum in
April or May in the littoral of village ponds and
small water bodies. It is lacking in bigger lakes and
fishponds, and is cosmopolitan. Wilkens (1973) is
of the opinion that it is a littoral species, invading
the plankton in polluted waters. SlAdetek et al.
(1958) observed it in small numbers in the accumulation pond at Vinoi after mid-April. SlAdetek &
VoSahlik (1979) recorded small numbers in the stabilization pond at Pelhimov. Doohan (1975) recorded it from British purification plants.
Cephalodella catellina (O. F. MUller) is found
among aquatic weeds in fishponds and pools (Bartok
1959). It is psammophilic and cosmopolitan. In
activated sludge in Poland it was found by Klimowicz (1972, 1977) in low numbers with a maximum
of 4 ind. ml- in October. It occurred here, irrespective of whether the plant worked properly, in a
range of BOD 5 of the effluent from 0 to 30 mg 1- 1.
The specimens showed a length of 87-165 Am,
whereas other investigators found 105-150, m.
Doohan (1975) recorded it from British purifica-

tion plants.
Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg) (Plate 3/11).
According to Barto's (1959) this is an inhabitant of
fishponds and weedy pools, of mineral springs,
sphagnum, and of the psammon. It has thus a broad
ecological valence. Dvoiakova (in litt.) found it in
low numbers in an activated sludge plant in Prague,
Doohan (1975) in British purification plants and
Klimowicz (1970-1977) in activated sludge in Warsaw. Maximum numbers were 93 (summer), 140
(May), 450 (May) per ml in successive years. This
was the most frequent representative of the genus
and held second position among rotifers during
Klimowicz's studies. It occurred at good function in
greater numbers, at poor purification in lesser ones.
Cephalodellagracilis gracilis (Ehrenberg) (Plate
3/12) lives in the littoral zone among aquatic vegetation and also in the psammon. It is cosmopolitan.
It adapted to life in activated sludge, where it was
detected by Godeanu (1966) in Rumania, by Doohan (1975) in Great Britain and by Klimowicz
(1972, 1973, 1977) in Poland, year round. Maximum numbers appeared in January (120) and June
(317 ind. ml-1). The activated sludge showed a medium purification effect with BOD5 in the effluent
between 10 and 20 mg 1- 1. The better purification
effect was preferred; at a poor effect, Cephalodella
gracilis was rare.
Cephalodella gracilis lenticulata Wulfert is
known from springs and thermal waters, but its
wide ecological valence allows it to dwell also in
activated sludge plats with a good purification effect. It is rare here, as proved by Doohan (1975) in
Great Britain and Klimowicz (1977) in Poland.
Cephalodellamegalocephala compressa Donner
and Cephalodella megalocephala rotunda Donner
are littoral species tolerating alpha-mesosaprobic
conditions, at least for some time, if the environment deteriorates (Donner 1978).
Collotheca ornataornata(Ehrenberg) is a typical
sessile littoral species inhabiting the aquatic macrovegetation and algae in lakes, fishponds, pools,
ditches and other small water bodies with a maximum abundance from May to November. It is a
cosmopolitan species preferring Utriculariaintermedia. According to Pejler (1962) a pelatic form of
it is able to live in the plankton. Sladeckova &
SlAdecek (1963) found it from October, through
winter, till May in the Reservoir Sedlice, Bohemia,
where it colonized glass slides exposed in the water.

179
Table 1. Rotifers as indicators of saprobity. Evaluation of saprobic valency, indicative weight of species and individual saprobic index.
s = abbreviation of the saprobic degree, x, o, b, a, p = saprobic degrees, i.e. xenosaprobity, oligosaprobity, beta-mesosaprobity,
alpha-mesosaprobity, polysaprobity, Ii = indicative weight of the species, Si = individual saprobic index.
Taxon

Acyclus trilobus (LUCKS)

Adineta barbata JANSON
Adineta elongata RODEWALD
Adineta glauca WULFERT
Adineta gracilis JANSON
Adineta oculata (MILNE)
Adineta v. vaga (DAVIS)
Adineta vaga minor BRYCE
Albertia typhlina HARRING & MYERS
Anuraeopsis fissa (GOSSE)
Argonotholca foliacea (EHRENBERG)
Ascomorpha ecaudis PERTY
Ascomorpha minima HOFSTEN
Ascomorpha saltans BARTSCH
Ascomorphella volvocina (PLATE)
Aspelta cincinator (GOSSE)
Aspelta lestes HARRING & MYERS
Asplanchna brightwelli GOSSE
Asplanchna girodi DE GUERNE
Asplanchna herricki DE GUERNE
Asplanchna intermedia HUDSON
Asplanchna priodonta henrietta LANGHANS
Asplanchna p. priodonta GOSSE
Asplanchna sieboldi (LEYDIG)
Asplanchnopus multiceps (SCHRANK)
Atrochus tentaculatus WIETZEJSKI
Bdelloidea g.sp.
Beauchampia crucigera (DUTROCHET)
Bipalpus hudsoni (IMHOF)
Brachionus a. angularis GOSSE
Brachionus angularis bidens PLATE
Brachionus bennini LIESSLING
Brachionus bidentata jirovci BARTOS
Brachionus b. budapestinensis DADAY
Brachionus budapestinensis lineatus SKORIKOV
Brachionus calyciflorus PALLAS
Brachionus d. diversicornis (DADAY)
Brachionus diversicornis homoceros (WIERZEJSKI)
Brachionus falcatus ZACHARIAS
Brachionus f. forficula (WIERZEJSKI)
Brachionus leydigii COHN
Brachionus plicatilis 0. F. MULLER
Brachionus quadridentatus HERMANN
Brachionus rubens EHRENBERG
Brachionus sericus ROUSSELET
Brachionus sessilis VARGA
Brachionus urceolaris 0. F. MULLER
Bryceela stylata (MILNE)
Bryceela tenella (BRYCE)
Cephalodella apocolea MYERS
Cephalodella auriculata (O. F. MULLER)
Cephalodella biungulata WULFERT
Cephalodella catellina (0. F. MULLER)
Cephalodella deformis DONNER

10

3
2

7
4
2
5

4
5
3

10

o-b
b
o-b
oa
oa
o
o
o

10
2
5

7
5

10

10
8
8
7
3

2
2
3
7

10

o-b

10

10

b
o-b
0

o-b

6
8
5

10

o-b
o-b
b-a
b
b
b

4
5
7

8
a
ba
b
b
b-b
b

2
5
7

5
2

10
10
10

o-b

10

o-b
b
o-b
b
b
b
b
b-o
b
b
b

5
10

10
10
10

10

8
1

2
6

7
8

5
5
5

10

3
10
10

10
5
5
4
b

10

Ii

Si

5
5
5
4
3
4
2
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
3
5
5
4
3
4
3
5
1
3
4
5
3
5
4
3
4
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
5
5
5
3
3
2
5

1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
1.5
2.3
1.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.3
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.2
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.2
3.2
1.0
1.3
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.7
2.0

180
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Cephalodella delicata WULFERT

Cephalodella derbyi (DIXON-NUTALL & FREEMAN)
Cephalodella eva (GOSSE)
Cephalodella exigua (GOSSE)
Cephalodella forceps DONNER
Cephalodella forficata (EHRENBERG)
Cephalodella forficula (EHRENBERG)
Cephalodella g. gibba (EHRENBERG)
Cephalodella gibboides WULFERT
Cephalodella globata (GOSSE)
Cephalodella glypha WULFERT
Cephalodella g. gracilis (EHRENBERG)
Cephalodella gracilis lenticulata WULFERT
Cephalodella gracilis sigmoides WULFERT
Cephalodella hoodi (GOSSE)
Cephalodella hyalina MYERS
Cephalodella incilla WULFERT
Cephalodella intuta MYERS
Cephalodella jakubskii WISZNIEWSKI
Cephalodella limosa WULFERT
Cephalodella megalocephala compressa DONNER
Cephalodella megalocephala rotunda DONNER
Cephalodella misgurnus WULFERT
Cephalodella nana MYERS
Cephalodella obvia DONNER
Cephalodella plicata MYERS
Cephalodella reimanni DONNER
Cephalodella remanei WISZNIEWSKI
Cephalodella rigida DONNER
Cephalodella stenroosii WULFERT
Cephalodella sterea dentata DONNER
Cephalodella sterea minor DONNER
Cephalodella sterea mutata DONNER
Cephalodella s. sterea (GOSSE)
Cephalodella tantilla MYERS
Cephalodella tecta DONNER
Cephalodella tenuior limosa WULFERT
Cephalodella tenuior pigmentata WULFERT
Cephalodella t. tenuior (GOSSE)
Cephalodella tenuiseta americana DONNER
Cephalodella t. tenuiseta (BURN)
Cephalodella tinca conspicua DONNER
Cephalodella t. tinca WULFERT
Cephalodella ventripes angustior DONNER
Cephalodella v. ventripes (DIXON-NUTALL)
Cephalodella volvocicola (ZAVADOVSKIJ)
Ceratotrocha cornigera (BRYCE)
Chromogaster ovalis (BERGENDAL)
Chromogaster testudo LEUTERBORN = Ch. ovalis
Collotheca a. algicola (HUDSON)
Collotheca ambigua (HUDSON)
Collotheca atrochoides (WIERZEJSKI)
Collotheca b. balatonica VARGA
Collotheca balatonica rodewaldi SLADECEK
Collotheca breviciliata BERZINS
Collotheca calva (HUDSON)

