Ce 370 - Water Distribution Networks
Ce 370 - Water Distribution Networks
Ce 370 - Water Distribution Networks
NETWORKS
CE 370
Distribution Network
Water distribution systems include
mains
storage reservoir
booster pumping stations (if needed)
fire hydrants
service lines
PIPING NETWORKS
Two moderately sized lines, which are few blocks apart, are
preferred to be one main.
At
Feeder
Distribution
Dead-end
Water
Pressure
Service Connections
A typical service installation consists of a pipe from the
distribution main to a turnoff valve located near the property line,
as shown in the following Figure.
A special tapping machine is used to insert the corporation stop
while the main is in service under pressure.
Water meters are installed inside or outside the property, as
shown in the following Figure.
The estimated rate for a typical house having two bathrooms, full
laundry, kitchen, and one or two house bibbs is 15 gpm. A
pressure of 15 psi is usually adequate to operate any fixture, with
the exception of lawn sprinkler.
KINDS OF PIPE
In water distribution system, the following pipes
are used:
ductile iron
plastic
concrete
steel
copper (for house connections)
Plastic Pipes
They
Concrete Pipes
Three
Steel Pipes
Used in transmission lines.
They are of high strength, able to yield without
Pumps
high-lift
to
in
vertical-turbine pumps
horizontal split-case centrifugal pumps
why?
They have good efficiency
They have the capability to deliver water at high discharge heads
Elevated Tanks
have
airborne contamination
algal growth due to penetration of sun light
freezing of water surface in cold climates
topography
size of community
reliability of water supply
economic aspects
The storage needed to meet supply and demand is determined from hourly
variation on the day of maximum consumption.
Reserve capacity for fire fighting is determined from required fire flow and
duration.
The location, capacity and elevation of a storage tank depend on water
demands and their variations throughout the day in different parts of the
system.
It is more advantageous to provide several smaller storage units in different
locations than an equivalent capacity at a central site. By doing so:
At normal consumption rates, some stored water should be used each day to
allow recirculation.
At peak consumption rates, the fire reserve should not be used.
VALAVES
Valve function
control magnitude and direction of flow
Shutoff Valves
These valves are used to stop the flow of water through a pipeline
in order to sectionalize the network in emergency cases.
At pipe junctions, minimum of three valves have to be installed.
Shutoff valve must be installed on the pipe connecting the fire
hydrant to the distribution system for maintenance.
Treatment plants and pumping stations have to be equipped with
shutoff valves at the inlet, outlet, and by-pass lines to allow repair
of pumps
Shutoff valves are:
gate valves
rotary butterfly valves (installed in large diameter valves)
Check Valves
A check valve is a semiautomatic valve that
allows water flow in one direction only.
They open under the influence of water pressure.
They are installed in discharge lines of
centrifugal pumps to prevent backflow when the
pump is off.
pressure
control the action of large automatic valves that are
operated by water pressure.
Pressure-Reducing Valves
They are automatic valves operated to maintain a
predetermined outlet pressure against a higher
inlet pressure.
These valves are used on mains connecting
separate water networks located on two different
elevations.
The outlet pressure is held constant even if the
inlet pressure varies.
Altitude Valves
They are used to automatically control the flow into and
out of an elevated tank or a standpipe in order to
maintain desired water-level elevations.
The valve is designed as a double-acting sequence
valve. The valve automatically closes when the tank is
full to prevent overflow, and when the pressure on the
distribution side of the valve is less than that on the tank
side, the valve opens allowing water to leave the tank.
BACKFLOW PREVENTERS
The water in distribution systems must be protected
against contamination from backflow of water through
customer service lines and other system outlets.
Backflow of toxic chemicals and wastewater containing
pathogens is of greatest concern.
Back siphonage is water backflow that results from:
reduced pressure in the supply piping
repair of a water main
point
a break in a pipe
reduced pressure from the suction side of booster pumps
lawn sprinklers
overhead pipe of a water filling station
where low inlet water connections are not subject to back pressure
Fire Hydrants