+
5

10
5
8
5
2
3
5

o-b
0

b
o-b
b
b
x-o
b
o-b
b
o-b

5
2
4
10
5
10
10
5
4
3
3
-

o-b
0
o
b
0
0
o

_
-

10
5
2
10
5
8
4
-

10
5
5
4
5
10
2
6
5
5
10

3
-

3
I
-

10

I
2
2
-

10

10

o-b
b
o-b
b
b
o-b
o
b
b

5
5
-

5
10
5
10
10
5

b-o
b
b
b

2
-

b
0

_
-

b
b
b
b
o-b
o-b
b

0
0

o-b
o-b
b

o-b

10

10

10

10
10

1
108
8
5
5
3
10
8
8
5
5
-

8
5
10

O10

2
2
10
10
10
10
5
5
6
2
2
5
5
10
2
5
-

I
-

Ii

Si

5
5
3
4
5
3
4
2
3
5
3
2
1
5
3
5
5
5
1
3
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
5
4
4
3
3
5
4
3
5
5

2.0
1.0
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.0
0.5
2.0
1.5
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.0

181
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Collotheca c. campanulata (DOBIE)

Collotheca campanulata longicaudata (HUDSON)
Collotheca coronetta (CUBITT)
Collotheca gracillipes EDMONDSON
Collotheca heptabrachiata diadema (PETR)
Collotheca h. heptabrachiata (SCHOCH)
Collotheca libera (ZACHARIAS)
Collotheca mutabilis (HUDSON) BOLTON
Collotheca edentata (COLLINS)
Collotheca ornata cornuta (DOBBIE)
Collotheca o. ornata (EHRENBERG)
Collotheca pelagica ROUSSELET
Collotheca trifidlobata (PITTOCK)
Collotheca undulata SLADECEK
Colurella adriatica (EHRENBERG)
Colurella colurus (EHRENBERG)
Colurella dicentra GOSSE
Colurella geophila DONNER
Colurella hindenburgi gastracantha HAUER
Colurella h. hindenburgi STEINECKE
Colurella obtusa aperta HAUER
Colurella obtusa clausa HAUER
Colurella o. obtusa (GOSSE)
Colurella oblonga DONNER
Colurella paludosa CARLIN
Colurella tesselata (GLASCOTT)
Colurella uncinata bicuspidata (EHRENBERG)
Colurella u. uncinata (O. F. MULLER)
Colurella uncinata deflexa (EHRENBERG)
Conochiloides dossuarius (HUDSON)
Conochiloides natans (SELIGO)
Conochilus hippocrepis (SCHRANK)
Conochilus unicornis ROUSSELET
Cupelopagis vorax (LEIDY)
Cyrtonia tuba (EHRENBERG)
Dicranophorus caudatus (EHRENBERG)
Dicranophorus forcipatus (O. F. MULLER)
Dicranophorus grandis (EHRENBERG)
Dicranophorus hauerianus brachygnathus (WISZNIEWSKI)
Dicranophorus h. hauerianus WISZNIEWSKI
Dicranophorus hercules WISZNIEWSKI
Dicranophorus longidactylum FADEEV
Dicranophorus liitkeni (BERGENDAL)
Dicranophorus rostratus (DIXON-NUTALL)
Dicranophorus sidleckii WISZNIEWSKI
Dicranophorus sigmoides WULFERT
Dicranophorus uncinatus (MILNE)
Dipleuchlanis propatula GOSSE
Diplois daviesiae GOSSE
Dissotrocha a. aculeata (EHRENBERG)
Dissotrocha aculeata crystallina MURRAY
Dissotrocha m. macrostyla (EHRENBERG)
Dissotrocha macrostyla tuberculata (GOSSE)
Dorystoma caudata (BILFINGER)
Drilophaga judayi HARRING &MYERS
Elosa worallii LORD

o-b
o-b

o
5

10
10
10
10

10
5
3
5

1
1

b-o
o

b
o
o

o-b

o-b
b
o
o
o

3
3

o
x-o

o
o
o

3
5
7
5
9
4
5
5
9
4
7
3
8

5
7
6
5
6
6
4
4
8
4
9
9
8

10

10

b
a
b-o

x-o

4
5
5

5
3
7
2

1
1

3
6

3
3
4
5
7
3
3
3
3
2

1
1

1
5

6
5
10
10

o
x-o

2
2
5
3

10
_

o
o

5
4
2
5
4
5
2
5

10

10

10

10

o-b
o-b
o-b

10

o-b
o
o
o
o
o
o
b-a

o-b
b-o
o
b-a
b
o-b
o
o-b

Ii

Si

3
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
1
3
3
5
2
4
4
4
5
2
4
3
3
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
3
5
1
3
5
5
3

1.5
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.3
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.3
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.2
0.4
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.7
1.6
1.1
1.2
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.5

182
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Embata commensalis (WESTERN)

Embata laticeps MURRAY
Embata parasitica (GIGLIOLI)
Encentrum arvicola WULFERT
Encentrum asellicola BARTOS
Encentrum diglandula (ZAVADOVSKIJ)
Encentrum felis (O. F. MOLLER)
Encentrum kulmatyckii WISZNIEWSKI
Encentrum lupus WULFERT
Encentrum lutra WULFERT
Encentrum mariae KONIAR
Encentrum marinum (DUJARDIN)
Encentrum martes WULFERT
Encentrum martoides FOTT
Encentrum minax DONNER
Encentrum moldavicum SLADECEK
Encentrum mucronatum WULFERT
Encentrum mustella (MILNE)
Encentrum parvum DONNER
Encentrum putorius armatum DONNER
Encentrum putorius externum DONNER
Encentrum p. putorius WULFERT
Encentrum putoroides WULFERT
Encentrum rapax (DONNER)
Encentrum sorex WULFERT
Encentrum sutor WISZNIEWSKI
Encentrum sutoroides WULFERT
Enteroplea lacustris EHRENBERG
Eosphora ehrenbergii WEBER
Eosphora najas EHRENBERG
Eothinia elongata (EHRENBERG)
Eothinia lucens (GLASCOTT)
Epiphanes b. brachionus (EHRENBERG)
Epiphanes brachionus spinosus (ROUSSELET)
Epiphanes clavulata (EHRENBERG)
Epiphanes senta (O. F. MULLER)
Erignatha clastopis (GOSSE)
Euchlanis alata VORONKOFF
Euchlanis deflexa GOSSE
Euchlanis dilatata EHRENBERG
Euchlanis incisa CARLIN
Euchlanis lucksiana HAUER
Euchlanis meneta MYERS
Euchlanis oropha GOSSE
Euchlanis parva ROUSSELET
Euchlanis pyriformis GOSSE
Euchlanis triquetra EHRENBERG
Eudactylota eudactylota (GOSSE)
Filinia brachiata (ROUSSELET)
Filinia cornuta (WEISSE)
Filinia longiseta limnetica (ZACHARIAS)
Filinia 1.longiseta (EHRENBERG)
Filinia maior (COLDITZ)
Filinia passa (O. F. MOLLER)
Filinia terminalis (PLATE)
Floscularia conifera (HUDSON)

b-a
a
a

2
3
-

o
1
6
4
7
-

b
o-b
b-a
ab
o
b
o-b
o
o-b
b
0
b
b
b
b
b

5
-

1
9
10
5
10
5
I
8

o-b
o-b

o
o-b
b-o
o
o-b
o-b
b
o-b
a
o-b
b
o-b
o-b
o-b
o
o
b
b
o-b
o-b
o
o
o-b
b-a
b
b-o
o-b
o

10
5
5
10
9
7
5
4
10
5
5
-

4
2
3
3
2
10
5
5
4
1
10
5
5
9
9
10
10
10
10

5
5
1
3
5
5
5
5
10
5

6
5
3
5
10
10
3
3
5
5
8
9

4
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
1

10

5
5
10
6
4

4
6
10

8
5
5

I
-

8
-

1
-

2
2
2
-

4
-

Si

2
3
2
4
4
5
3
3
2
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
4
3
2
5
3
3
5
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
5
5
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
3
2
5
3
3
5

2.4
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.8
2.0
1.5
2.5
2.4
1.1
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.9
0.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.5
3.0
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.0

183
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Floscularia janus (HUDSON)

Floscularia melicerta (EHRENBERG)
Floscularia ringens LINNE
Gastropus stylifer IMHOF
Habrotrocha a. angusticollis (MURRAY)
Habrotrocha angusticollis attenuate (MURRAY)
Habrotrocha annulata (MURRAY)
Habrotrocha bidens (GOSSE)
Habrotrocha collaris (EHRENBERG)
Habrotrocha constricta (DUJARDIN)
Habrotrocha crenata sphagnophila PAWLOWSKI
Habrotrocha elegans (MILNE)
Habrotrocha flava BRYCE
Habrotrocha gracilis MONTET
Habrotrocha lata (BRYCE)
Habrotrocha longula BRYCE
Habrotrocha microcephala (MURRAY)
Habrotrocha munda BRYCE
Habrotrocha pulchra (MURRAY)
Habrotrocha reclusa (MILNE)
Habrotrocha roeperi (MILNE)
Habrotrocha rosa DONNER
Habrotrocha sylvestris BRYCE
Habrotrocha thermalis PAX & WULFERT
Habrotrocha thienemanni HAUER
Habrotrocha tridens globigera DONNER
Habrotrocha t. tridens (MILNE)
Habrotrocha tripus (MURRAY)
Hexarthra fennica LEVANDER
Hexarthra intermedia WISZNIEWSKI
Hexarthra mira (HUDSON)
Hexarthra mollis BARTOS
Hexarthra oxyuris ZERNOW
Hexarthra propinqua BARTOS
Hexarthra reducens BARTOS
Itura a. aurita (EHRENBERG)
Itura aurita intermedia WULFERT
Itura myersi WULFERT
Kellicottia longispina (KELLICOTT)
Keratella c. cochlearis (GOSSE)
Keratella cochlearis hispida LAUTERBORN
Keratella cochlearis leptacantha (LAUTERBORN)
Keratella cochlearis robusta LAUTERBORN
Keratella hiemalis CARLIN
Keratella irregularis (LAUTERBORN)
Keratella paludosa (LUCKS)
Keratella quadrata (0. F. MOLLER)
Keratella serrulata (EHRENBERG)
Keratella testudo (EHRENBERG)
Keratella ticinensis (CALLERIO)
Keratella v. valga EDMONDSON & HUTCHINSON
Keratella valga tropica APSTEIN
Lacinularia flosculosa (0. F. MOLLER)
Lecane (Hemimonostyla) agilis (BRYCE)
Lecane (H.) bryophila BARTOS
Lecane (H.) paxiana HAUER

o
9
9

b
o
o

2
2
3

10

10

b
o-b

2
5
8

10
-

b
b
o

b
o-b

--

1.1
1.1
1.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0

5
7
5

1.0

2.1

10

1.0

6
5
2
5
7
2
8
5

1
2
-

5
3
3
5
2
4
4
4
3
5
3
3
3
3
5
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
5
2
3
3
4
3
5
5
3

0.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.2
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0

3
5
8
3
3
8
2
5

1
1
2
2
2
2
2

6
3
5
5
5
5
5

10

o-b

o-b
o-b
b
o-b

5
5
6
2
5

10

10

5
6
5

10

2
2

3
1
2

5
5
5
5
4
4
5
2
3
2
5
5
3
3
4
5
3
3
3
5

--

10

o-b
o-b
o-b
o-b
b

!_

5
5
5

2
-

b-o

Si

6
5
2

5
5
5
10

Ii

10

b
ob

10

b
b
b

o-b
o-b
o-b

9
10
8
8

5
5
4
5
10
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
5
1
3
5
4
8
5
2

+
-

184
Table (Continued).
Taxon

Lecane (Lecane) arcula HARRING

Lecane (L.) affinis (LEVANDER)
Lecane (L.) brachydactyla (STENROOS)
Lecane (L.) clara (BRYCE)
Lecane (L.) elasma HARRING & MYERS
Lecane (L.) elongata HARRING &MYERS
Lecane (L.) elsa HAUER
Lecane (L.) flexilis GOSSE
Lecane (L.) gissensis (ECKSTEIN)
Lecane (L.) hornemanni (EHRENBERG)
Lecane (L.) hospes DONNER
Lecane (L.) inermis (BRYCE)
Lecane (L.) intrasinuata (OLOFSON)
Lecane (L.) jessupi HARRING
Lecane (L.) lauterborni HAUER
Lecane (L.) ligona (DUNLOP)
Lecane (L.) ludwigii (ECKSTEIN)
Lecane (L.) luna 0. F. MULLER
Lecane (L.) magna (STENROOS)
Lecane (L.) mira (MURRAY)
Lecane (L.) nana (MURRAY)
Lecane (L.) pumila (ROUSSELET)
Lecane (L.) signifera ploenensis VOIGT
Lecane (L.) stichaea HARRING
Lecane (L.) subtilis HARRING & MYERS
Lecane (L.) sulcata (GOSSE)
Lecane (L.) tenuiseta HARRING
Lecane (L.) tryphema HARRING & MYERS
Lecane (L.) ungulata (GOSSE)
Lecane (Monostyla) acus HARRING
Lecane (M.) arcuata (BRYCE)
Lecane (M.) bifurca (BRYCE)
Lecane (M.) bulla (GOSSE)
Lecane (M.) closterocerca (SCHMARDA)
Lecane (M.) cornuta (0. F. MULLER)
Lecahe (M.) decipiens (MURRAY)
Lecane (M.) furcata (MURRAY)
Lecane (M.) galeata (BRYCE)
Lecane (M.) hamata (STOKES)
Lecane (M.) lunaris (EHRENBERG)
Lecane (M.) pideis HARRING & MYERS
Lecane (M.) pygmaea (DADAY)
Lecane (M.) pyriformis (DADAY)
Lecane (M.) quadridentata (EHRENBERG)
Lecane (M.) scutata HARRIS & MYERS
Lecane (M.) stenroosi (MEISSNER)
Lecane (M.) subulata HARRIS &MYERS
Lepadella (Heterolepadella) ehrenbergii PERTY
Lepadella (H.) nympha DONNER
Lepadella (Lepadella) a. acuminata (EHRBG)
Lepadella (L.) acuminata sexcostata BARTOS
Lepadella (L.) adjuncta DONNER
Lepadella (L.) costata WULFERT
Lepadella (L.) cristata (ROUSSELET)
Lepadella (L.) dactyliseta STENROOS
Lepadella (L.) elliptica WULFERT

o
o
o
o-b
o
o
o
o
o
o-b
o
b
o
o
o
o
o
o-b
o-b
o
o
o
o
b-o
o
o
b
o
o-b
o
o-b
o
o-b
b
b
b
o
b
o
o-b
b
o
b
o-b
o
o-b
o
o-b
o-b
o
o-b

10
10
10
4
10
10
10
9

10

o-b
o-b
o

5
5
10

1
+
+
+
+
-

10
5
10
3
10
10
10
10
10
4
5
10
10
10
9
4
10
10
3
10
5
10
4
10
3
2
2
2
10
3
6
3
2
10
2
5
10
5
10
5
5
7
5

5
-

I
5

1
-

5
5
4

2
2
-

5
5
8
6
5
3
4
5
-

6
5
5
5
5
3
5
10
5
5
-

5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
1
3
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
2
5
3
5
2
52
2
4
3
5
2
3
3
2
5
3
3
5
3
5
3
3
4
3
5
5
3
3
5

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.0
.10
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.8
1.0
1.9
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.9
1.4
2.0
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0

-_

1
-

4
5

Si

2
-

Ii

2
-

1_
-

2
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
-

----- -

185
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Lepadella (L.) koniari BARTOS

Lepadella (L.) minuta (WEBER &MONTET)
Lepadella (L.) oblonga (EHRENBERG)
Lepadella (L.) ovalis (O. F. MULLER)
Lepadella (L.) parvula (BRYCE)
Lepadella (L.) patella (O. F. MULLER)
Lepadella (L.) quadricarinata octocarinata WULFERT
Lepadella (L.) q. quadricarinata (STENROOS)
Lepadella (L.) quinquecostata (LUCKS)
Lepadella (L.) rhomboides haueri BARTOS
Lepadella (L.) r. rhomboides (GOSSE)
Lepadella (L.) rottenburgi (LUCKS)
Lepadella (L.) similis (LUCKS)
Lepadella (L.) triptera (EHRENBERG)
Lepadella (Xenolepadella) borealis HARRING
Lepadella (X.) branchicola HAUER
Lepadella (X.) parasitica HAUER
Limnias c. ceratophylli SCHRANK
Limnias ceratophylli sphagnicola ZACHARIAS
Limnias melicerta WEISSE
Lindia torulosa DUJARDIN
Lophocharis gracilis DVORAKOVA
Lophocharis oxysternon (GOSSE)
Lophocharis rubens WULFERT
Lophocharis salpina (EHRENBERG)
Macrochaetus subquadratus PERTY
Macrotrachella concinna (BRYCE)
Macrotrachella crucicornis (MURRAY)
Macrotrachella decora (BRYCE)
Macrotrachella habita (BRYCE)
Macrotrachella m. multispinosa THOMPSON
Macrotrachella muricata (MURRAY)
Macrotrachella musculosa MILNE
Macrotrachella papillosa THOMPSON
Macrotrachella p. plicata (BRYCE)
Macrotrachella quadricornifera ligulata BERZINS
Macrotrachella q. quadricornifera MILNE
Macrotrachella quadricorniferoides (BRYCE)
Macrotrachella smali BARTOS
Metadiaschiza trigona (ROUSSELET)
Microcodides chlaena (GOSSE)
Microcodides robustus (GLASCOTT)
Microcodon clavus EHRENBERG
Mniobia armata (MURRAY)
Mniobia frankenbergeri BARTOS
Monommata actices HARRING & MYERS
Monommata aequalis (EHRENBERG)
Monommata astia HARRING & MYERS
Monommata dentata WULFERT
Monommata dissimile BERZINS
Monommata grandis TESSIN
Monommata longiseta (O. F. MULLER)
Monommata phoxa HARRING & MYERS
Myersinella tetraglena (WISZNIEWSKI)
Mytilina bicarinata (PERTY)
Mytilina bisulcata (LUCKS)

10

o-b
b-a

o-b
o-b
b
o-b
o-b

o-b

3
3
3

0
0

o-b

+
-

5
2
6
5
6
5
5
5
10

8
10

5
7
4
4
4
5
9

10

o-b
0
o-b
o-b

10
5
8
5
7

10

o-b
o-b

10

10

10

o-b

10

10

6
6

10
9
9

10

0
0

x-o

10

10
8
8
5
8
10

o-b

10

10

10
9
9

10

0
0

b-o
b-o

10

8
4
7

5
4
3
5
4
5
5
5
2
-

4
-

5
3
3
3
3
5

5
2
5
3
3
4

- - -

1
-

2
2

_
_

5
-

6
3

Ii

Si

5
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
4
5
3
4
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
3
4
3
4
5
3
3
5
5
5
3
5
5*
51
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3i
4
5'
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
44
3
4

1.0
1.5
2.2
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.3
.10
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
0.5
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.3

186
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Mytilina compressa (GOSSE)

Mytilina crassipes (LUCKS)
Mytilina m. mucronata 0. F. MULLER
Mytilina mucronata spinigera (EHRENBERG)
Mytilina mutica (PERTY)
Mytilina trigona (GOSSE)
Mytilina ventralis brevispina (EHRENBERG)
Mytilina ventralis macracantha (GOSSE)
Mytilina v. ventralis (EHRENBERG)
Notholca acuminata (EHRENBERG)
Notholca labis (JOSSE
Notholca squamula (O. F. MULLER)
Notommata allantois WULFERT
Notommata aurita (O. F. MULLER)
Notommata brachyota EHRENBERG
Notommata cerberus (GOSSE)
Notommata copeus EHRENBERG
Notommata cyrtopus GOSSE
Notommata diasema MYERS
Notommata falcinella HARRING & MYERS
Notommata glyphura WULFERT
Notommata groenlandica BERGENDAL
Notommata pachyura (GOSSE)
Notommata pseudocerberus BEAUCHAMP
Notommata saccigera EHRENBERG
Notommata tripus EHRENBERG
Notommata voigti DONNER
Otostephanus annulatus KONIAR
Otostephanus auriculatus bilobatus HAUER
Otostephanus donneri (DONNER)
Otostephanus monteti MILNE
Paracolurella pertyi (HOOD)
Paradicranophorus hudsoni (GLASCOTT)
Parencentrum longidens (DONNER)
Parencentrum lutetiae HARRING & MYERS
Parencentrum plicatum (EYFERTH)
Parencentrum semiplicatum (WULFERT)
Parencentrum saundersiae (HUDSON)
Philodina a. acuticornis MURRAY
Philodina acuticornis minor PAX &WULFERT
Philodina acuticornis odiosa MILNE
Philodina brevipes MURRAY
Philodina citrina EHRENBERG
Philodina convergens MURRAY
Philodina erythropthalma EHRENBERG
Philodina flaviceps BRYCE
Philodina lepta WULFERT
Philodina megalotrocha EHRENBERG
Philodina nitida MILNE
Philodina plena (BRYCE)
Philodina roseola EHRENBERG
Philodina rugosa coriacea BRYCE
Philodina r. rugosa BRYCE
Philodina striata RODEWALD
Philodina tranquilla WULFERT
Philodina tridentata RODEWALD

b-a
o-b
b
b
o-b
ab
o-b
b
o
o-b
o
o-b
o
b-a
o-b
o
o
b
o
o-b
o
o
o-b
o
o
o
o
x-o
o-b
b
b
o
b
o-b
o
o
o-b
b-a
x-o
x
b
o-b
o-b
o
b
o-b
x
o-b
b
a
b
o
o
o
x
o

5
3
2
5

5
2
10
6
7
5
10
2
5
10
8
3
10
5
6
10
5
10
10
10
10
4
5
2
2
10
2
5
10
10
4

6
-

5
6
7
5
5
5
8
4
3
5
4
5
2
4
5
3
5
-

1
-

6
5

4
-

2
6
5
10

6
4
2

4
1
4
3

5
6

4
1

10
9
2
8

1
2

8
-

Si

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
3
4
3
5
2
3
5
4
2
5
3
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
5
4
3
5
5
3
3
3
5
3
3
1
5
4
2
5
2
3
5
2
5
5
5
4
4

2.5
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.5
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.2
1.5
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.4
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.6
2.5
0.4
0.0
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.0
2.3
1.7
0.1
1.7
1.8
2.9
2.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.2
1.2

I
1
4
-

+
-

4
-

3
I
-

5
6
6
8
5

6
10

2
2

5
2
2
3
I
I
I
9
3

187
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Philodinavus paradoxus (MURRAY)

Platyias patulus 0. F. MULLER
Platyias polyacanthus (EHRENBERG)
Platyias quadricornis brevispinus (DADAY)
Platyias q. quadricornis (EHRENBERG)
Pleuretra brycei (WEBER)
Pleuretra intermedia (BARTOS)
Pleurotrocha petromyzon EHRENBERG
Pleurotrocha robusta (GLASCOTT)
Ploeosoma hudsoni (IMHOF)
Ploeosoma lenticulare HERRICK
Ploeosoma triacanthum (BERGENDAL)
Ploeosoma truncatum (LEVANDER)
Polyarthra dissimulans NIPKOW
Polyarthra dolichoptera brachyptera BARTOS
Polyarthra d. dolichoptera IDELSON
Polyarthra euryptera WISZNIEWSKI
Polyarthra longiremis CARLIN
Polyarthra major BURCKHARDT
Polyarthra minor VOIGT
Polyarthra proloba WULFERT
Polyarthra pseudoproloba ALBERTOVA
Polyarthra remata SKORIKOV
Polyarthra vulgaris CARLIN
Pompholyx complanata GOSSE
Pompholyx sulcata HUDSON
Postclausa hyptopus (EHRENBERG)
Postclausa minor (ROUSSELET)
Proales alba WULFERT
Proales daphnicola THOMPSON
Proales decipiens (EHRENBERG)
Proales doliaris (ROUSSELET)
Proales fallaciosa WULFERT
Proales latrunculus PENARD
Proales micropus (GOSSE)
Proales minima MONTET
Proales parasita (EHRENBERG)
Proales provida (WULFERT)
Proales reinhardtii (EHRENBERG)
Proales similis DE BEAUCHAMP
Proales sordida (GOSSE)
Proales theodora (GOSSE)
Proales uroglenae DE BEAUCHAMP
Proales werneckii (EHRENBERG)
Proalides tentaculatus DE BEAUCHAMP
Proalinopsis caudatus (COLLINS)
Proalinopsis lobatus (RODEWALD)
Ptygura beauchampi EDMONDSON
Ptygura brachiata (HUDSON)
Ptygura crystallina (EHRENBERG)
Ptygura longicornis (DAVIS)
Ptygura longipes (WILLSON)
Ptygura melicerta (EHRENBERG)
Ptygura mucicola (KELLICOTT)
Ptygura pilula (CUBITT)
Ptygura stygis (GOSSE)

x-o

b
b
b
b

b
3
2
2

2
6
8
3
8
8
10

10

7
8
7

o-x

o-b
o-b
o-b
b
o-b
b

o-x

o-b
o-b
o-b

8
10
8
6
5
5
5
2
5
2
9
5
6
2
4
10
3
8

10

10
5
1

o
o

o-b
o-b
b
o-b
o

o-b
x
b
a
o-b
x-b
o-b
o-b
o-b

4
I

o
o

b
b
o-b
b

3
6
4
5
10
10

o-b
_

10

10
5

o-b

Ii

Si

4
4
4
5
4
3
4
2
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
3
4
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
5
3
3
2
2
5
2
4
5
5
3
5
4
5
3
2
3
1
3
5
5
3
4
3
5
3
3
5
5
3

0.3
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
0.6
1.2
1.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.4
2.1
1.8
1.0
1.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.5
0.1
2.2
3.0
1.5
0.9
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.3
2.1
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.5

2
-

3
-

3
2
2
-

2
10

2
2
-

188
Table I (Continued).
Taxon
Ptygura velata (GOSSE)
Resticula gelida HARRING & MYERS
Resticula melandocus (GOSSE)
Resticula plicata WULFERT
Rhinoglena fert6ensis VARGA
Rhinoglena frontalis EHRENBERG
Rotaria citrina (EHRENBERG)
Rotaria elongata (WEBER)
Rotaria gracilicauda (BORY)
Rotaria haptica (HUDSON &GOSSE)
Rotaria macroceros (GOSSE)
Rotaria macrura (EHRENBERG)
Rotaria magnacalcarata (PARSSONS)
Rotaria neptunia (EHRENBERG)
Rotaria neptunoida HARRING
Rotaria quadrioculata (MURRAY)
Rotaria rotatoria (PALLAS)
Rotaria socialis (KELLICOTT)
Rotaria s. sordida (WESTERN)
Rotaria tardigrada (EHRENBERG)
Rotaria tridens (MONTET)
Rotaria trisecata (WEBER)
Scaridium longicaudum (O. F. MULLER)
Scephanotrocha corniculata BRYCE
Scephanotrocha rubra BRYCE
Sinantherina semibullata (THORPE)
Sinantherina socialis (LINNE)
Squatinella aurita WULFERT
Squatinella bifurca (HUDSON)
Squatinella lamellaris (O. F. MULLER)
Squatinella leydigii (ZACHARIAS)
Squatinella longispinata (TATEM)
Squatinella mutica (EHRENBERG)
Squatinella rostrum (SCHMARDA)
Squatinella tridentata (FRESENIUS)
Stephanoceros fimbriatus (GOLDFUSS)
Synchaeta grandis ZACHARIAS
Synchaeta kitina ROUSSELET
Synchaeta longipes GOSSE
Synchaeta oblonga EHRENBERG
Synchaeta pectinata EHRENBERG
Synchaeta stylata WIERZEJSKI
Synchaeta tremula 0. F. MULLER
Taphrocampa annulosa GOSSE
Taphrocampa selenura GOSSE
Testudinella aspis CARLIN
Testudinella bidentata (TERNETZ)
Testudinella caeca (PARSONS)
Testudinella clypeata (O. F. MOLLER)
Testudinella elliptica (EHRENBERG)
Testudinella emarginula (STENROOS)
Testudinella incisa (TERNETZ)
Testudinella mucronata (GOSSE)
Testudinella patina intermedia ANDERSON
Testudinella p. patina HERMANN
Testudinella patina trilobata ANDERSON & SHEPARD

10
5
10
10
9

o-b
o-b

8
2
6
3
2

o-b
o

0
0

b
o-b
b
b
p
b-a
o-b
a
b
0
b-a
a
b-o
o-b
0

- l

2
8

4
3
7
8
9
8
3
10
10
10
10
4
7
10
9

b
o

b
0

b-o
-

9
6
10
3
4
10
8
6
4
5
8

o-b
o

b
o-b
o-b
0
0

bb-o
o-b
0

b
a
b-o
o-b

6
7
8
4
2
4

0
0

p
-

2
2
2
2
4
6
2
4
I
2
-

8
1
3
-

- l

o-b

I
I
-

4
6
I
I
-

1
-

5
3
5
5
4
5
1
3
4
3
3
2
3
4
1
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
4
4
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
3
5
3
5
3
2
5
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
3

Si
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.4
1.9
2.0
3.8
2.5
1.5
3.2
2.0
1.2
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.1
2.1
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.2
2.4
2.8
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.9
1.6

189
Table I (Continued).
Taxon
Testudinella parva (TERNETZ)
Testudinella parva bidentata (TERNETZ)
Testudinella pseudoelliptica BARTOS
Testudinella reflexa (GOSSE)
Testudinella sculpturata BARTOS
Testudinella truncata ecornis WISZNIEWSKI
Testudinella t. truncata (GOSSE)
Tetramastix opoliensis brevispina AHLSTROM
Tetramastix o. opoliensis (ZACHARIAS)
Trichocerca antilopaea (PETR)
Trichocerca barsica (VARGA & DUDICH)
Trichocerca bicristata (GOSSE)
Trichocerca bidens (LUCKS)
Trichocerca birostris (MINKIEWICZ)
Trichocerca brachyura (GOSSE)
Trichocerca capucina (WIERZEJSKI &ZACHARIAS)
Trichocerca cavia (GOSSE)
Trichocerca collaris (ROUSSELET)
Trichocerca cylindrica (IMHOF)
Trichocerca dixon-nutalli JENNINGS
Trichocerca elongata (GOSSE)
Trichocerca iernis (GOSSE)
Trichocerca inermis (LINDER)
Trichocerca intermedia (STENROOS)
Trichocerca jenningsi VOIGT
Trichocerca longiseta (SCHRANK)
Trichocerca lophoessa (GOSSE)
Trichocerca macera (GOSSE)
Trichocerca musculus (HAUER)
Trichocerca myersi (HAUER)
Trichocerca parvula CARLIN
Trichocerca porcellus (GOSSE)
Trichocerca pusilla (JENNINGS)
Trichocerca rattus carinata (GOSSE)
Trichocerca r. rattus (O. F. MOLLER)
Trichocerca relicta DONNER
Trichocerca rosea (STENROOS)
Trichocerca rousseleti (VOIGT)
Trichocerca ruttneri DONNER
Trichocerca sejunctipes (GOSSE)
Trichocerca scipio (GOSSE)
Trichocerca similis (WIERZEJSKI)
Trichocerca stylata (GOSSE)
Trichocerca sulcata (JENNINGS)
Trichocerca taurocephala (HAUER)
Trichocerca tenuior (GOSSE)
Trichocerca tigris (O. F. MULLER)
Trichocerca uncinata (VOIGT)
Trichocerca vernalis (HAUER)
Trichocerca weberi (JENNINGS)
Trichotria pocillum (O. F. MULLER)
Trichotria similis (STENROOS)
Trichotria spinifera (WESTERN)
Trichotria tetractis paupera (EHRENBERG)
Trichotria t. tetractis (EHRENBERG)
Trichotria tetractis turfacea (PETR)

o-b

b
5
8

o-b
b
o-b
b

5
2
8

O
O

_-

o-b

10

5
2
5
I[0
5
6
2
3
6
3

o-b
o-b

7
5

o-b
o-b

7
6
8

0
0
0
0
0

o-b
0
0
0

7
7
6

10

7
10

10

8
7
9
10
7
9
10
8
9
10
7
7
9
10
6
8
10
10
9
4
9
6
9
4
10

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

o-b
o
0
0
0

b-o
0

o-b
0

b-o
0

_2
-

2
2
3

3
3
4

10

8
8

10
10

3
5
1
2
3
4
2

2
3

3
1
2
41
3
3
1

_-

4
2

1
6

4
1
6

Ii

Si

3
4
3
5
3
3
4
4
3
4
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
4
5
5
4
4
3
5
4
4
5
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
3
4
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
3
5

1.5
1.2
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.0

190
Table I (Continued).
Taxon

Trichotria truncata (WHITELEGGE)

Wierzejskiella sabulosa (WISZNIEWSKI)
Wierzejskiella vgneri KONIAR
Wierzejskiella velox WISZNIEWSKI
Wigrella depressa WISZNIEWSKI
Wulfertia ornata DONNER

o
o
o
o
o
o

8
8
9
8
10
10

It grew abundantly while the reservoir was polluted

by starch waste waters, up to the alpha-mesosaprobic degree.
Colurella adriatica Ehrenberg (Plate 3/13) is
known from the littoral zone of lakes, ponds, small
water bodies and rivers. It was even detected in
mineral springs. Rarely, at a very good functioning
of a purification plant, it occurs in activated sludge
(Doohan 1975; Klimowicz 1973, 1977).
Colurella uncinata bicuspidata (Ehrenberg) is
one of the most common species of aquatic vegetation in fishponds and small water bodies, and sometimes of littoral plankton. It adapted to life in activated sludge, showing a very good purification
effect at BOD 5 values in the effluent of less than
10 mg 1-1. Its abundance there was low.
Colurella colurus (Ehrenberg) is another typical
littoral inhabitant of ponds, pools and thermal
springs with a cosmopolitan distribution, and which
has been found in activated sludge with a long
detention time (Dvoifkov6 in litt.; Rogovskaya
1967; Doohan 1975; Klimowicz 1970, 1972, 1973,
1977). Maximum values were 2 280 ind. per ml- in
Warsaw (May-June), otherwise there were values
of tens up to hundreds. It occurred at a good purification effect with less than 10 mg 1-1 BOD 5. Few
specimens were detected even at lower efficiency of
the purification plant.
Colurelladicentra(Gosse) inhabits the littoral of
fishponds and small water bodies, where there is an
inflow of organic pollution (Bartok 1959). We anticipate its presence in stabilization ponds, where similar conditions are found.
ColurellageophilaDonner was noted from Great
Britain (Doohan 1975) and Poland (Klimowicz
1972, 1977) in purification plants. In Warsaw it
occurred year-round with a winter maximum of
430 ind. ml- , but only at a perfect purification effect, when the effluent did not exceed 10 mg 1- 1
BOD 5 .

b
2
1
1
2
-

1i

Si

4
4
5
4
5
5

1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0

Colurellaobtusa obtusa (Gosse) is a littoral species able to survive for days in an alpha-mesosaprobic environment in waters adjacent to the
Danube in Vienna (Donner 1978).
Dicranophorusforcipatus (0. F. Muller) is a
predator of the littoral zone of alkaline and acid
water bodies throughout the world. It was found by
Doohan (1975) in British and by Klimowicz (1977)
in Polish purification plants. It appeared rarely,
when there was around 30 mg 1- 1 BOD 5 in the effluent and had a length of 220 up to 500 pm, whereas
in clean waters its length attains only 300 Am.
Dicranophorusgrandis(Ehrenberg) is a predator
of Bdelloids in pools, ditches and other small water
bodies (BartoS 1959). In British purification plants
it was recorded by Doohan (1975) and in Polish
ones by Klimowicz (1972, 1977). Maximum numbers attained 5 ind. ml- in properly working plants.
Its length ranged in Poland between 370 and
430 pm; in clean waters it was only 370 pm (Bartos
1959).
Diploisdaviesiae Gosse (Plate 3/6) lives in peatbogs (Bartos 1959). It is known also from polluted
waters and it was assigned an individual saprobic
index of2.7 corresponding to alpha-mesosaprobity.
Dissotrocha macrostyla (Ehrenberg) is a Bdelloid rotifer from wetlands, fishponds, and pools,
found among aquatic macrophytes and in mosses
and sphagnum. It has a wide distribution. Adaptation to life in purification plants was recorded by
Doohan (1975) in Britain and by Klimowicz (1977)
in Poland. It occurred very rarely at an excellent
work of activated sludge with an effluent of less
than 10 mg 1- 1 BOD 5.
Encentrum lupus Wulfert (Plate 3/14) is a predator of Ciliates, tearing big pieces from their bodies
(Wulfert 1969). It was found very often, but in low
numbers in the classical activated sludge plant at
Praha-Hostival (Sladecek 1957). Doohan (1975)
and Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977) found it in other

191
activated sludge plants. Maximum abundance in
Warsaw was 4 ind. ml -l in winter.
Eosphoranajas Ehrenberg dwells in waters overgrown with aquatic weeds. Pourriot (1960) showed
that it eats rotifers of the species Brachionuscalyciflorus and Rotariarotatoria.In purification plants
this predator was detected by Cooke (1959) and
Doohan (1975).
Epiphanessenta (O. F. MUller) (Plate 3/ 15) usually occurs in small astatic waters between March
and October. It is a typical vernal rotifer. Wilkens
(1972) considers it a littoral species, invading the
plankton of polluted waters. In the accumulation
pond for treating beet-sugar wastes in Vino it occurred from Mid-April till mid-May with a maximum of 1 800ind.,1- 1 (Slddeek et al. 1958). In
spring it was also present in the stabilization pond
in Pelhimov (Slddeek & Vosahlik 1979). In
another stabilization pond in Praha-Jinonice it occurred en masse in April and May. Records from
activated sludge were published by Godeanu (1966),
Doohan (1975), and Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977).
Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg (Plate 2/8) is a
cosmopolitan littoral species of aquatic vegetation,
found both in acid and alkaline waters (BartoS
1959). Cooke (1959) detected it in biofilters in Britain, and Klimowicz (1973, 1977) in activated
sludge in Poland where it was present in medium
numbers at the good work of the plant. Other records are by Doohan (1975).
Euchlanis oropha Gosse tolerates alpha-mesosaprobic conditions, at least for some days, as documented by Donner (1978).
Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg) (Plate 3/7) is a
cosmopolitan species inhabiting fishponds, village
ponds, pools and small lakes. It sometimes forms a
considerable part of the zooplankton. Slddecek et
al. (1959) found it in the accumulation pond at
Vinoi from early May till late August. A first maximum in May reached 600 ind. 1- 1 at a depth of
0.5 m, a second one in mid-July was 4 800 ind. 1-1.
The species also lived in three other ponds in the
vicinity. In the stabilization pond at PelhHimov it
occurred only sporadically (SlAdeek & Volahlik
1979). Ruttner-Kolisko (1980) demonstrated the
occurrence of Filiniaterminalisand F. longiseta in
different types of lakes and presented a graphical
scheme. A change in the population of both species
was noted also by De Maeseneer et al. 1978.
Habrotrocha bidens Gosse is common in wet

moss, sphagnum, among aquatic vegetation and in

soil humus from April to December. Bartos (1959)
listed many localities in Czechoslovakia and confirmed the findings of Donner (1956). Godeanu
(1966) was the first to detect it in activated sludge.
Sldeek (1969) found it in a model of activated
sludge together with Adineta oculata and Lecane
pyriformis. Klimowicz (1970-1977) considers it a
constant component of the rotifer fauna of activated sludge, but with a low abundance (maximum
density 7 ind. ml- 1). The species is quoted also by
Doohan (1975) from British purification plants.
Habrotrochacollaris (Ehrenberg) is a relatively
rare species inhabiting sphagnum, mosses, Hepaticae and wetlands, sometimes epizoic on the cases of
caddis-fly larvae in forest brooks.(Bartos 1959).
The only record from activated sludge, Klimowicz
(1977), deals with a perfect treatment with less than
10 mg 1-1 BOD 5 in its effluent. The Bdelloid rotifer
occurred here sparsely.
Habrotrocha constricta (Dujardin) inhabits
mosses, sphagnum, littoral vegetation of fishponds
and has also been found epizootically. Records
from activated sludge (Godeanu 1966; Doohan
1975; Sudzuki 1981; Klimowicz 1977) are situated
at a poor purification effect, with 20-30mgl - l
BOD 5 in the effluent.
HabrotrochaflavaBryce (Plate 3/16) dwells in
aerophytic mosses and in Hepaticae from May to
August. It moves slowly and may change its body
form as shown on our figure. In activated sludge it
was recorded by Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz
(1977), always in low numbers even at poor performance of the purification plant (BOD 5 values up to
30 mg 1-1).
Habrotrocharosa Donner usually lives in soil
humus, among decaying leaves and in aerophytic
mosses, even in high mountains (Bartos 1950). Plasota et al. (1980) isolated it from activated sludge in
an axenic culture and fed it a bacterial suspension
of Micrococcus sp. They applied penicilin which is
not toxic to rotifers. They ascertained an individual
life-span of about 20 days, divided into three periods: immaturity 2-3 days, maturity 6-9 days and
senescence 10-14 days, when no eggs are laid any
more, but the rotifer is still active. A small percentage dies as early as the mature period, apparently
by a disruptance of the reproduction process, because eggs accumulate inside the body. The total
production of eggs amounted to about 30, with a

192
maximum daily production of 6. The development
of the embryo from egg laying to hatching lasts an
average of 30-33 h. If hatching is delayed for some
hours, the embryo dies in the egg. The species was
detected in activated sludge by Godeanu (1966),
Doohan (1976), and Klimowicz (1977). It occurred
in badly performing activated sludge (BOD 5 values
over 30 mg 1-1).
Habrotrochathienemanni Hauer is well known
from dentrohelmae in hollow trees (Fagus, Quercus, Acer, Carpinusetc.), attainning large densities
in these small spaces. In activated sludge it was
recorded by Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1977),
in small numbers, at different purification levels,
even over 30 mg 1-1 BOD 5 in the outlet.
Habrotrochatripus (Murray) inhabits aerophytic mosses, dentrothelms, and soil under manure
(BartoS 1959). In activated sludge it was found by
Godeanu (1966), Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz
(1977), always in low numbers, and at different
purification levels.
Keratella cochlearis(Gosse) (Plate 2/ 10) is one of
the most common planktonic rotifers with a wide
distribution in standing and slowly running waters.
In Czechoslovakia Bartok (1959) found it in large
numbers in winter and spring, while later in the year
lesser densities were encountered, especially in large
fishponds. Gilbert & Morgan (1981) showed that it
does not select between flagellates and algae as
food. Hofmann (1980, 1981) expressed his doubts
on the existence of Lauterborn cycles in the development of this species. A systematic account was
published by Pejler (1980). Sldeceket al. (1958)
observed it in an accumulation pond at Vino?
between May and September with a maximum
abundance of 9 200 individuals per liter. In the
stabilization pond Pelhimov it occurred only rarely (Slidecek & VoSahlik 1979). Doohan (1975) and
Klimowicz (1973, 1977) mentioned few individuals
in purification plants. It must be noted that for a
positive record a lorica with a living rotifer inside is
required, since empty loricae can passively reach a
purification plant. The same holds true for the genus Brachionusand other loricates. Loricae persist
in the water for several days after the death of the
rotifer, while their chitin is slowly decomposed by
chitinivorous bacteria.
Lecane (Lecane) clara (Bryce) is a littoral species
of fishponds and weedy pools and of sphagnum,
sometimes psammon (BartoS 1959). Godeanu

(1966) found it in activated sludge in Rumania,

Sldecek (1969) in a laboratory model in Prague,
but determined it incorrectly as Dicranophorussp.
because of its resemblance in extended shape with
that genus. Doohan (1975) found it in British purification works and Klimowicz (1977) in Polish
ones. Activated sludge had a medium or negative
effect between 10 and over 30 mg 1-1 BOD 5, with
the rotifer in low abundance. Its length reached
170-200 pm, while under normal conditions it is
only about 120 pm.
Lecane (Lecane) inermis (Bryce) lives in the littoral of fishponds and small water bodies (BartoS
1959; Rudescu 1960). In the outlets of properly
biologically treated sewage in Japan Sudzuki (1981)
detected a variety with a modified caudal part.
Doohan (1975) reported it from British purification
plants and Klimowicz (1970, 1972, 1977) from Polish ones. Maximum densities were 100 and 177
individuals per ml in autumn, at good, medium and
even low efficiency of the plant. Its length was
92-154 pm, as compared to a usual measurement of
ca. 115,um.
Lecane (Lecane) stichaea Harring occurs in
sphagnum and among aquatic vegetation in pools
and ponds. It was recorded from purification plants
by Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1972, 1973,
1977), with a maximum of 41 ind. ml- 1. At a good
performance of activated sludge it was present in
higher numbers, at poor efficiencies (BOD 5
20-30 mg 1-1 in the outlet) it was rare. The length
was 125-145, m, while in clean waters it is
102-145 pm.
Lecane (Lecane) tenuiseta Harring can be found
in sphagnum (BartoS 1959). Occurrence in activated sludge was noted by Godeanu (1966), Doohan
(1975) and Klimowicz (1973, 1977). In activated
sludge in Warsaw individuals attained 88-117 um
in length (in clean waters 106 m) and occurred in
low numbers in properly and moderately working
purification plants (BOD 5 10-30 mg 1-1).
Lecane (Monostyla) arcuata(Bryce) lives among
aquatic vegetation, especially in sphagnum. Few
specimens were found in purification plants in Rumania (Godeanu 1966) and Britain (Doohan 1975).
Lecane (Monostyla) bulla (Gosse) is a cosmopolitan inhabitant of the vegetation in the littoral of
lakes, ponds and pools (Voigt 1957; BartoS 1959;
Rudescu 1960). It was detected in low abundance in
the activated sludge in Praha-Stvanice (DvoifkovA

193
in litt.), in Great Britain (Doohan 1975) and in big
numbers in Poland (Klimowicz 1970, 1972, 1977).
In Warsaw a maximum of 2 300 ind. ml-I appeared
in autumn, in another case 117 in December, always
at a top purification effect of the plant (10-20 mg 1BOD 5).
Lecane (Monostyla) closterocerca(Schmarda) is
a common species in ponds and pools overgrown
with macrophytes. An occurrence in activated
sludge in Rumania was noted by Godeanu (1966),
in England by Doohan (1975) and in Poland by
Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977). Maximum abundance was 426 in December, 406 in May and, the
next year, 168 ind. ml- l in June. This strong development was connected to a very good purification
(10-20 mg 1- 1 BOD 5 ); at lower effects the rotifer
was sporadic. It was noted also from Japanese purification plants near Tokyo (Sudzuki 1981).
Lecane (Monostyla) decipiens (Murray) lives in
small water bodies and mosses (Kutikova 1970). In
purification plants it was noted by Doohan (1975)
and by Klimowicz (1977), but only rarely at good
purification levels.
Lecane (Monostyla)galeata(Bryce) is sometimes
synonymized with L. pygmaea Daday (see Voigt
1957). A good description and differential diagnosis was given by Rudescu (1960). The species dwells
in sphagnum and in the littoral of small waters. In
activated sludge it was detected by Godeanu (1966),
Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1977), but in insignificant numbers at good or medium ranges of purification. Polish specimens had a length of
90-125 /m.
Lecane (Monostyla) hamata (Stokes) is a common cosmopolitan species of ponds, pools, mosses,
Hepaticae and occasionally of the plankton. It was
found in activated sludge by DvoiAkovd (in litt.),
Doohan (1975), and Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977).
The maximum density was 11 ind. ml-A in June. It
preferred well or medium working plants, and rarely occurred at BOD 5 values above 30 mg 1-1.
Lecane (Monostyla) lunaris(Ehrenberg) belongs
to the most common cosmopolitan littoral species
in fishponds, pools and small water bodies. It was
detected by Rogovskaya (1967) in models of purification plants in Moscow, in similar conditions in
Britain by Doohan (1975) and in the activated
plants of Warsaw by Klimowicz (1970, 1972, 1977).
Maximum abundances were 114 (in autumn) and
1 171 ind. ml- l in December next year, if purifica-

tion proceeded properly. At values above 30 mg 1- I

BOD 5 in the outlet, this rotifer did not occur at all.
Lepadella acuminata acuminata (Ehrenberg) is
abundant among aquatic vegetation, in wetlands
and sphagnum, sometimes also in plankton, exceptionally also as an epizoite. It is cosmopolitan.
Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1970, 1972, 1977)
found it in activated sludge at a maximum density
of 127 ind. ml- l in December. The highest values
were noted at good purification levels.
Lepadella oblonga (Ehrenberg) is a common
cosmopolitan species. It has a broad ecological and
saprobic valency, which was changed several times
(Slddetek 1973, 1976, 198 1). Its occurrence in alphamesosaprobity indicates a possibility to live in stabilization ponds and similar polluted and eutrophicated waters.
Lepadella patella 0. F. Miller is another common cosmopolitan species found among vegetation, mosses and even in plankton. That it shows a
preference for saprobic habitats is shown by the
classification of Buck (1971): Si = 2.51 0.33. In
purification plants it was recorded by Doohan
(1975) and by Klimowicz (1970, 1972, 1973, 1977).
It showed maxima of 158 ind. ml- 1 in October,
143 ind. ml-I in September of the next year and
over 200 ind. ml- I in June-July. It did not distinguish between periods of good and bad function of
the purification plant (within the limits of 30 mg 1-1
BOD 5 at the outlet).
Lepadella rhomboides carinata Donner was described from South Moravia, but was omitted in
the book of BartoS (1959). Sudzuki (1981) noted it
commonly in biologically purified sewage in Japan.
Macrotrachelaconcinna (Bryce) occurs in aerophytic mosses, and in sphagnum rich in organic
material. It was detected in biological purification
plants by Doohan (1975) and in activated sludge
plants, even at bad function of the plant, when the
outlet exhibited more than 30 mg 1- 1 BOD 5 (Klimowics 1977).
Notommata cyrtopus Gosse is well known as a
cosmopolitan inhabitant of ponds and pools overgrown with aquatic weeds. In purification plants it
was discovered by Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz
(1970, 1972, 1977). It occurred in low numbers (4
and 5 ind. ml - l as a maximum in autumn and in
December). There was a good or moderate purification effect, while this rotifer appeared. These specimens were larger than usual (150-175 m) and

194
attained 150-250 um in length.
Notommata glyphura Wulfert is present in pools,
ditches and in the littoral of rivers. Doohan (1975)
ascertained it in British purification works and
Klimowicz (1977) in Polish purification works. In
activated sludge it tolerated medium success of purification (20-30 mg 1-1 BOD 5 in the outlet) and measured 325-480 Mm in length (normally only 450 #m).
Otostephanus donneri (Donner) and 0. monteti
Milne tolerate alpha-mesosaprobic pollution, as
shown by Donner in standing water bodies around
the Danube in Vienna.
Parencentrumsaundersiae(Hudson) was found
in Austria in a beta-mesosaprobic to alpha-mesosaprobic environment (Donner 1978).
Philodina acuticornis odiosa Milne appears in
soil, in mosses and epizootically on different aquatic crustaceans and insect larvae. Doohan (1975)
and Klimowicz (1977) found it rarely in activated
sludge, while BOD 5 did not exceed 10 mg 1-1 in the
outlet. Sudzuki (1981) discovered the nominal form
in Japanese purification plants.
Philodina citrina Ehrenberg persists year-round
among aquatic algae and higher vegetation in
standing and slowly flowing waters, in sand, where
it is considered as psammoxenic, and in activated
sludge (Godeanu 1966; Doohan 1975 and Klimowics 1977). It remained present, even if the effluent
exceeded 30 mg 1-1 BOD 5. Sudzuki (1981) recorded
it from purified sewage in Japan.
Philodina flaviceps Bryce dwells in mosses,
among aquatic vegetation and epizootically on
aquatic arthropods and their larvae. Records from
activated sludge are by Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1977), but only from perfect purification to
10 mg 1-1 BOD 5.
Philodinamegalotrocha Ehrenberg occurs in littoral vegetation, in pseudo-plankton and in psammon. The only record from activated sludge is by
Doohan (1975).
Philodinanitida nitida Milne is living in mosses.
The only record from purified sewage is by Sudzuki
(1981) in Japan.
Philodinaroseola Ehrenberg inhabits all waters
with aquatic vegetation. Sometimes it occurs in
pseudo-plankton and on the aquatic arthropods
and insect larvae. This cosmopolitan species can
also inhabit the psammon. Occurrence in biofilters
was recorded by Cooke (1959), in activated sludge
by Godeanu (1966), Rogovskaya (1967) and Kli-

mowicz (1970). Here, it appeared in small numbers,

usually 3-48 ind. ml- with a maximum of 457 ind.
ml- 1 in autumn. Klimowicz quotes this species also
in publications of 1972, 1973, 1977 and considers it
the most frequent rotifer in activated sludge. It was
present at all purification levels and was most
abundant at BOD 5 values in the outlet up to
20 mg I-. Its length was 320-540 m, whereas in
clean waters it attains 500 ,m. In British purification plants it was noted by Doohan (1975).
Philodina erythropthalma Ehrenberg is sometimes considered a mere form of Ph. roseola(Bartos
1959), but Donner (1955, 1965) is of the opinion
that it is a valid species. It was recorded by Doohan
(1975) from British purification plants.
Philodinatenicolor was detected in Japanese activated sludge by Sudzuki (1981a, b), but omitted
from our Table.
Pleurotrochapetromyzon Ehrenberg is a cosmopolitan species living in the weedy littoral. It was
found by Klimowicz (1970-1977) in activated
sludge, but in very small numbers with maximum
0.5 in autumn and 2 ind. ml - I in June, if the effluent
was below 30mgl-1 BOD 5. Its length was
220-280 m (in clean waters 225-250 jm). Doohan
(1975) records it in British biological purification
plants.
Polyarthravulgaris Carlin (Plate 2/14) is a permanent inhabitant of all types of fresh-waters, with
maximum occurrence in summer. In winter the
body and appendages are longest. Before Carlin
(1943) it was lumped under the collective name P.
trigla. Gilbert & Bogdan (1981) found in experiments that it prefers flagellates to algae as food.
Sladecek et al. (1958) observed it in the accumulation pond near Vinoi from the beginning of May till
September. Maximum was 3 400 up to 5 100 ind. 1-I
in surfce water layers (centrifugation method). Parallel samples filtered through phosphorbronze
with meshes 80-90 X 80-90 um contained only
616 ind. 1-1. The species was observed in lesser
numbers in the stabilization pond of the sewage
plant at Pelhrimov (SlIdecek & VoSahlik 1979).
Proalesdaphnicola Thompson lives on the surface of Daphnia spp. and feeds on periphytic algae
adhering there. DvoirkovA (in litt.) found it on
Daphniapulexin the purification plant of the penicillin factory in Roztoky in October and November.
Its presence in other stabilization ponds appears
likely.

195
Proales decipiens (Ehrenberg) appears in the
vegetation and in sphagnum. Godenau(1966) found
it in activated sludge in Rumania, Doohan (1975) in
Great Britain and Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977) in
Poland. It was rare with a maximum 2 ind. ml - in
April and May. Individuals were smaller than in the
littoral, only 120-170 ,m in length (in clean waters
175-200 Mm).
Proalesfallaciosa Wulfert occupies pools and
small fishponds, sometimes in large numbers. It
cleans the carapaces of dead cladocera and rotifers
and then changes its body shape (swells). It was
found in Japanese activated sludge near of Tokyo
(Sudzuki 1981).
Ptyguracrystallina (Ehrenberg) is a sessile rotifer, found on aquatic plants in the littoral zone.
SlAdeckovA & Slddeek (1963) detected it on glass
slides submerged in the reservoir Sedlice in October, while this reservoir was polluted by starch
wastes up to alpha-mesosaprobity. We can presume
its occurrence in stabilization ponds.
Ptygura melicerta Ehrenberg occurs on aquatic
plants in lakes and ponds from May to August.
SlAdeckovi & Slddecek (1963) found it on glass
slides submerged in December into the polluted
reservoir Sedlice (Bohemia).
Rotaria citrina (Ehrenberg) is very common
from April to October in ponds, pools and springs
among aquatic vegetation. Sometimes it can be
found also in plankton. From activated sludge it
was recorded by Godeanu (1966), Doohan (1975)
and Klimowicz (1977), rarely, at poor efficiencies of
purification plants (more than 30 mg 1-1 BOD 5 in
the effluent).
Rotaria haptica (Hudson & Gosse) inhabits
sphagnum. In Japan it was found in activated
sludge (Sudzuki 1981).
Rotaria neptunia (Ehrenberg) (Plate 3/9) dwells
among littoral vegetation, among detritus and mud
on the bottom of pools and polluted ponds. It
sometimes occurs in sphagnum, in Hepaticae and in
the psammon. Buck (1971) classified it as
Si = 2.51 0.24. SlIdetek & Vosahlik (1979) found
it in the stabilization pond in Pelh'rimov and Sudzuki (1981) in activated sludge in Japan. This species can be easily identified, even in the contracted
state, in contrast to other Bdelloidea.
Rotaria neptunoida Harring (Plate 3/10) can be
found in fishponds, small water bodies and in
sphagnum under alpha-mesosaprobic and polysa-

probic conditions (Bartos 1959). Its presence in

stabilization ponds is very probable, but it may be
misidentified as Rotaria neptunia.
Rotariarotatoria(Pallas) (Plate 3/ 8) is one of the
most common cosmopolitan ubiquists. It occurs in
lakes, ponds, pools, wetlands, epizootically on the
surface of aquatic insects, in village ponds where it
is found in greater numbers than the other rotifers,
sometimes in sphagnum, in Hepaticae, psammon
and even in plankton. Its ecological and saprobic
valences are broad. Buck (1971) classified it as
Si = 3.0 0.81. SladeEek et al. (1958) found it in
small numbers in an accumulation pond treating
beet-sugar wastes, Cooke (1959) in biofilters, SlAdeEek & Vosahlik (1979) in stabilization pond for
sewage of the town of Pelhiimov, Godeanu (1966),
Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1972, 1973, 1977)
in activated sludge in moderate numbers at a good
functioning and in small numbers at a bad functioning.
Rotaria tardigrada (Ehrenberg) dwells among
aquatic weeds in lakes, fishponds, pools, sphagnum
and in constantly wet mosses in the inundation area
of rivers. Buck (1971) classified it Si = 2.70 0.28.
Sladecek et al. (1958) found it in April in an accumulation pond for treating beet-sugar wastes, Godeanu (1966), Doohan (1975) and Klimowicz (1972,
1977) in activated sludge. Here is occurred rarely at
BOD 5 values 20-30 mg 1- 1 in the effluent.
Rotariatridens Montet is a littoral but fairly rare
species dwelling among aquatic vegetation (Voigt
1957; BartoS 1959; Rudescu 1960). In Japanese activated sludge plants it was detected by Sudzuki
(1981).
Rotaria trisecata(Weber) lives on the bottom of
pools and ponds among detritus and vegetation. It
moves very slowly. Godeanu (1966), Doohan (1975)
and Klimowicz (1977) identified it in activated
sludge at medium and low performances (20-30
and more mg 1-1 BOD 5 in the outlet).
Stephanocerosfimbriatus(Goldfuss) is an interesting sessile species on different aquatic plants
(often on Nuphar), found year round in rivers,
back-waters, fishponds, lakes and wetlands. It is
cosmopolitan. Sdeckova & SlideEek (1963) detected it on glass slides exposed in the reservoir
Sedlice (Bohemia) in November, while it was polluted to the alpha-mesosaprobical degree by starch
wastes. An occurrence in stabilization ponds is very
probable.

196
Rotifers as indicators of trophic conditions
Trophic conditions are related to saprobic ones
(Kolkwitz 1935; Sladecek 1978) sometimes directly,
but sometimes there are discrepancies. Generally,
all rotifers listed in Table I as xenosaprobic and
oligosaprobic can be considered as oligotrophic, on
the other hand all species listed as beta-mesosaprobic and alpha-mesosaprobic are indicators of
eutrophic conditions.
Because the genus Brachionus is connected with
eutrophic waters (except B. sericuswhich is typically
acidophilic and B. plicatilis from brackish waters)
and the genus Trichocerca is nearly purely oligotrophic, we can establish a Brachionus:Trichocerca
quotient QB/T:

Values of QB/T less than 1.0 mean oligotrophy,

values between 1.0 and 2.0 mesotrophy, and values
over 2.0 eutrophy, in agreement with the phytoplankton quotients. Some exemples from Czechoslovakia are given in Table 2. The QB/T is valid for
limnoplankton and littoral plankton, but cannot
be used for periphyton, because both genera are
lacking there.
Communities of freshwater rotifers analogous to
those of Cladocerans and Copepods (see e.g.
Sramek-Hu'sek 1962) have not yet been described.
It is clear that they are very dependent on their food
organisms: algae, flagellates and bacteria, as far as
the filtrators are concerned.

Rotifers and toxicity

QB/T =

Number of species of Brachionus

Number of species of Trichocerca

This quotient can be established for individual

water bodies of standing or slowly-flowing character or even for individual samples, if representatives
of at least one of these genera are present. It is an
analogon of the 5 phytoplankton quotients proposed by Thunmark (1945) and Nygaard (1949) and
often applied in limnology (see H6hne & Klose
1966; Breitig & Tumpling 1982 a.o.).

Toxic compounds inhibit, damage and kill all

aquatic organisms except spores, cysts and resting
stages. Individual degrees and a system of acute
toxicity were proposed by Sladecek (1981).
Toxicity is estimated by laboratory toxicity tests
(see e.g. Breitig & Ttimpling (1982); Sladecek et al.
(1982), but bioassays using rotifers were not included. They are, however, possible as shown by
Erben (1978) or Halbach et al. (1981). It is necessary
to select species which can be easily cultured in the
laboratory in a small volume of water, preferably

Table 2. Quotient QB/T of some Czechoslovakian standing waters

Locality, year

QB/T

Type of water

Reference

Padrt, 1948-50
MAchovojezero, 1948
Novozmecky, 1948
Blehyfiskp, 1948
Vran6, 1949
Vino'-PodolAnka, 1950

4:14=0.3
1:4 = 0.25
2:1 = 2.0
1:3 = 0.3
2:0 = 2.0
5:1 = 5.0

two large oligotrophic fishponds

large fishpond, oligotrophic
eutrophic fishpond
oligotrophic pond
mesotrophic reservoir on Vltava R.
accumulation pond, since spring fishpond

Nov, Stav, Heimansk9, 1950-51

Sedlice, 1953
Husinec, 1957
See, 1957
PaHfiov, 1957
Hamry, 1957
Hamry, 1960
Pastviny, 1957

3:0
2:0
0:1
1:0
1:0
0:1
0:1
0:0

= 3.0
= 2.0
=0.1
= 1.0
= 1.0
=0.1
= 0.1
-

two oligohaline fishponds in Silesia

artificial reservoir, mesotrophic
artificial reservoir, oligotrophic
artificial reservoir, mesotrophic
artificial reservoir, oligotrophic
artificial reservoir, oligotrophic
artificial reservoir, oligotrophic
artificial reservoir, oligotrophic

Pelhhimov, 1971-74
Brno, 1967-68

5:0 = 5.0
3:0 = 3.0

stabilization pond, highly eutrophic

stabilization pond, highly eutrophic

Slideek, 1951
Slideek, 1951
SlAdebek, 1951
Slhdebek, 1951
SlAdetek, 1962
Sladeek, Cyrus &
Borovi~kovA, 1958
SlAdeek, 1955
Slldeek, 1959
SlAdeEek & SlddekovA, 1958
SlAdeEkova &Sl1deEek, 1960
Sldeek, 1960
Sltde:ek, 1960
SladeEek & SlIdeEkov, 1962
SlAdeek, Fiala &
SlAdeEkovA, 1959
Slideek & Vosahlik, 1979
BoroviEkov, Effenberger &
SladkA, 1970

197
without sexual reproduction, e.g. Bdelloidea. The
organisms must react very clearly and their death
must be clearly seen.

Conclusions
Rotifers were considered as indicators of water
quality. They are very convenient indicators of saprobity, i.e. of the content of putrescible organic
matter as expressed by BOD 5. These relations are
shown in Fig. 4. Rotifers as indicators are summarized in Table I showing for each taxon its saprobic
valence, indicative weight and individual saprobic
index. Six hundred and twenty taxa found in Czechoslovakia and vicinity were classified.
Xenosaprobic and oligosaprobic rotifers are
considered as indicators of oligotrophic conditions,
beta-mesosaprobic and alpha-mesosaprobic as indicators of eutrophy.
The Brachionus:Trichocercaquotient QB/T is
proposed and is shown in Table 2 as an analogon of
5 phytoplankton quotients by Thunmark (1945)
and Nygaard (1949), distinguishing oligotrophic,
mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions.
Rotifers can also be used as test organisms in
toxicity tests.

Acknowledgement
The author is indebted to Henri J. Dumont for
the invitation to participate in this jubilee volume
and remembers with gratitude the late editors-inchief Paul van Oye and Karel F. Vaas who created
this journal and led it to its position as one of the
top hydrobiological journals in the world.
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